COMMUNICATION
PROCESSES, PRINCIPLE,
AND ETHICS
Communication is a very interesting topic to be discussed, previously
those confusions along with the term had finally answered, and another
figure and body of knowledge were added to the memory bank such terms
were creatively elaborated like the verbal communication, non-verbal
communication, the types of communication such as intrapersonal,
interpersonal, extended, organizational, intercultural, and the purpose and
style of communication. In a nutshell, the terms are crucial to restate and to
know the function in the field of communication.
Ethical communication principles include
observing transparency and honesty,
understanding the audience, observing
privacy and confidentiality, and selecting
the right time and place for relaying
information.
COMMUNICATION MODELS
Communication models are frameworks
that help us understand the process of
communication and how information is
transmitted between individuals or groups.
Here is a report summarizing some key
communication models:
1. Shannon-Weaver Model: The Shannon-
Weaver model is a mathematical
communication concept that proposes
communication as a linear, one-way process.
It consists of five key concepts: sender,
message, channel, receiver, and noise. This
model emphasizes the transmission of
information from the sender to the receiver
and the potential interference of noise in the
communication process.
Sender → Message → Channel → Receiver
↑
Noise
2. Transactional Model: The
transactional model views
communication as a dynamic and
interactive process. It recognizes that
communication is a two-way street,
where both the sender and receiver
contribute to the meaning-making
process. This model emphasizes the
exchange of messages, feedback,
and the influence of context on
communication.
3. Berlo's Model: Berlo's model focuses on the factors that
influence effective communication. It includes four
elements: source, message, channel, and receiver.
Additionally, it considers the effect of the sender's and
receiver's field of experience, attitudes, and social systems
on the communication process.
4. Osgood-Schramm Model: The Osgood-Schramm
model, also known as the circular model, highlights the
importance of feedback in communication. It emphasizes
that communication is a continuous process where the
sender and receiver interchange roles, providing
feedback to each other. This model recognizes that
communication is influenced by the interpretation and
response of the receiver.
5. Lasswell's Model: Lasswell's model focuses on the
content and purpose of communication. It asks the
questions: who says what, in which channel, to whom,
with what effect? This model emphasizes the importance
of understanding the sender's intention, the message itself,
the channel used, the target audience, and the impact of
the communication.
These models provide valuable insights into different
aspects of communication, such as the flow of
information, feedback, context, and the roles of the
sender and receiver. Understanding these models can
help individuals and organizations improve their
communication effectiveness.
SOURCES:
Pumble Learn: 8
- Communication Models: What They Are & How They Work
- [Link]: An Analysis of Communication Models and Their
Applications Since 1948.
- ResearchGate: The Models of Communication
- Start Teaching: Theories, Principles and Models of Communication
- Introduction to Professional Communications: Communication
Models
Please note:
That these models provide a general overview, and there
are other communication models and variations that exist
in the field of communication studies.
ARISTOTLE’S COMMUNICATION MODEL
Aristotle emphasized that there are three variables in the
communication process.
SPEAKER SPEECH AUDIENCE
Speaker variable is very important. Without the speaker,
there will be no speech to be produced.
Depending on the profile of the audience, the speaker
adjusts his/her speech.
Effective public speaking was an important consideration
in the study of communication.
Communication begins with the communicator sending a
message using a medium, followed by an effect on the
receiver. Laswell's model, similar to Aristotle's, includes five
variables, including medium and effect, and differs from
Aristotle's linear model.
SHANNON-WEAVER'S
COMMUNICATION MODEL
Claude Elwood Shannon and Warren Weaver's
model of communication was introduced in 1949, a
year after Laswell's, for Bell Laboratories. Originally, it
was conceptualized for the functioning of the radio
and television serving as a model for technical
communication and, later on, adopted in the field
of communication. In this model, other components
such as noise, reception, destination, and feedback
have been identified. Other terms such as
information source for the sender, transmitter for the
encoder, decoder (reception), and receiver
(destination) were introduced.
BERLOS COMMUNICATION MODEL
David Berlo's 1960 model, originally called
SMCR, was later modified to include noise,
resulting in the acronym SMCRN.
The communication process involves four
main variables: source, message, channel,
and receiver. The source, acting as the
encoder, must practice communication skills,
maintain a positive attitude, and consider
their social system, including values, beliefs,
and culture.
The message variable comprises content, language,
gestures, treatment, and structure. The code reflects the
message's transmission, ensuring no mismatch between
verbal and non-verbal codes, ensuring a seamless flow of
information.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE
COMMUNICATION
In oral and written communication you should be able to
apply the following principles:
1. Know your purpose in communicating. There is a
dominant reason why you communicate.
2. Know your audience. Consider who your audience are
to create appropriate speaking and writing style.
3. Know your topic. It will be a great help to effectively
deliver your purpose.
4. Adjust your speech or writing to the context of the
situation. Consider your environment in the kind of
language you will use.
PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE ORAL
COMMUNICATION
1. Be clear with your purpose. Know your objective by
heart by communicating.
2. Be complete with message you deliver. Deliver
informations that are based on facts.
3. Be concise. Do not put too much words . Be direct to
your point.
4. Be natural with your delivery. When delivering to your
audience, have confidence and proper gestures.
5. Be specific and timely with your feedback. Inputs are
most helpful when provided on time .
PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE WRITTEN
COMMUNICATION: THE 7C
[Link] clear 5. Be coherent
2. Be concise. 6. Be complete
3. Be concrete 7. Be courteous
4. Be correct
ETHICS OF COMMUNICATION
Communication ethics emphasizes that moral influence
the behavior of an individual,group , or organization
therby affecting the communication.
Be guided by the following to achieve ethical
communication:
1. Establish an effective value system that will pave the
way for the development of your integrity as person
2. Provide complete and accurate information whether it
is needed or not , the data should always be
contextualized and correct.
3. Disclose vital information adequately and
appropriately. Never conceal or hide information that are
necessary for purposes of transparency.
Observing a code of ethics is essential
as it determines the kind of behavior
that is proper and desirable over one
that is displeasing and offensive.