b.

Natural Language Processing:

It refers to the field of computer science and AI that focuses on teaching machines to
understand and process languages in both written and spoken form, just like humans do.
The goal of an NLP-Trained model is to be capable of “understanding” the contents of
documents, including the slangs, sarcasm, inner meaning, and contextual definitions of the
language in which the text was written.
Differences Between NLP, NLU, and NLG?

Source: [Link]

Natural Language Processing (NLP): This is the broad umbrella term encompassing
everything related to how computers interact with human language. Think of it as the "what"
- what computers can do with human language. It is like the whole library - filled with
different tools and techniques for working with language data.
Natural Language Understanding (NLU): This is a subfield of NLP that focuses on
understanding the meaning of human language. It analyzes text and speech, extracting
information, intent, and sentiment. NLU helps computers understand the language and
what it means. Imagine finding a specific book in the library.
Natural Language Generation (NLG): This is another subfield of NLP, but instead of
understanding, it focuses on generating human language. It takes structured data as input
and turns it into coherent and readable text or speech. Think of this as writing a new book
based on the information gathered in the library.

c. Computer Vision:
Computer Vision is like giving computers the ability to see and understand the world
through digital images and videos, much like how humans use their eyes to perceive their
surroundings. In this domain, computers analyze visual information from images and videos
to recognize objects, understand scenes, and make decisions based on what they "see."
When we take a digital image, it is essentially a grid of tiny colored dots called pixels.
Each pixel represents a tiny portion of the image and contains information about its color
and intensity.

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 Resolution is expressed as the total number of pixels along the width and height of
the image. For example, an image with a resolution of 1920x1080 pixels has 1920 pixels
horizontally and 1080 pixels vertically. Higher resolution images have more pixels,
providing more detail.
Now, here's where AI comes in. To make sense of these images, computers convert
them into numbers. They break down the image into a series of numbers that represent the
color and intensity of each pixel. This numerical representation allows AI algorithms to
process the image mathematically and extract meaningful information from it. For instance,
AI algorithms might learn to recognize patterns in these numbers that correspond to
specific objects, like cars or faces. By analyzing large amounts of labeled image data, AI
systems can "learn" to identify objects accurately.

Cognitive Computing (Perception, Learning, Reasoning)

Cognitive Computing is a branch of Artificial Intelligence (AI) that aims to mimic the
way the human brain works in processing information and making decisions. It involves
building systems that can understand, reason, learn, and interact with humans in a natural
and intuitive way.

2. The platform (Cognitive computing) uses

[Link] is a platform based on Artificial Machine Learning, Reasoning, Natural
Intelligence and Signal processing. Language Processing (NLP) and Computer
Vision to compute results.

[Link] computing improves human [Link] computing tries to mimic the

decision making human brain

Examples of cognitive computing software: IBM Watson, Deep mind, Microsoft Cognitive
service etc.

In summary, Cognitive Computing integrates Data Science, Natural Language Processing,

and Computer Vision to create intelligent systems that can understand and interact with
humans in a human-like manner. By combining these technologies, Cognitive Computing
enables machines to process and interpret diverse types of data, communicate effectively
in natural language, and perceive and understand visual information, thereby extending the
capabilities of traditional AI systems.

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AI Terminologies
Teachers can ask the following questions:

• Can you think of any machines that seem really

smart, even though they aren't alive? For example,
a self-driving car or a program that recommends
movies you might like. (This question activates prior
knowledge and gets students thinking about machines
that might be considered "intelligent")
• How do humans learn new things? Do we always
need someone to tell us exactly what to do, or can
we also figure things out on our own by looking at examples? (This question helps
connect the concept of machine learning to familiar human experiences)

Artificial intelligence machines don’t think. They calculate. They represent some of the
newest, most sophisticated calculating machines in human history. It is a computer system
that can perform tasks that ordinarily require human intelligence or human interference.
Some can perform what is called machine learning as they acquire new data. Machine
learning is a subset of artificial intelligence (AI) that focuses on developing algorithms and
models that enable computers to learn from data and make predictions or decisions without
being explicitly programmed.
Others, using calculations arranged in ways inspired by neurons in the human brain, can
even perform deep learning with multiple levels of calculations. Deep learning is an AI
function that imitates the working of the human brain in processing data and creating
patterns for use in decision making.
o The structure of Deep Learning is inspired by the structure of the neurons
and neuron connections in the human brain.
o Neural networks, also known as Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), are a
subset of Machine Learning and the core heart and concept of Machine
Learning.
o They comprise of node layers, containing an input layer, one or multiple
hidden layers, and an output layer.
o If the output of any node is above a specified threshold, that node is activated,
sending data to the next layer of the network.
o Otherwise, no data is passed along to the next layer of the network.
o If the number of Layers including the Input and Output Layer is more than
three, then it is called a Deep Neural Network.

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 MACHINE LEARNING DEEP LEARNING
1. Works on small dataset for accuracy 1. Works on Large dataset
2. Dependent on Low-end machine 2. Heavily dependent on high-end
machine
3. Divides the tasks into sub-tasks, 3. Solves problem end to end
solves them individually and
finally combine the results
4. Takes less time to train 4. Takes longer time to train
5. Testing time may increase 5. Less time to test the data

Example: Imagine you are given the job to sort items in the meat department at a grocery
store. You realize that there are dozens of products and very less time to sort them
manually. How will you use artificial intelligence, machine learning, and deep learning to
help with your work?

13
To separate the chicken, beef, and pork, you could create a programmed rule in the
format of if-else statements. This allows the machine to recognize what is on the label
and route it to the correct basket.

To improve the performance of the machine, you expose it to more data to ensure that
the machine is trained on numerous characteristics of each type of meat, such as size,
shape, and color. The more data you provide for the algorithm, the better the model gets.
By providing more data and adjusting parameters, the machine minimizes errors by
repetitive guess work.

Deep learning models eliminate the need for feature extractions. Decide the algorithms
based on deep learning to sort meat by removing the need to define what each product
looks like. Feature extraction is built into the process without human input. Once you
have provided the deep learning model with dozens of meat pictures, it processes the
images through different layers of neural networks. The layers can then learn an implicit
representation of the raw data on their own.

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Types of Machine Learning

Supervised learning

● Supervised learning is a type of machine learning where the model learns from
labelled data, which means that the input data is accompanied by the correct output.
● In supervised learning, the algorithm learns to map input data to output labels based
on example input-output pairs provided during the training phase.
● The goal of supervised learning is to learn a mapping function from input variables to
output variables so that the model can make predictions on unseen data.
● Examples of supervised learning algorithms include linear regression, logistic
regression, decision trees, support vector machines (SVM), and neural networks.
Unsupervised Learning:

● Unsupervised learning is a type of machine learning where the model learns from
unlabelled data, which means that the input data is not accompanied by the correct
output.
● In unsupervised learning, the algorithm tries to find hidden patterns or structure in
the input data without explicit guidance.
● The goal of unsupervised learning is to explore and discover inherent structures or
relationships within the data, such as clusters, associations, or anomalies.
● Examples of unsupervised learning algorithms include k-means clustering,
hierarchical clustering, principal component analysis (PCA), and autoencoders.

15
 Reinforcement Learning:
1.

2.

3.

4.

● Reinforcement learning is a type of machine learning where an agent learns to make

decisions by interacting with an environment to maximize cumulative rewards.
● In reinforcement learning, the agent learns through trial and error by taking actions
and receiving feedback from the environment in the form of rewards or penalties.
● The goal of reinforcement learning is to learn a policy or strategy that guides the agent
to take actions that lead to the highest cumulative reward over time.
● Reinforcement learning is commonly used in scenarios where the agent must make a
sequence of decisions over time, such as playing games, controlling robots, or
managing financial portfolios.
● Examples of reinforcement learning algorithms include Q-learning, deep Q-networks
(DQN), policy gradients, and actor-critic methods.

16
 6. Benefits and limitations of AI
Teachers can ask the following questions:
Benefits of AI:
• Imagine you're a scientist researching a new disease. How do you think AI could help
you analyze massive amounts of data to find patterns and potential cures?
Limitations of AI:
• Self-driving cars are becoming a reality. However, some people worry that AI might not
be able to handle unexpected situations. What are some challenges you see with AI
making decisions in critical situations?

BENEFITS:
1. Increased efficiency and productivity: AI automates tasks, analyzes data
faster, and optimizes processes, leading to increased efficiency and productivity
across various sectors.
2. Improved decision-making: AI analyzes vast amounts of data and identifies
patterns that humans might miss, assisting in data-driven decision-making and
potentially leading to better outcomes.
3. Enhanced innovation and creativity: AI tools can generate new ideas, explore
possibilities, and automate repetitive tasks, freeing up human resources for more
creative pursuits and innovation.
4. Progress in science and healthcare: AI aids in drug discovery, medical
diagnosis, and personalized medicine, contributing to advancements in healthcare
and scientific research.

LIMITATIONS:
1. Job displacement: Automation through AI raises concerns about job displacement
and the need for workforce retraining and upskilling.
2. Ethical considerations: Concerns exist around bias in AI algorithms, potential
misuse for surveillance or manipulation, and the need for ethical guidelines and
regulations.
3. Lack of explainability: Some AI models, particularly complex ones, lack
transparency in their decision-making, making it difficult to understand how they
arrive at their outputs.
4. Data privacy and security: Large-scale data collection and use for AI development
raise concerns about data privacy and security vulnerabilities.

17
o Earn a credential on IBM Skills Build on the topic Artificial Intelligence Fundamentals
using the link:
[Link]
o Semantris, is an NLP-Based game by Google based on Word association powered by
semantic search.
[Link]
o This is a game built with machine learning. We draw, and a neural network tries to guess
what you're drawing.
[Link]
o The experiment based on the computer vision domain of AI. It identifies that you draw
and suggests the related images. To play the game, visit the following link on any
computing device with speakers.
[Link]

Extension Activities:
These activities provide opportunities for students to explore various aspects of artificial
intelligence, develop critical thinking skills, and engage in hands-on learning experiences in
the classroom.
1. AI in the News: Have students research recent news articles or stories related to
artificial intelligence? They can explore topics such as AI advancements, ethical
dilemmas, or AI applications in various industries. Students can then present their
findings to the class and facilitate discussions on the implications of these
developments.
2. AI Applications Showcase: Divide students into small groups and assign each group a
specific AI application or technology (e.g., virtual assistants, self-driving cars,
healthcare diagnostics). Ask students to research and create presentations or posters
showcasing how their assigned AI technology works, its benefits, potential drawbacks,
and real-world examples of its use.
3. AI Coding Projects: Introduce students to basic coding concepts and tools used in AI
development, such as Python programming language and machine learning libraries
like TensorFlow or scikit-learn. Guide students through hands-on coding projects
where they can build simple AI models, such as image classifiers or chatbots.
Encourage experimentation and creativity in designing and training their AI systems.
4. AI Film Analysis: Screen and analyze films or documentaries that explore themes
related to artificial intelligence, such as "Ex Machina," "Her," "I, Robot," or "The Social
Dilemma." After watching the films, facilitate discussions on how AI is portrayed, its
potential impact on society, and ethical considerations raised in the narratives.

18
 EXERCISE
A. Multiple-choice questions (MCQs):
1. Who is often referred to as the "Father of AI"?
a. Alan Turing
b. John McCarthy
c. Marvin Minsky
d. Herbert A. Simon
2. In which year was the term "Artificial Intelligence" first used by John McCarthy?
a. 1930
b. 1955
c. 1970
d. 2000
3. What does the term "Data is the new oil" imply?
a. Data is as valuable as oil.
b. Data is used as fuel for machines.
c. Data is a non-renewable resource.
d. Data and oil are unrelated.
[Link] was learning neural networks. She understood that there were three layers in a
neural network. Help her identify the layer that does processing in the neural network.
a. Output layer
b. Hidden layer
c. Input layer
d. Data layer
5. Which category of machine learning occurs in the presence of a supervisor or teacher?
a. Unsupervised Learning
b. Reinforcement Learning
c. Supervised Learning
d. Deep Learning
6. What does Deep Learning primarily rely on to mimic the human brain?
a. Traditional Programming
b. Artificial Neural Networks
c. Machine Learning Algorithms
d. Random Decision Making
7. What is the role of reinforcement learning in machine learning?
a. Creating rules automatically
b. Recognizing patterns in untagged data
c. Rewarding desired behaviors and/or penalizing undesirable ones
d. Mimicking human conversation through voice or text

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8. Which AI application is responsible for automatically separating emails into "Spam" and
"Not Spam" categories?
a. Gmail
b. YouTube
c. Flipkart
d. Watson

B. Fill in the Blanks:

1. To determine if a machine or application is AI-based, consider its ability to perform
tasks that typically require _______________ intelligence.
2. Artificial intelligence (AI) enables a machine to carry out cognitive tasks typically
performed by ________.
3. Supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning are three categories of
________.
4. ________________ is a subset of artificial intelligence that is entirely based on
artificial neural networks.
5. Machine learning can be used for online fraud detection to make cyberspace a
________ place.

C. True or False:
1. Chatbots like Alexa and Siri are examples of virtual assistants.
2. Supervised learning involves training a computer system without labeled input data.
3. Unstructured data can be easily analyzed using traditional relational database
techniques.
4. Deep learning typically requires less time to train compared to machine learning.
5. Machine learning is not used in everyday applications like virtual personal assistants
and fraud detection.

D. Short Answer Questions:

1. How is machine learning related to AI?
2. Define Data. List the types of data.
3. Define machine learning.
4. What is deep learning, and how does it differ from traditional machine learning?
5. What do you mean by Reinforcement Learning? Write any two applications of
Reinforcement Learning at School.
6. How do you understand whether a machine/application is AI based or not? Explain
with the help of an example.

E. Case-study/Application Oriented Questions:

1. A hospital implemented an AI system to assist doctors in diagnosing diseases based
on medical images such as X-rays and MRI scans. However, some patients
expressed concerns about the accuracy and reliability of the AI diagnoses. How can
the hospital address these concerns?

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ANSWERS
A. Multiple-choice questions (MCQs):
1. b. John McCarthy 2. b. 1955 3. a. Data is as valuable as oil
4. b. Hidden layer 5. c. Supervised Learning 6. b. Artificial Neural Networks
7. c. Rewarding desired behaviors and/or penalizing undesirable ones
8. a. Gmail

B. Fill in the Blanks:

1. human-like 2. Humans 3. Machine Learning 4. Deep Learning 5. Secure

C. True or False:
1. True 2. False 3. False 4. False 5. False

D. Short Answer Questions:

1. How is machine learning related to AI?
Ans. Machine learning enables machines to learn, forecast, and improve on their own,
contributing to the broader field of AI.
2. Define Data. List the types of data.
Ans. Data is a representation of information that can be processed or transmitted by humans
or machines. The two types of data mentioned are structured data (e.g., name, age, address)
and unstructured data (e.g., text, video, audio).
3. Define machine learning.
Ans. Machine learning is defined as the science of getting computers to act without being
explicitly programmed, and its primary categories include supervised, unsupervised, and
reinforcement learning.
4. What is deep learning, and how does it differ from traditional machine learning?
Ans. Deep learning is a subset of machine learning entirely based on artificial neural
networks, distinguished by its ability to solve end-to-end problems and its heavy reliance
on high-end machines for computation.
5. What do you mean by Reinforcement Learning? Write any two applications of
Reinforcement Learning at School.
Ans. Reinforcement learning is a type of machine learning where an agent learns to make
decisions by interacting with an environment and receiving feedback in the form of rewards
or penalties. Two applications in schools include adaptive learning systems that personalize
content and educational games/simulations that engage students in interactive learning
experiences.
6. How do you understand whether a machine/application is AI based or not? Explain with
the help of an example.
Ans. To understand whether a machine/application is AI based or not, we need to check if
it learns with data and whether it’s able to decide/predict.

21
E. Case-study/Application Oriented Questions:
1. A hospital implemented an AI system to assist doctors in diagnosing diseases based on
medical images such as X-rays and MRI scans. However, some patients expressed
concerns about the accuracy and reliability of the AI diagnoses. How can the hospital
address these concerns?
Ans. The hospital can address these concerns by conducting thorough validation studies to
assess the accuracy and reliability of the AI system compared to human diagnoses. They
can also ensure transparency by providing detailed information about how the AI system
works and how it complements the expertise of human doctors.

F. Competency Based Questions

[Link] is an architect. He has designed and built a beautiful home for his client in Pune. He
has installed these systems/appliances/gadgets at the newly constructed home. Identify
which of these are AI systems and which of these are not AI systems.
Solar water heater, Smart TV, Security cameras, rainwater harvesting system, cleaning
robots, smart lighting, automatic door, Siri, automatic washing machine.
After separating the AI systems, mention some parameters on which you choose these
appliances/systems as AI systems.
Ans: The AI systems are: Smart TV, cleaning robots, smart lighting, Siri.
The systems which are not AI systems are: Solar water heater, security cameras, rainwater
harvesting systems, automatic door, automatic washing machine.
The parameters are: ability to make decisions, problem-solving, recommendations, adapt
to new situations, and learn from past experiences. (any other AI feature can be included).

[Link] you were designing a robot to sort recyclable items like glass, plastic, and paper, which
type of learning would be used to help the robot.
Ans: Supervised learning

[Link] you think of a scenario where you have a bunch of different fruits mixed together and
you want the computer to organize them into groups based on similarities?
Ans: Unsupervised learning

[Link]. Shankar owns a company that deals with services to customers related to financial
investments. Lately, he has been using AI technology in his company due to which his
employees are facing less job responsibility, customers are feeling insecure about their
data. What is this scenario known as?
Ans: Potential impact of AI on society

[Link] is a student who has just enrolled in a course in AI. He attended a few introductory
classes and learned that systems can learn from the data using algorithms to perform a task
without explicitly programming it. In some situations, the system mimics the human brain's
learning process. Identify the concepts in this scenario.
Ans: Machine learning and Deep learning

22
REFERENCES
Videos to watch

• Understand about AI : [Link]

• History of AI : [Link]
• Introduction to Data Science: [Link]
• Natural Language Processing: [Link]
• Introduction to Computer Vision: [Link]
4LuRNys
• Cognitive Computing : [Link]

23
UNIT 2: Unlocking your Future in AI
Title: Unlocking your Future in AI Approach: Team Discussion, Web search

Summary: This lesson explores the global demand for artificial intelligence (AI)
professionals, highlighting the diverse career opportunities available across various
industries. It discusses common job roles in AI, essential skills and tools for prospective
AI careers, and opportunities for AI professionals in different sectors. Additionally, it
provides a curated list of resources for individuals interested in exploring AI further and
staying updated with the latest developments in the field.
Learning Objectives:
1. Understand the increasing demand for AI professionals in today's global market.
2. Identify common job roles in the field of artificial intelligence and their respective
responsibilities.
3. Recognize the essential skills and tools required for a successful career in AI.
4. Explore the diverse opportunities for AI professionals across various industries.
5. Discover curated resources for further learning and staying updated in the field of
AI.
Key Concepts:
1. The Global Demand
2. Some Common Job Roles In AI
3. Essential Skills and Tools for Prospective AI Careers
4. Opportunities in AI Across Various Industries
Learning Outcomes:
Students will be able to:
1. Articulate the demand for AI professionals and the diverse career opportunities
available in the field.
2. Identify the requisite skills and tools needed to pursue a career in artificial
intelligence.
3. Understand the potential roles and responsibilities of AI professionals across
different industries.
4. Explore resources for further learning and skill development in the field of AI.
5. Evaluate their own interests and skills to determine potential pathways for a career
in AI.
Pre-Requisites:
Basic understanding of artificial intelligence concepts and applications, familiarity with
programming languages such as Python, and interest in exploring career opportunities in
the field of artificial intelligence.

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