3.
Worked Problems (Slides 19-27)
Problem 1
How many moles of H,sO, will contain 64 kg of sulphur (S)?
Basis: 64 kg of S. (Atomic weight S = 32; each H,SO4, has 1 S atom.)
kmol ofS = 64/32 = 2 kmol
1 kmol H,SOA contains 1 kmol S → kmol H,SO, = 2 kmol
Answer:2 kmol of H2SO4
Problem 2
20 grams of causticsoda (NaOH)is dissolved in water to prepare 500 mL of solution. Find the normality and
molarity of the solution.
Basis: 500 mL of solution containing 20 g NaOH. (M = 40, equivalent weight = 40.)
Moles of NaOH = 20/40 = 0.5 mol
Molarity = moles /volume(L) = 0.5 /0.5 = 1 M
Equivalents = 20/40 = 0.5 eq → Normality = 0.5 / 0.5 = 1 N
Answer: Normality = 1 N and Molarity = 1 M
Problem 3
2 litres of NH3 at 303 K and 20.265 kPa is neutralized by 135 ml of an H,SO4 solution. Find the normality of the
acid.
Basis: 2 Lof NH3 gas at 303 K and 20.265 kPa.
Moles of NH. from ideal gas law: n= PV/RT
n= (20.265 kPa x 2 L)/(8.314 L·kPa-mol:K-x 303 K)
n= 40.53/2519.1 = 0.01609 mol NH3
NH3 is monoacidic base > equivalents of NH, =0.01609 eq
= 0.01609 eq
At neutralization, equivalents of acid = equivalents of base
Normality of acid=equivalents/ volume(L) = 0.01609 /0.135
= 0.119 0.12 N
Answer: Normality of H,S04 z0.12 N
Problem 4 of the
weighing 200 kg is mixed with 600 kg of potassium chloride. Find the composition
Sodium chloride
(M: NaCl = 58.5, KCl= 74.5)
mixture in (a) weight % and (b) mole %.
kg mixture.
Basis: 200 kg NaCl + 600 kg KCl = 800
x 100 = 25%; KCl = 600/800 x
100 = 75%
(a) Weight %: NaCl = 200/800
3.419 kmol
(b) kmol NaCl = 200/ 58.5=
kmol KCl = 600/74.5 = 8.054 kmol
Total = 3.419 + 8.054 = 11.473 kmol
Mole % NaCl = 3.419/ 11.473 x 100 = 29.81 %
Mole % KC| = 8.054/11.473 x 100 = 70.19 %
Answer: Weight %: NaCl = 25 %, KCl =75 %. Mole %: NaCl = 29.81%. KCl = 70.19 %
Problem 5
Aircontains 21% O, and 79 % N, by volume. Calculate the composition in terms of percent by weight. (M: 0, =
32, N, = 28)
Basis: 100 kmolof air → 21 kmol O; and 79 kmol N2.
Mass O, = 21 x 32 = 672 kg
Mass N, = 79 x 28 = 2212 kg
Total mass = 672 + 2212 = 2884 kg
Weight % 0, = 672/ 2884 >x 100= 23.3%
Weight % N, = 2212/ 2884 x 100 = 76.7 %
Answer: Weight %: O, = 23.3%, N, = 76.7 %
Problem 6
The available nitrogen (N) in a urea sample is found to be 45 % on a weight basis. Calculate the actual urea
content in the sample. (Urea = NH,CONH, M = 60; N in urea = 2 x 14 = 28)
Basis: 100 kg of urea sample > 45 kg of N.
Fraction of N in pure urea = 28/ 60 =0.4667
Urea corresponding to 45 kg N = 45 /0.4667 = 96.43 kg
Answer: Actualurea content = 96.43 kg per 100 kg sample (= 96.43 %)
Problem 7
Acylinder contains 15 kg of liquid propane (C,Hg, M = 44).What volume in m² willthe propane occupy if it is
released and brought toNTP conditions (273 K, 101.325 kPa)?
Basis: 15 kg of propane.
kmol of propane = 15/44 = 0.3409 kmol
At NTP, 1 kmolof gas occupies 22.414 m²
Volume = 0.3409 x 22.414 = 7.64 m³
(Using V = nRT/P = 0.3409x8.314×273 / 101.325 = 7.64 m²)
Answer: Volume 7.67 m² at NTP (273 K)
Problem 8
A mixture of H, and O; contains 11.1% H, by weight. Calculate (a) the average molecular weight of the gas
mixture and (b) the partial pressures of 0, and H, at 100 kPa and 303 K. (M: H, = 2, O, = 32)
Basis: 100 kg of gas mixture → 11.1 kg H, and 88.9 kg O2.
kmol H,= 11.1 / 2= 5.55 kmol
kmolO,= 88.9/32 = 2.778 kmol
Total kmol= 5.55 + 2.778 = 8.328 kmol
(a) Average M = total mass / total moles = 100/8.328 = 12.0 kg/kmol
Mole fraction H, = 5.55/8.328 = 0.666
Mole fraction O, = 2.778 / 8.328 = 0.334
(b) Partial pressure = mole fraction x total pressure:
p(H2) = 0.666 x 100 = 66.6 67 kPa
p(O) = 0.334 x 100 = 33.4 33 kPa
Answer: Average M = 12 kg/kmol; p(H,) = 67 kPa, p(O,) =33 kPa
Problem 9
A mixture of nitrogen and carbon dioxide at 298 K and 101.325 kPa has an average molecular weight of 31. What
is the partial pressure of nitrogen? (M: N, = 28, CO, = 44)
Basis: 1 kmol of gas mixture. Let x = mole fraction of N2.
Average M = 28x + 44(1-x) = 31
28x + 44 - 44x=31 → -16x = -13 → x= 0.8125
Mole fraction of N, =0.8125
Partial pressure of N, = X x P = 0.8125 x 101.325
= 82.33 kPa
Answer: Partial pressure of N, =82.33 kPa
4. ldeal Gas Law and Gaseous Mixture
Question 10
Calculate the volume ocupied by 10 kg of CO, (M = 44) at 300 K and 200 kPa, assuming ideal gas behaviour.
kmol of CO, = 10/44 = 0.2273 kmol
V= nRT/P= 0.2273 x 8.314 x 300/ 200
= 567.0/200 = 2.835 m³
Answer: Volume 2.84 m²
Question 11
Agaseous mixture has the following volume composition:
CHa 40 %, CzHe 35 % and Nz 25 %. Determine (a)
average molecular weight and (b)the density at 300 K and the
101.325 kPa. (M: CH4 = 16, C,H6= 30, N2 = 28)
Basis: 100 kmol of gas mixture.
Mass CH4 = 40 x 16 = 640 kg
Mass C2H6 = 35 x 30= 1050 kg
Mass N, = 25 x 28 = 700 kg
Total mass = 640 + 1050 + 700 =
2390 kg per 100 kmol
(a) Average M = 2390/ 100 =
23.9 kg/kmol
(b) Density p = PM/RT =
(101.325 x 23.9)/ (8.314 x 300)
=2421.7/2494.2 = 0.971 kg/m?
Answer: Average M= 23.9
kg/kmol;density 0.97 kg/m³