Tech

Night
 Table Of Content:
• Why Network • IP (internet protocol)
• What is network? • Subnet mask &Default Gateway
• Network types • DNS
• OSI MODEL • MAC & ARP
• Ports & protocols • Routing
• UDP and TCP
Why Network?

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what is a network ?
Group of devices (pc-laptop-mobile-server)communicate
together using specific medium (WIFI-Bluetooth-cables)
to deliver specific Service (File Transfer-Browsing) or share
resources.
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 Types of Network
)based on geographical area ( LAN
PAN
• Local Area Network, commonly
• Personal Area Network, like a
found in offices or homes,
Bluetooth headset, for short-range
connecting devices within a
personal connections.
limited area.

WAN
MAN
• Wide Area Network, exemplified • Metropolitan Area Network, such
by the Internet, connecting as city-wide Wi-Fi, spanning a
geographical dispersed areas. larger urban area.

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Network topology

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 Network Components:
• End Devices:
These are the devices that actually use the network:
Computer Mobile Phone Printer Server

• Intermediate device :
Any device used to build the network
Ex: hub – switch – access point – router – modem

• Transmission Media
The path data travels through:
Wired
Ethernet Cable
Wireless
Wi-Fi 5
methods of sending data

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OSI MODEL

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 OSI Model
“Open System Interconnection”

• A conceptual framework that describes

how data is transmitted across a network.

• It divides the communication process into

seven layers.

• Each layer with specific functions.

• These layers help standardize network
communication and ensure interoperability
between different devices and protocols.

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[Link] layer:
• Interface between the user and the network
• Providing network services to various applications:

Browse websites
Send and receive emails
Transfer files
Connect remotely

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 What is protocol ?
•protocol is a set of rules that acts like a language between devices.

•It allows devices to communicate and understand each other over a network.

• Examples:

HTTP, FTP, TCP, UDP, ARP

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 Some popular protocols:
• HTTP 80: Used for web browsing (unencrypted)

• HTTPS 443: Secure version of HTTP (encrypted with

SSL/TLS)

• FTP 21: File Transfer Protocol for transferring files

• SMTP 25: Sends emails between mail servers

• POP3 110: Retrieves emails from a mail server

• IMAP 143: Accesses emails on a mail server

• DNS 53: Resolves domain names to IP addresses

• DHCP 67: Assigns IP addresses dynamically

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• TELNET 23: Remote access to devices (unencrypted)

• SSH 22: Secure remote access to device 11

L6. The presentation layer:
• Data Translation: Converts data into a
format that the application layer or end-
user devices can understand

• Data Compression: Reduces the size of

data to optimize bandwidth usage and
transmission speed .(PNG –MP3)

• Data Encryption and Decryption: Ensures

data security by encrypting data before
transmission and decrypting it upon receipt
(SSL/TLS)
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[Link] Layer :
Responsible for managing and controlling the dialogs (or sessions) between two
devices

• Establishing, Managing, and Terminating Sessions.

• Dialog Control: It manages the flow of data between devices by ensuring that
communication happens in a structured way:
Simplex One-way communication, where data flows in a single direction(Radio)
Half-duplex: One device sends at a time. (walkie-talkie )
Full-duplex: Both devices can send simultaneously. (phone call)

• Session Restoration: If the session gets interrupted due to network failure, it can
restore the session from the last saved point (checkpoints
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Data Transmission Modes
How data is transmitted between two connected devices

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 Socket and session
Socket:
IP address + Port number used for communication between applications.

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[Link] layer:
Responsible for end-to-end communication between the two devices.

• Segmentation & Reassembly:

breaks large messages into smaller • Flow Control.
segments before sending. Reassembles
segments correctly at the destination. • Error Control

• Multiplexing & Demultiplexing: • Connection Management

Use port numbers to send data to the
right application .Ex: Watching YouTube &
Using WhatsApp.

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 Port Number
Port Number is a logical number used to identify a specific service or application running on a
device.

servers-Port Client-Port
0- 1023 1024- 65535

Each service has a specific port number Applications use dynamic ports (1024–65535),
•HTTP → 80 •POP3 → 110 assigned by the OS."
•HTTPS → 443 •Telnet → 23
•FTP → 20 / 21 •SSH → 22
•SMTP → 25 •DNS → 53

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Types of logical connections

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The Difference Between
TCP/UDP

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• How TCP Work: • How UDP Work
3-Way Handshake"
UDP sends data without checking if
it arrives:
• No connection setup.
• No retransmission if data is lost.
• Faster but less reliable.

Ex: playing online games you want

speed more than perfect accuracy

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TCP header: UDP header:

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Windowing:

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Break

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 Network Layer What first comes to
your mind when
talking about
network?

IP Router Layer 3 Switch

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 Network Layer
Layer 3 (Routing Layer)

- Logical Addressing(Add IP): identifies devices across

networks.

- Now our data is called packet.

- Routing: Determines the best path for packets.

- Routers, firewalls & Layer 3 Switches

- ICMP (Ping, Traceroute)

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 Network Layer

• It receives the segments from the Transport Layer and encapsulates

them into Packets. (add IP header)

• Segmentation occurs in the Transport Layer and aims to improve

data management between devices.

• Fragmentation occurs in the Network Layer when the packet size

exceeds the Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU).

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Network Layer

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Network Layer
Protocols

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 Router

Functions of a Router:

•Forwarding: Receives packets, examines headers, and forwards them to the

correct output port.

•Routing: Determines the optimal path for packets using routing tables and
algorithms.

•Network Address Translation (NAT): Translates private IPs to a public IP for

Internet access.

•Security: Supports firewalls and other security measures.

•Bandwidth Management: Controls data flow to prevent congestion.

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Routing Table

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 What Is An IP octet

Address?

An IP Address (Internet Protocol Address) is a unique numerical label assigned to

each device connected to a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for
communication.

It serves two main purposes:

[Link] a device on the network (passport).

[Link] the device (using routing table) to enable communication with other
devices over a network like the Internet.

ISPs (like Vodafone, Orange, WE, etc.) assign public IPs to end-users (homes,
businesses, etc.).
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IP Header

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IP Header

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IP Versions

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IP Versions

How do we
calculate the
amount of
addresses in IPv4?

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 Host & Network
IDs

Network ID: Defines the fields that would change

with each different Network.

Host ID: Defines the fields that would change with each
different Network.

Then how do we know which is the Network ID fields &

which is the Host ID?

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Subnet Mask

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 IP Classes
How to know the max number of hosts in each class?
Subnet mask: 255 . 0 . 0 . 0

Subnet mask: 255 . 255 . 0 . 0

Subnet mask: 255 . 255 . 255 . 0

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 IP Exhaustion

What if we have a network

(LAN) that has 258 devices ??

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 IP Exhaustion

Problem: Organizations often need a number of hosts that

do not match class sizes, leading to wastage.

Solution: Subnetting.

Wastes 65276 hosts for 258 needed

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Subnetting
Assignment

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 CIDR Notation

CIDR Notation: (a.b.c.d/n)

n = number of bits in the network portion. What is the CIDR Notation
( ‫(عدد الوحايد او البتات في قناع الشبكة اللي بتعبرعن عدد البتات المخصصة للشبكة‬ of an IP address with
subnet mask:
Example: [Link]/24 first 24 bits are the network, and the
[Link]
remaining 8 bits are the host ID.

/24

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 IP Types

Static IP: Manually assigned, fixed.

Dynamic IP: Automatically assigned by DHCP (Used for

home devices, smartphones).

APIPA) Automatic Private IP Addressing(: 169.254.x.x.

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) is the

service that assigns IPs dynamically.

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 IP Types
One of the solutions of IP
Exhaustion

Public IP – Used to connect to the internet. Assigned by

ISP (Internet Service Provider).

Private IP – Used inside local networks (e.g., home Wi-Fi,

offices)

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 NAT
(Network Address Translation)

Allows multiple devices in a private network to access the

internet using a single public IP address.

•Translates private IPs to public IPs and vice versa.

•Adds security by masking internal devices

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 DNS
(Domain Name System)

Iterated Query

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 DNS
(Domain Name System)

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 Data Link Layer

• Framing: adding Header & Trailer to the packet from network layer

• Physical Addressing: Adds MAC addresses for device identification.

• Organizes data into frames for transmission.

• Error detection & correction using CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) or

Checksum.

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 Data Link Layer
Devices

Layer 2 Switch Bridge NIC

(Network Interface Card)

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 MAC Address

• MAC (Media Access Control) Address is a unique

identifier assigned to a device's Network Interface
Card (NIC)
• It is a 48-bit address written in hexadecimal format .
• Also known as the physical address of a device.

Example:

Laptop MAC Address: 00:1A:2B:3C:4D:5E

Router MAC Address: A4:B1:C2:D3:E4:F5

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 ARP
(Address Resolution Protocol)

• ARP is used to find the MAC address of a device when you

only have IP address

• Works inside Local Networks (LAN) to enable communication

How ARP Works:

1.A device sends an ARP request:
"Who has IP [Link]? Tell me your MAC“.
[Link] target device replies with its MAC address
[Link] sender stores this information in the ARP table

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 Physical Layer

• Converts data into electrical, optical, or radio signals

• Defines cables, connectors, and transmission
modes (Ethernet, Fiber, etc.)
• Determines data rates.

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Data Headers
Life Cycle

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Data Life Cycle

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 What Is Routing &
How Does It Work
Routing:
Is the process of selecting the best, most efficient path for
data packets to travel across networks from a source to a
destination.

How does it work?

Routers build a map of the network topology(Routing Table).
When a router receives a packet, it examines the destination IP
address and consults its routing table to determine the best
path to forward the packet

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Routing

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 Routing

Default Routing: Used when a

Static Routing: Routes Dynamic Routing: Routes are router doesn't have a route for a
are manually configured automatically learned and particular destination and
by the network updated using routing forwards packets to a default
administrator. protocols. route.

Common protocols:
• Use case: Small networks
with fixed paths. • RIP (Routing Information
Protocol)
• OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)
• BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)
• EIGRP (Enhanced Interior
Gateway Routing Protocol)

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Routing
THANK YOU
THANK YOU