PURPOSIVE

COMMUNICATION
 AVOIDING
PLAGIARISM:
QUOTATION AND
REFERENCING
LEARNING TARGETS:
At the end of the module, students will be able to:
a. Discuss the processes of quoting and referencing
in a given text/ reading material;
b. Demonstrate quoting and referencing of given
texts/reading materials;
QOUTATION
AND ITS
TYPES
 QUOTATION
A quotation is the use of the exact words of another author, writer,
or speaker in your own writing.
• Purpose: To give credibility to your arguments, show evidence, or
preserve the original meaning and wording of the source.
• Reminder: Always enclose quotations in quotation marks (“ ”) and
provide proper citation to avoid plagiarism.
 QUOTATION
a. Use quotation marks” ”
b. Give reference details, inlcuding the page/ paragraph number.
c. use the words “ stated” “mentioned”, “in the work of ”, “according to”,
etc.
 TWO WAYS OF CITING
QUOTES
Narrative Citation

• The author’s name is part of your sentence, followed by the year in

parentheses.
• When to Use: If you want to emphasize the author of the idea.
Example: According to Kokkinos (2007), employers cause burnout
when employees are stressed by too much work.
 TWO WAYS OF CITING
QUOTES
Parenthetical Citation

• Definition: The author’s name and year are placed inside parentheses,
usually at the end of the sentence.
• When to Use: If you want to emphasize the information or idea rather
than the author.
Example: Employers cause burnout when employees are stressed by
too much work (Kokkinos, 2007).
 BY LENGTH AND FORMATTING
( DIRECT QOUTATION)
1. Short Quotes
A brief direct quote.
• Rules by Style:
⚬ APA: fewer than 40 words
⚬ MLA: fewer than 4 lines of prose (or 3 lines of
verse)
⚬ Chicago: fewer than 5 lines (or ~100 words)
 • Formatting:
⚬ Enclosed in quotation marks.
⚬ Integrated into the sentence.
Example (APA):
According to Kokkinos (2007), “employers cause
burnout when employees are stressed by too much
work” (p. 45).
Long Quotes (Block Quotations)

A direct quotation that is too long for regular in-text use.

• APA Style: 40 words or more → formatted as a block quotation.

• MLA Style: More than 4 lines of prose or 3 lines of verse.
• Chicago Style: Generally 5 or more lines or quotations longer
than 100 words.
 • Formatting:
⚬ Indented (usually half an inch from the left margin).
⚬ No quotation marks (the formatting itself signals it’s a quote).
⚬ Citation is placed after the punctuation.

Example (APA, Long Quote):

According to Kokkinos (2007):
Employers cause burnout when employees are stressed by too much work. This
often happens when organizations fail to consider employee well-being and assign
workloads beyond capacity. Long-term stress without intervention eventually
results in physical and emotional exhaustion. (p. 45)
 TYPES OF QUOTATION

Direct Quotation (Parenthetical)

Exact words of the author + citation placed at the end of the
sentence.

Example: “The Covid-19 pandemic brought new challenges and issues

in the society” (Ausa, 2020).
 TYPES OF QUOTATION
Direct Quotation (Narrative)

Author’s name is part of the sentence, followed directly by the

quotation.

Example: Ausa (2020) said that “Covid-19 pandemic brought new

challenges and issues in the society.”
 TYPES OF QUOTATION
3. Indirect Quotation / Paraphrase

Restating another person’s idea in your own words, while still giving
credit.
Example:
Ausa (as cited in Miller, 2020) explained that society faced many
problems during the Covid-19 pandemic.
 CITATION STYLE

APA MLA
Chicago Manual of
( American ( Modern Language
Style
Psychological Association)
Association)
 CITATION STYLES

APA (American Psychological Association)

• Used in education, psychology, sciences.

• Emphasis: author + year.
Example: Stress causes burnout (Kokkinos, 2007).
 CITATION STYLES
MLA (Modern Language Association)

• Used in literature, humanities.

• Emphasis: author + page number.
Example: “Identity is socially constructed” (Butler 45).
 CITATION STYLES
Chicago Manual of Style

• Used in history, law, publishing.

• Two systems:
⚬ Notes & Bibliography → uses footnotes or endnotes.
⚬ Author-Date → like APA but flexible.
Example (Notes): ¹Judith Butler, Gender Trouble (New York:
Routledge, 1990), 45.
REFERENCING
FORMATS
 REFERENCE

• Acknowledge the writer and show the reader where ideas came from.
• Referencing can be in any two places.
a. In-text: in the paragraphs of your essay/report
• Example:
• Research by Jones and Xiao (2014) shows that significant analysis has
been carried out relating to these specific human resource
management initiatives.
• Example:
• There has been a significant amount of data that has shown that these
human resource management initiatives have been thoroughly
analyzed for effectiveness (Jones & Xiao 2014).
b. Reference list: end of the essay/report
• APA format (American Psychological Association)
• Website: Last name, F.M. (Year published). Article title. Website. URL.
• Book: Last name, F.M. (Year published). Title. Publisher
• Example:
Question Copyright (2011). Credit is Due (Attribution Song). Youtube.
[Link]
Sayuno, C. M. (2019). Oral Communication in Context (Second Edition).
DIWA Learning Systems Inc.
 APA STYLE GUIDE

• Double spaced all citations; Indent after the first line of each entry.
• Alphabetize by the first word of the entry, most commonly by the first
author's surname. Do not number the entries.
• Write first the single-author entries before multiple-author entries
beginning with the same surname.
 APA STYLE GUIDE
• Arrange the references with the same first author and different second
or third authors alphabetically by the surname of the second author,
and so on.
• Italicize book and periodical titles.
• Capitalize only the first word of a title, the first word of a subtitle, and
proper nouns in titles of books and articles, no matter how they
appear in a database or catalog.
• Use the abbreviations p. or pp. only for multi-page newspaper articles,
encyclopedia entries, and chapters or articles in edited books; Do not
use the abbreviation p. or pp. (or any other abbreviation) for
magazine and journal articles.
• Write the dates in Year, Month Day format (e.g., 1999, December 20).
• Begin with the title if no author is given.
• Put the dates in parenthesis after the author's name (or title if no
author is listed).

• Use (n.d.) if no date is given.

• Do not include in the Reference page the personal communication such
as private letters ,memos, some electronic communication (i.e., email
or messages from nonarchival discussion groups), personal interviews,
telephone conversations, etc. These types of communication are not
recoverable data. Cite personal communications in text only.
 reference list
Books (Print)

• APA → Forbes, J. E. (2008). The elements of library research:

What every student needs to know. Bulacan Press.
• MLA (9th ed.)→ Forbes, James E. The Elements of Library
Research: What Every Student Needs to Know. Bulacan Press,
2008.
 reference list
Books (Print)

• Chicago (17th ed.) →Bibliography entry: Forbes, James E.

The Elements of Library Research: What Every Student
Needs to Know. Bulacan Press, 2008.
 reference list
Books by more than one author

• APA →Montas, H., Oreco, K., & Torres, C. (1999). Philosophical

foundations of behavior modification. Rex Bookstore Publishing.
• MLA → Montas, H., Oreco, K., and Torres, C. Philosophical Foundations
of Behavior Modification. Rex Bookstore Publishing, 1999.
• Chicago → Montas, H., K. Oreco, and C. Torres. Philosophical
Foundations of Behavior Modification. 1999. Rex Bookstore Publishing.
 reference list
Editing book, no Author

• APA →Lewis, J. L., & Reyes, C. (Eds.). (2009). A companion to Jake

Austin. Wiley-Blackwell.
• MLA →Lewis, J. L., and C. Reyes, editors. A Companion to Jake Austin.
Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.
• Chicago →Lewis, J. L., and C. Reyes, eds. A Companion to Jake Austin.
Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.
 reference list
Edited Book, with an Author:

• APA →Paule, S. (2000). The unpublished journals. J.E. Lucid (Ed.). New
York, NY: Anchor.
• MLA →Paule, S. The Unpublished Journals. J.E. Lucid, editor. Anchor,
2000.
• Chicago →Paule, S. The Unpublished Journals. Edited by J.E. Lucid.
2000. Anchor.
 reference list
Edition of books other than the first.

• APA →Rotternberg, A. T. (2003). Elements of argument: A text and

reader (7th ed.). Bedford/St. Martin's.
• MLA →Rotternberg, A. T. Elements of Argument: A Text and Reader.
7th ed., Bedford/St. Martin's, 2003.
• Chicago →Rotternberg, A. T. Elements of Argument: A Text and Reader.
7th ed. Bedford/St. Martin's, 2003.
 reference list
Periodicals

• APA → Reynes, R. (1999). The voice of war. The New Criterion, 15(3),
5–13.
• MLA → Reynes, R. “The Voice of War.” The New Criterion, vol. 15, no. 3,
1999, pp. 5–13.
• Chicago → Reynes, R. “The Voice of War.” The New Criterion 15, no. 3
(1999): 5–13.
 reference list
Magazine Article

• The entry for citing a magazine article includes the author, (year and
month of publication) article title, magazine title, volume (issue),
and page.

• APA (7th ed.)

Bautista, S. (2002, December 28). Calls made to strengthen classroom
policies. The Eagles, pp. 1A, 2A.
 reference list
• APA (7th ed.)
Rivera, C. R., III. (1995, April 29). Making the grade in today’s schools. Time,
139(17), 22–25.
• MLA (9th ed.)
Rivera, C. R., III. “Making the Grade in Today’s Schools.” Time, vol. 139, no. 17, 29
Apr. 1995, pp. 22–25.
• Chicago (Author-Date Style)
Rivera, C. R., III. 1995. “Making the Grade in Today’s Schools.” Time 139 (17): 22–25.
• Chicago (Notes and Bibliography Style)
C. R. Rivera III, “Making the Grade in Today’s Schools,” Time 139, no. 17 (April 29,
1995): 22–25.
 reference list
Newspaper Article.

Unlike other periodicals, p. or pp. precedes page numbers for a newspaper reference
in APA style. Single pages take p., and multiple pages take pp.

Example:
Bautista, S. (2002, December 28). Calls made to strengthen classroom policies. The
Eagles, pp. 1A, 2A.
 reference list
• MLA (9th ed.)
Bautista, S. “Calls Made to Strengthen Classroom Policies.” The Eagles, 28
Dec. 2002, pp. 1A, 2A.
• Chicago (Author-Date Style)
Bautista, S. 2002. “Calls Made to Strengthen Classroom Policies.” The
Eagles, December 28, 2002, 1A, 2A.
• Chicago (Notes and Bibliography Style)
S. Bautista, “Calls Made to Strengthen Classroom Policies,” The Eagles,
December 28, 2002, 1A, 2A.
 reference list
Electronic Books (E-books)

• Digital version of a printed book; accessed via e-readers, apps, or

online.
• APA → Smith, J. (2015). Global law in context [E-book]. Oxford
University Press. [Link]
• MLA → Smith, John. Global Law in Context. Oxford UP, 2015. E-book.
• Chicago → Smith, John. Global Law in Context. Oxford University
Press, 2015. Kindle edition.
 reference list
Electronic (Article from Online Periodical)

• APA → Reynante, A. (2002). Ten tips on writing the living web. A List
Apart: For People Who Make Websites, 149. Retrieved from Smith, J.
(2015). Global law in context [E-book]. Oxford University Press.
[Link]
• MLA (9th edition):Reynante, Aaron. “Ten Tips on Writing the Living
Web.” A List Apart: For People Who Make Websites, no. 149, 2002,
[Link]
 reference list
Electronic (Article from Online Periodical)

Chicago Style (17th edition – Notes and Bibliography):

• Bibliography:
Reynante, Aaron. “Ten Tips on Writing the Living Web.” A List Apart: For People
Who Make Websites, no. 149, 2002.
[Link]
• Footnote:
Aaron Reynante, “Ten Tips on Writing the Living Web,” A List Apart: For People Who
Make Websites, no. 149, 2002, [Link]
 reference list
Electronic (Newspaper Article)
APA STYLE
• Example with a Date:
Wendez, B. (2016, January 22). Near to understanding of the factors of
rural health. Rural Health. Retrieved from
[Link]
• Example without a Date:
David, J. (n.d.). Familiar birdsongs of the Northwest. Available from
[Link]
 reference list
Electronic (Newspaper Article)

MLA Style
• Example with a Date:
Wendez, B. "Near to Understanding of the Factors of Rural Health."
Rural Health, 22 Jan. 2016, [Link]/[Link].
• Example without a Date:
David, J. "Familiar Birdsongs of the Northwest." Powell's,
[Link]/cgi-bin/biblio?Inkey=1-97809931686108-0.
 reference list
Electronic (Newspaper Article)
Chicago Style
1. Example with a Date:
⚬ Wendez, B. "Near to Understanding of the Factors of Rural
Health." Rural Health, January 22, 2016. Accessed from
[Link]
[Link] without a Date:
⚬ David, J. "Familiar Birdsongs of the Northwest." Accessed from
[Link]
97809931686108-0
 reference list
Webpage:

• APA → Ramon, H. Sta. Mesa Library, The University of Bataan

Health Science Campus. (2008). Instructions to authors in the health
sciences. Retrieved July 27, 2009, from [Link]
• MLA → Ramon, H. Sta. Mesa Library, The University of Bataan
Health Science Campus. "Instructions to Authors in the Health
Sciences." The University of Bataan Health Science Campus, 2008,
[Link]/instr/.
• .
 reference list
Webpage:

• Chicago → Ramon, H. Sta. Mesa Library, The University of Bataan

Health Science Campus. "Instructions to Authors in the Health
Sciences." Last modified 2008. Accessed July 27, 2009.
[Link]
 reference list
Online Articles/Webpages

• APA → Reynsha, A. (2002). Ten tips on writing the living web. A List
Apart, 149. [Link]
• MLA → Reynsha, A. “Ten Tips on Writing the Living Web.” A List
Apart, no. 149, 2002, [Link]/articles/writeliving.
• Chicago → Reynsha, A. “Ten Tips on Writing the Living Web.” A List
Apart, no. 149 (2002). [Link]
 REFERENCES
• Walden University. (2020). Reference list: Basic rules (APA).
• Purdue Writing Lab. (2021). APA, MLA, Chicago formatting.
• Supreme Court of the Philippines. (2010). Vinuya v. Executive Secretary,
G.R. No. 162230.
• Code of Professional Responsibility (2004). Rule 1.01.
• [Link]
mod8-referencelist-final
THANK YOU