Baseonegr

ammarsect
ion

Tenseisfor
m oft
hev er
bthatshowsoccur
rencecont
inuousr
epet
it
ionor
completi
onofanact
ionorstateexpr
essbythever
b

1si
mpl
epr
esentt
ense.

I
tshowt
hatsomet
hinghappeni
npr
esent
.

Ex:
theyl
i
vei
nJal
[Link]
ksi
nabank.

‫ﯾﯽ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻪﻭ‬
‫ﻧ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻣ‬‫ﻪﺯ‬
‫ﻟﺖﺗ‬
‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻌﻞﺣ‬
‫ﺩﻓ‬.

St
ruct
ure:
S+BFOVs/
es+compl
ement

Ex:
Hepl
ayscr
icket
.

S+I
s/am/
are+com

Ex;
shei
sast
udent
.

(
-)S+i
s/am/
are+not
)BFOV+com EX:
Shei
snotast
udent
.

(
?)DoDoes+S+BFOV+[Link]:
Doeshepl
ayt
enni
s?

I
s/am/
are+S+[Link]:
Issheast
udent
?

(
-?)For
mal
Do/
does+not+BOFV+[Link]:
Doeshenotpl
ayt
enni
s?

I
nfor
mal
Doesn’
t/
don’
t+S+BFOV+CO.
EXdoesn’
thepl
ayt
enni
s?

Usesofsi
mpl
epr
esentt
enseshows:

1r
egul
aract
[Link]:
Hegoest
ogy
m ev
eryot
herday
.

Wr
it
tenbyAbi
dMal
yarpg.1
2habi
[Link]:
Shet
alkspast
.

3St
ate,
EX:
Shei
shappy
.

4Gener
alt
rut
h,EX:
All
ahi
sone…….
.

5Reput
ati
on,
(wi
thsomet
imeof
tenusual
l
yal
way
s…)EX:
Sheal
way
swat
ch
TV.

6Fut
ureoccur
rence(
wit
hfut
uret
imeexpr
essi
on)EX:
newbasewel
lst
art
onMonday.

7Pastoccur
rence(
innewsheadl
i
ne)EX;
Presi
dentt
rav
elst
oIndi
a

8Comment
ary
;EX:
Shazadhi
tthebal
landmakeasi
x.

Not
e:t
o+v
erbgi
vesf
utur
emeani
ngi
nasent
ence.

Thepr
esentcont
inuoust
enses
I
tshowst
hatsomet
hingi
sinpr
ogr
essr
ightnow.

St
ri
ctur
e >S+i
s/am/
are+v
-i
ng+com EX:
Shei
swr
it
ing.

(
-)S+i
s/am/
are+not+v
-ing+com EX:
hei
snotwr
it
ing

Wr
it
tenbyAbi
dMal
yarpg.2
Rul
es
1when“ing”i
saddedtoendofonesy l
labl
ever
bendi
nconsonant+v
owel
+consonantt
helastconsonanti
sdoubled

EX;
cut–cut
ti
ngst
op–st
oppi
ng

2i
fver
bendi
ngi
n“e”f
oll
owaconsonanti
tisdel
eted

EX:
make–maki
ng

3i
fver
bendi
ngi
n“i
e”wechangei
tto“
y”

EX:
Die–dy
ingl
i
e–l
yi
ng

Usesofpr
esentcont
inuoust
ens
Thepr
esentcont
inuoust
ensshows:

1t
empor
aryact
ioni
npr
esent
,EX:
hei
swr
it
ingabooknowaday
s.

2r
epet
it
ionwi
thal
way
sandnev
er(
toshowdi
spl
easur
e)

EX:
theyar
eal
way
scomi
ngl
[Link]
ercal
l
edme

‫ﯾﻲ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻟﺖﻫﻢ ښ‬
‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻞﺣ‬
‫ﺭ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻌ ﺾېﻭﺧﺖﻧ‬
‫ﻭﺑ‬.
‫ﺍ‬EX:
Shei
sal
way
swor
king

3nearf
utur
eEX:
hei
sgoi
ngt
oKabul
tomor
row

4gr
adual
changeswi
thv
erbsuchas.

EXbecome,
promot
e,demot
e,i
ncr
ease,
decr
easeaccel
erat
[Link]
erat
e

Weat
heri
sget
ti
nghotdaybyday
.

Wr
it
tenbyAbi
dMal
yarpg.3
Pr
esentper
fectt
ense
I
tshowst
hatsomet
hinghappenbef
orenowatunspeci
fi
cti
mei
npast
.

EX:t
heyhav
epl
ayedcr
icket
,Ihav
eeat
enl
unch.

Not
e:t
imecanbespeci
fi
edi
ftheact
ionend,
iti
sment
iont
akepl
acewi
thi
n
t
hesameperi
odofti
me.

EX:Ihav
eseenhi
mthi
saf
ter
noon(
speakerspeaksi
naf
ter
noon)

St
ri
ctur
e

(
+)S+hav
e/has=pastpar
ti
cipl
efor
m ofv
erb+com

EX:
Shehasgone.

(
-)hav
e/has+not+p.
p+com

EX:
hasshegone?

(
-?)Hav
e/has+not+P.
P+com

EX:
for
mal
,hasshenotgone?

I
nfor
mal
,hasn’
tshegone?

Wr
it
tenbyAbi
dMal
yarpg.4
Usesofpr
esentper
fectt
ense
Thepr
esentper
fectt
ensshows:

1anactionwhichstar
tedint
hepastandst
il
li
nprogr
ess,int
hiscaseweus
“si
nce”or“for
”wit
hdurati
vever
b(ver
bwhichshowdurat
ionsuchasbe
knownlive,
study
,work,pl
ay…

St
ri
ctur
e

Si
nce+st
artofdur
ati
on,
EX:
wehav
est
udi
edbaseonesi
ncel
astweek.

When“
Since”comsbef
orev
erbandsubj
ect
,funct
ionasconj
unct
ion.

For+number+day+week+mont
h+y
ear
…

EX:
wehav
est
udi
edbaseonef
or9day
s.

Sincecanal
sof
unct
ionasconj
unct
ion,
iti
sthenf
oll
owedbysi
mpl
epast
tens

EX:
wehav
est
udi
edbaseonesi
nceJunest
art
ed.

2repet
it
ionwhenusedwi
thoncet
wiceacoupl
eoft
imesev
eral
timemany
t
ime

EX:
Ihav
evi
sit
edKabul
manyt
imes,
hehaseat
ent
wice

Pr
esentper
fectcont
inuoust
ense
I
tshowsanact
iont
hatst
art
edi
nthepastandst
il
li
npr
ogr
ess.

Wr
it
tenbyAbi
dMal
yarpg.5
Her
eweuse“
since”and“
for
”

EX:
Hehasbeent
eachi
ngf
orf
ivey
ear
s.

Theyhav
ebeenst
udy
ingsi
ncemor
ning.

St
ruct
ure

(
+)S+hav
e/has+been+v
-ing+com,

EX:
shehasbeenst
udy
ing.

(
-)S+hav
e/has+not+been+v
erb-
ing+com

Ex:
shehasnotbeenst
udy
ing.

NOTE:whenwehav
emor
ethanonehel
pingv
erbweshoul
duset
hef
ir
st
hel
pingv
erb

EX:
she“
has”‘
been’
study
ing.

Usesofpr
esentper
fectcont
inuoust
ense
1 ar
ecent
lycompl
eteact
ionwi
thsi
gnsav
ail
abl
e.

EX:
Myhai
riswetbecauseIhav
ebeenswi
mmi
ng

2 Gr
adual
change.

EX:
yourEngl
i
shhasbeeni
mpr
ovi
ng

3 showr
epet
it
ion

4 EX:
hehasbeencal
l
ingme.

Thesi
mpl
epastt
ense

Wr
it
tenbyAbi
dMal
yarpg.6
I
tshowst
hatsomet
hinghappeni
nthepast
.

EX:
heboughtacar
.

St
ruct
ure

(
+)S+pastf
orm oft
hev
erb+com,
EX:
Shewenthome.

(
-)S+di
d+not+basi
cfor
mver
b+com,
EX:
Shedi
dnot….

(
?)Di
d+s+BFOV+com,
EX:
Didshegohome?

(
-?)Di
d+not+s+BFOV+com:
Didshenotgohome

Usesofsi
mpl
epr
esentt
ense
Thesi
mpl
epastt
enseshows:

1anact
iont
hathappenatpar
ti
cul
art
imei
nthepast

EX:
Ical
l
edhi
myest
erday
.

2whatuset
ohappeni
nthepast

EX:
hef
lewki
teswhenhewasachi
l
d.

3pastr
egul
aract
ion:

EX:
hewentt
oschool
ever
ydayl
asty
ear
.

4t
hatsomet
hingdonet
othesubj
ectwhenusei
nnewsheadl
i
ne

EX:
hundr
edsofMusl
i
m ki
l
ledi
nNangar
har
.

‫ژﻝ‬‫ﺎﻥﻭ‬
‫ﻧ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻤ‬‫ﻠ‬
‫ﺍﺻﻼَﻣﺴ‬
‫ﻮ‬‫ﺧ‬،‫ﻭ‬
‫ړﻱ ﻱ‬
‫ژﻝﮎ‬
‫ﻮﭺېﻭ‬
‫ﻧ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻧ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﻤ‬
‫ﻠ‬‫ﻪﻣﺴ‬
‫ﮑ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﮐ‬‫ﺍﺳﻲ ښ‬
‫ﺎﺩ‬‫ﻧ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﺍﻣ‬
َ
‫ﺮ‬‫ﺎﻫ‬
‫ﻇ‬
‫ﻮﻱ‬
‫ﺷ‬.

Wr
it
tenbyAbi
dMal
yarpg.7
 Thepastcont
inuoust
ense
I
tshowst
hatsomet
hingwasi
npr
ogr
essi
nthepast
.

EX:
wewer
est
udy
ingl
astni
ght/hewaswat
chi
ngTVl
astni
ght
.

St
ruct
ure

(
+)S+was/
wer
e+v
-ing+com,
EX:
Theywer
epl
ayi
ng

(
-)S+wasnot/
wer
enot+v
-ing+com

EX:
theywer
enotpl
ayi
ng.

(
-?)S+wasn’
t/wer
en’
t+v
-ing+com

EX:
hewasn’
tpl
ayi
ng.

Wer
etheynotpl
ayi
ng?

Usesofpastcont
inuoust
ense

Wr
it
tenbyAbi
dMal
yarpg.8
 “
When”cl
auseand“
whi
l
e”cl
ause

Whencl
auseshowst
hatoneact
ionwasi
npr
ogr
essanot
heroccur
red

Iwaswor
king-
--
-when-
--
--
--Hecal
l
edme.

-
-pr
ogr
ess-
- -
-occur
red—

Whi
l
eclauseshowst
hatt
owact
ionwer
einpr
ogr
essatsameTi
mei
n
t
hepast
.

Iwassl
eepi
ng-
--whi
l
e--
--Al
iwasst
udy
ing.

-
--
-pr
ogr
ess-
--
- -
--
progr
ess-
-

Pastper
fectt
ense
Isuset
otal
kaboutanact
ionwhi
chhascompl
etedbef
oreanot
her
acti
oni
nthepast
.

Not
e:whenweuseconj
unct
ion

(
When/bef
ore/byt
het
ime/wi
thsi
mpl
epastt
ens)

St
ruct
ure

(
+)S+had+pastpar
ti
cipi
al+com,

EX:
Thepat
ienthaddi
ed“
bef
ore”doct
orcame.

(
-)S+had+not+P.
P+com

EX:
thepat
ienthadnotdi
edbef
oredoct
orcame.

(
?)Had+s+P.
P+com,

EX:
hadt
hepat
ientdi
edbef
oredoct
orcame?

Wr
it
tenbyAbi
dMal
yarpg.9
 (
-?)Had+s+not+P.
P+com

EX:
hadt
hepat
ientnotdi
edbef
oredoct
orcame?

I
nfor
mal
EX:
hadn’
tthepat
ientdi
edbef
oredoct
orcame?

Usesofpastper
fectt
ense
1Weusepastperfectt
enswi
th“f
or”t
otal
kaboutt
hedur
ati
onofan
act
ionbef
oreanot
heracti
oni
nthepast

2weusepastper
fectcont
inuoust
enswi
th“
if
”tot
alkaboutunr
eal
condi
ti
on

EX:
ifshecal
l
edmeIwoul
dhav
ehel
pedher
.

Pastper
fectcont
inuoust
ense
I
susedtotal
kaboutt
hedur
ati
onofanact
ionbef
oreanot
heract
ion
i
nthepast
.

Weuse(
when/byt
het
ime/
bef
ore+si
mpl
epastt
ense.

Weal
souse“
since”f
ort
het
ime

St
ruct
ure

(
+)S+had+been+v
-ing+ob+si
nce/
for+t
ime+com

Wehadbeenpl
ayi
ngcr
icket“
when”t
her
ainst
art
ed.

(
-)S+had+not+been+v
-ing+ob+si
nce/
for
+ti
me+co

EX:
wehadnotbeenpl
ayi
ngcr
icketf
ort
wohour
swhenr
ainst
art
ed.

(
?)Had+s+been+v
-ing+ob+si
nce/
for+t
ime+com

EX:
hadwebeenpl
ayi
ngcr
icketf
ort
wohour
swhenr
ainst
art
ed?

Wr
it
tenbyAbi
dMal
yarpg.10
 (
-?)Had+s+not+v
-ing+ob+si
nce/
for+t
ime+com

EX:
hadwenotbeenpl
ayi
ngcr
icketwhenr
ainst
art
ed?

I
nfor
mal
EX:
hadn’
twebeenpl
ayi
ngwhenr
ainst
art
ed?

Usesofpastper
fectcont
inuoust
ense
1We(P.P.
C.T)t
oshowt
hatf
orhowl
onganact
ionwasi
npr
ogr
ess
i
nthepast

EX:
Ihadbeenwat
chi
ngTVf
oronehour
.

2weal
sousepastperf
ectcont
inuoustenst
otal
kaboutanact
ion
whi
chwasi
nprogressi
ntherecentpast.

EX:
Hisey
eswer
eredbecausehehadbeencr
ying.

Hi
scl
othwer
ewetbecausehehadbeenwat
eri
ngt
hef
lower
.

Si
mpl
efut
uret
ense
I
suset
otal
kaboutanact
ionwhi
chwi
l
lhappeni
nfut
ure

St
ruct
ure

(
+)S+wi
l
l/shal
l+1v
erb+obj
+com

EX:
Iwi
l
l/shal
lgot
oKabul
tomor
row.

Wr
it
tenbyAbi
dMal
yarpg.11
 Shal
li
susedi
nBr
it
ish,
inAmer
icanwecanuseshal
lwi
th“
I“and“
we”

EX:
Iwi
l
l/shal
lgot
oKabul
tomor
row

(
-)S+wi
l
lshal
l+not+1v
erb+obj
+com

EX:
Iwi
l
l/shal
lnotgot
oKabul
tomor
row.

(
?)Wi
l
l/shal
l+s+v
1+obj
+com

EX:
wil
l
/shal
lyougot
oKabul
?

(
-?)Wi
l
l/shal
l+s+not+v
1+obj
+com

EX:
wil
l
/shal
lyounotgot
oKabul
?

I
nfor
mal
:won’
thewat
cht
hedr
ama?

Usesofsi
mpl
efut
uret
ense
1Weusesi
mpl
efut
uret
enst
opr
edi
ctaboutf
utur
e.

EX:
itwi
l
lrai
ntomor
row.

2weusesi
mpl
efut
uret
enst
owi
l
li
ngness

EX:
Iwi
l
lgi
vey
ousomemoney
.

Wr
it
tenbyAbi
dMal
yarpg.12
 3weusesi
mpl
efut
uret
enst
ounwi
l
li
ngness.

EX:
Iwi
l
lnotgi
vemycar
.

4Wesi
mpl
efut
uret
enst
owar
nsomeone.

EX:
studyhar
dot
her
wiseIwi
l
lfai
lyou.

5 weusesi
mpl
efut
uret
enswi
th(begoi
ngt
o)t
otal
kaboutpr
epl
an

EX:
Iam goi
ngt
obuyacart
omor
row.

Her
e“begoi
ngt
o”usedi
nst
eadof“
wil
l
”insent
ence.

6 Weusesi
mpl
efut
uret
enset
omakepr
omi
se.

7 EX:
Iwi
l
lcomet
oyourweddi
ng.

Fut
urecont
inuoust
ense
Tot
alkaboutanact
ionwhi
chwi
l
lbei
npr
ogr
essi
nfut
ure

St
ruct
ure

(
+)S+wi
l
l/shal
l+be+v
-ing+ob.+com

EX:
Iwi
l
lbepl
ayi
ngcr
ickett
omor
row.

Wr
it
tenbyAbi
dMal
yarpg.13
 (
-)S+wi
l
l/shal
l+not+be+v
-ing+obj
+com

EX:
Iwi
l
lnotbepl
ayi
ngcr
ickett
omor
row.

(
?)Wi
l
l/shal
l+s+not+be+v
-ing+obj
+com

EX:
wil
lIbepl
ayi
ngcr
ickett
omor
row?

(
-?)Wi
l
l/shal
l+s+not+be+v
-ing+obj
+com

EX:
wil
lInotbepl
ayi
ngcr
ickett
omor
row?

I
nfor
mal
:won’
tIbepl
ayi
ngcr
ickett
omor
row?

Usesoff
utur
econt
inuousTense
1Weusef
utur
econt
inuoust
enst
otal
kaboutf
utur
epl
anofsome
one

EX:
I(wi
l
lbe) goi
ngt
o Kabul
nextday
.

-
--
Mai
nver
b--
-

2Weusesi
mpl
efut
urecont
inuoust
ensf
ori
nvi
tat
ion

EX:
wil
lyoubecomi
ngt
omyweddi
ngpar
ty?
Fut
ureper
fectt
ense
Isusedtotalkaboutanact
ionwhi
chwi
l
lcompl
etedbef
oreanot
her
acti
oninfuture

Note:
weuseconj
unct
ion(
wit
hwhenbyt
het
imebef
ore)wi
thsi
mpl
e
pr
esentt
ense.

Wr
it
tenbyAbi
dMal
yarpg.14
 St
ruct
ure

(
+)S+wi
l
l/shal
l+hav
e+pastpar
ti
cipi
al+obj
+com

EX:mymom wi
ll
havecookedt
hemealbythet
imewer
eacht
her
e/I
wil
lhav
ewat
chedtheTVwhenmyfat
hercame.

Not
e:wi
thModal
auxi
l
iar
yweusef
ir
stf
orm of“
hav
e”

(
-)S+wi
l
l/shal
l+not+hav
e+P.
P.+obj
+com

EX:
mymom wi
l
lnothav
ecookedt
hemeal
byt
het
imewer
eacht
hei
r

(
?)Wi
l
l/shal
l+s+hav
e+P.
P+obj
+com

EX:wil
l/
shal
lmymom hav
ecookedt
hemeal
byt
het
imewer
each
thei
r?

(
-?)Wi
l
l/shal
l+s+not+hav
e+P.
P+obj
+com

EX:
wil
lmymom hav
enotcookedt
hemeal
byt
het
imewer
eacht
hei
r.

I
nfor
mal:won’
t/shan’
tmymom hav
ecookedt
hemeal
byt
het
imewe
r
eachthei
r.

Fut
ureper
fectcont
inuoust
ense
I
susedt
oshowst
hedur
ati
onofanact
ionbef
oreanot
heract
ioni
n
f
utur
e

St
ruct
ure

(
+)S+wi
l
l+hav
e+been+v
-ing+obj
+com

EX:shewi
l
lhav
ebeencooki
ngt
hemeal
foronehourbef
oreguest
ar
ri
ve.

Wr
it
tenbyAbi
dMal
yarpg.15
 (
-)S+wi
l
l+not+hav
e+been+v
-ing+obj
+si
nce/
for+co

EX:shewil
lnothav
ebeencooki
ngt
hemeal
fort
wohour
sbef
oret
he
guestar
ri
ve.

(
?)S+wi
l
l+hav
e+been+v
-ing+si
nce/
for+t
ime+com

EX:wi
l
lshehav
ebeencooki
ngt
hemeal
foronehourbef
oret
heguest
ar
ri
ve?

(
-?)Wi
l
l+s+not+hav
e+been+v
-ing+ob+si
nce/
for+t
ime+com

EX:wil
lshenothav
ebeencooki
ngt
hemeal
fort
wohour
sbef
oret
he
guestar
ri
ve?

I
nfor
mal
:won’
tshehav
ebeencooki
ngt
hemeal
bef
oreguestar
ri
ve?

Wr
it
tenbyAbi
dMal
yarpg.16