A/L - Combined Mathematics

Straight line
1. Find the gradients of lines joining following pairs of points.
i). (2,3), (3,4).
ii). (-1,2), (3,5)
2. Out of the points (1,2), (2,3) and (0,5) what lies on the line 2x+3y-13=0?
3. What is the equation of the line that is parallel to y-axis ans passes through the point, (2,3)?
4. What is the equation of the line that is parallel to x-axis ans passes through the point, (4,2)?
5. Find the equation of the line that passes through the origin with gradient 31 .
6. What is the equation of the line with gradient 2 and intercept 3?
7. Write down m and c of the lines given by,
i). -7x + y - 5 = 0
ii). 2x + 3y - 5 = 0.
8. Find the equation of the straight line with gradient 3 that passes through (2,3).
9. Find the equations of following lines of which respective x-intercept and y-intercept are,
i). 3 and 5.
ii) 4 and -1.
10. Find the equation of a line when the perpendicular distance to it from the origin is 4 units and when this
perpendicular makes an angle 600 with the x-axis.
11. Dene the gradient and the intercept of a straight line. Draw lines for the following cases of m and c.
i). m=0, c=0. ii). m>0, c=0. iii). m=0, c>0. iv). m<0, c=0. v). m=0, c<0
vi). m>0, c>0. vii). m<0, c<0. viii). m>0, c<0. ix). m<0,c>0
12. Show that the gradient of the line joining the two points, (x1 ,y1 ) and (x2 ,y2 ) is (y2 −y1 )
(x2 −x1 ) .
(a) Find the gradient of the line joining two points (5,7), (8,2).
(b) Find the gradient of the line joining two points (3,1), (6,4) and then nd the equation of the line.
(c) Find the equation of the line joining two points (5,6), (4,1).
13. i). Find the equation of the line joining two points (1,1) and (4,3), then determine its gradient and
intercept.
ii). Find the equation of the line joining two points (0,0) and (5,7), then write down its gradient and
intercept.
iii). Write down the gradient and intercept of the following lines.
(a) y = 3x + 7, (b). 2y = 4x + 1, (c). 4y + 3x + 7 = 0, (d). 8y + 5x + 10 = 0
14. i). Find the equation of the line that cuts the y-axis at (0,5) and with gradient 13 .
ii). Find the equation of the line that passes through the point (2,3), with gradient -1.
iii). Find the equation of the line that passes through (-2,1) and (5,3).
15. Find the point of intersection of the two lines x +3y + 2 = 0 and 2y - x + 1 = 0.
16. Show that the following 3 lines are concurrent.
i). 2x + 3y - 5 = 0
ii). x - 2y + 1 = 0
iii). 3x - 2y - 1 = 0.
17. Find the acute angle between two lines 2x + y - 4 = 0 and x + 3y + 1 = 0.
18. Show that the two lines y = 2x + 5 and 2x + 4y + 11 = 0 are perpendicular.
19. If A ≡ (0,2) B ≡ (1,1) C ≡(4,4) and D ≡(3,5), show that AB is parallel to CD.
20. Find the equation of the line that is parallel to 2x + 3y = 0 and passes through A ≡ (-1,2).

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21. In the triangle ABC, the equations of sides AB and AC are 2x -y - 1 = 0 and x - 2y + 1 =0, respectively.
Mid point of BC is (-2, -2). Find
(a) Mid point of AC.
(b) Equation of BC.
(c) Area of triangle ABC.
(d) Circumcentre of the triangle ABC.
22. Vertices of a triangle are (1,3), (5,3) and (4,6). Find centroid, H, Circumcentre, S, and Orthocentre, H.
Justify that G divides SH, to the ratio 1:2.
23. The equations of the sides BC, CA and AB of the triangle ABC are 3x - y + 5 = 0, 2x + 3y - 1 = 0 and
x + 2y - 3 =0 , respectively. The line through A perpendicular to BC and the line through B parallel to
CA, cuts at D. Find the equation of the line joining the origin and D.
24. The two adjacent sides of a parallelogram lie along the straight lines 3x- 4y + 14 = 0 and 6x -5y + 4 =
0. One diagonal of the parallelogram lies on the line 3x - y -1 = 0. Find the equations of two other sides
and the remaining diagonal of the parallelogram.
25. Two sides of a parallelogram are given by the equation y = x - 2 and 4y = x + 4. The diagonals of the
parallelogram intersect at the origin. Obtain
(a) equations of the remaining sides of the parallelogram. and
(b) the equations of the diagonals. Also, nd the area of the parallelogram. (AL - 2003)
26. If the line y - y0 =m' (x - x0 ) makes an angle 450 with the line y - y0 =m (x - x0 ) (m ̸=1) then prove that
m′ = 1−m
1+m
or m' = −(1−m)
1−m . A vertex of a square is (-1,1) and the centre is (1,5). Find the other three
vertices of the square.
27. Show that the equations of the two straight lines drawn through the origin perpendicular to each other so
as to form an isosceles right angled triangle with the straight line lx + my + n = 0 are (l-m)x + (l+m)y
= 0 and (l+m)x + (l-m)y = 0. (A/L - 2011)
28. Let U and V be two parallel lines passing through the points A≡ (5, 0) and B ≡(-5,0) respectively. Let the
line 4x + 3y = 25 meet u at P and v at Q. If the length PQ is 5 units, show that there are two possibilities
for the pair of parallel lines U and V. Write down the equations of the all 4 lines determined above. Find
the equations of the diagonals of the parallelogram formed by these four lines. Also nd the area of the
above parallelogram. (AL - 2004)
29. The equations of the perpendiculars drawn through B, C to the opposite sides of a triangle ABC are x - 4y
+ 5 = 0 and 2x - y + 3 = 0 respectively. If the coordinates of A are taken as (k, -k), nd the equations of
the lines AB and AC, and the coordinates of B and C in terms of k. Prove that as k varies, the centroid
of the triangle ABC lies on the line x + 5y - 4 = 0. (AL - 2002)
30. The vertices B and C of
a triangle ABC lie on the line 4x - 3y =0 and the x-axis respectively. The side
BC passes through 23 , 23 and has slope m.
(a) Find the coordinates of B and C in terms of m.
(b) Show that OB = | 10(m−1)
3(3m−4) | and OC = | 2(m−1)
3m |, where O is the origin.
(c) If ABOC is a rhombus, nd the two possible values of m, and the corresponding coordinates of A.
(A/L-2005)
The image of the point (3,1) on the straight line x + 2y + a = 0 is the point 3
, where a and b are


31. 5, b
constants. Find the value of a and b.
32. Find the mirror image of the point (5,-6) on the line 2x -y -1 =0. ABCD is a rhombus. The equations of
the lines AB and AC are x + y - 1=0 and 2x -y -1 =0 respectively. If BC passes through (5,-6), nd the
equations of BC, CD, DA and BD.
33. The image of (h1 , k1 ) on the line ax +by + c =0 is (h2 , k2 ) Show that a(h1 + h2 ) + b(k1 + k2 ) + 2c = 0
and b(h1 - h2 )-a(k1 - k2 ) = 0. Hence when diagonal AC of the rhombus ABCD is 2x - y - 3 = 0, A(2,1),
B(6,4), nd.
(a) The equation of BD.

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 (b) Coordinates of C,D.
(c) The area of ABCD rhombus.
34. The equation of the diagonal AC of the rhombus ABCD is 3x - y = 3 and B ≡(3,1) . Also, the equation
of CD is x + ky = 4, where k is a real constant. Find the value of k and the equation of BC. (A/L-2016)
35. ABCD is a rhombus. Equation of AB is 4x -3y +15 = 0, equation of the diagonal BD is 2x - y + 5 = 0
and A≡(-3,1). Find the equation of the diagonal AC and equations of the other three sides of the rhombus.
(A/L-2012)
36. Find the equation of the reection of y = mx on y = x. OABC is a rhombus where O the origin. Equation
of the diagonal OB is y - x = [Link] point A is on the line 2x -y +6 = 0. Also the line AB passes through
(-8,8). Find the equations of the sides of the rhombus.
37. Let l1 be the straight line, x + y - 5 = 0. Find the equation of the linel2 which is perpendicular to l1 and
passes through (3,4). Q is the point of intersection ofl1 and l2 and R is a point on l2 such that PQ: QR =
1:2. Find the coordinate of R. (A/L-2018)
38. Find the equations of the straight lines parallel to the straight line 3y + 2x + 5 = 0 and passing through
the point that divides the straight line joining the points (2,3) and (-1,2) externally in the ratio 3:2.
39. Let λϵR and λ ̸= ±1. The area of the region enclosed by the coordinate axes and the straight lines
(+λ) x − 2 (1 − λ) y − 2 (1 − λ)= 0 is 4 square units. Find the value of λ. (A/L- 2014)

40. Show that the straight line joining the point A(10,0) and (0,5) is the perpendicular bisector of the line
segment CD joining the point C(1,2) and D(3,6). Show further that the area of the quadrilateral ABCD
is 25 square units. (A/L-2015)
41. The equations of the altitudes AD, BE, CF of the triangle ABC are x + y = 0, x - 4y = 0 and 2x - y =0.
The coordinates of A are (t,-t). Show that as t varies the locus of the centroid of the triangle is x + 5y =
0.
42. A straight line with gradient m passes through a xed point P0 (x0 , y0 ). Represent a general point on this
line, parametrically.
43. The line ax + by + c = 0 passes through the xed point P0 (x0 , y0 ), Represent a general point on this line,
parametrically.
44. Represent a general point on the line that passes through P0 (x0 , y0 ) and perpendicular to the line ax + by
+ c = 0, parametrically.
45. Represent a general point on a line, that passes through the point (2,5) with gradient − 21 , in terms of a
parameter t.
46. Represent a general point on a line 2x + 3y - 4 = 0, that passes through the point (2,1), in terms of a
parameter t.
47. Represent a general point on a line, that is perpendicular to the line 2x - y + 1 = 0, and passes through
the point (2,1), in terms of a parameter t.
48. Show that when t is a parameter the coordinates of any point on the line a(x-x0 ) + b(y-y0 ) = 0 can be
expressed of the form (x0 +bt, y0 -at). The point C of the triangle ABC is on the line x+(2y+1)=0 and
A≡(2,3), B≡(1,-4). Find possible positions for C. So that C is a right angle. Show also that for one
position of C the the triangle ABC is an isosceles triangle. Find point D such that ACBD is a square.
49. If (x0 ,y0 ) is a xed point on the line ax + by + c = 0, when t is a parameter, any point on this line can
be expressed of the form (x0 +bt, y0 -at).
The point P lies on the line 3x + 4y - 24 = 0, such that the magnitude of the distance to it from the origin
is equal to the magnitude of the area of the triangle formed by P, A(3,1) and B (-1,3). Prove that P has
two such positions and when one of the point is P0 , show that P0 ÂB is a right angle. Find the coordinates
of the 4th vertex Q such that P0 ABQ is a rectangle.
50. Vertices A,B,C of a △ABC lie on the straight lines y = x, y = 2x, y = 3x respectively. Perpendicular
bisector of AB is 6x + 8y - 3 = 0 and BC is parallel to 11x - 4y = 0. Find the equations of the sides of
the triangle ABC.

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51. Find the coordinates of the image of the point P≡ (α, β) on the straight line lx + my + n = 0.

The vertices A,B and C of a △ABC lie on the straight lines y = x, y = 2x, y = 3x respectively. The
equation of perpendicular bisector of AB is 3y + x - 18 = 0. The line BC is parallel to the straight line y
+ x = 0. Find the equations of the sides of the triangle ABC. (A/L-1993)
52. Find the mirror image of the point (x1 ,y1 ) on the line ax + by + c = 0.

ABCD is a rhombus with B ≡ (1,0) and equation of AB, AC are y - x + 1 = 0 and y - 3x = 0, re-
spectively. Find the equations of the lines DA, CD and BC. Find the area of the rhombus ABCD.
53. The perpendicular bisectors of AB and AC of the triangle ABC are 2x - y = 0 and x - 3y = 0, respectively.
If A is on x + y = 0 and if BC passes through the point (-2, 11), nd the equations of the sides of the
triangle.
54. Find the mirror image of the point (α, β) on the line lx + my +n = 0.

In a rhombus ABCD, the diagonal BD is x + 2y + 1 = 0. If the vertices A and C lie on x - y = 0

and 3x + y + 8 = 0 respectively and if AB is parallel to 7x + 4y = 0, nd equations of the sides of the
rhombus. (A/L-1962).
55. Find the image of the point P(α, β ) on the line ax + by + c = 0. Hence, ne the image of the line lx +
my n = 0 in the line ax + by + c = 0.

One of the diagonals of a rhombus is the line 2x + y - 1 = 0, one of its vertices is (2,-3) and one
of its sides lies along the line y - x - 4 = 0. Find the equations of the remaining sides and the other
diagonal. (A/L-1996)
56. Express the coordinates of the image of the point (x1 ,y1 ) in the line px + qy + r = 0 in the form of
(x1 − pλ, y1 − qλ), where λ is a constant to be determined.

Hence, nd the image of the line lx +my + n = 0 in the line px + qy + n = 0. The equations of
the side AB and the diagonal AC of the rhombus ABCD are 3x - y + 6 = 0 and x - y + 8 = 0 respectively.
The vertex B has coordinates (3,15). Find the equations of the 3 remaining sides of the rhombus, without
nding the coordinates of A, C and D explicitly. (A/L-2006).
57. Let N be the foot of perpendicular to the line ax + by + c = 0, from an external point (h,k). Prove that
the coordinates of N are (h + at , k + bt), where t = −(ah+bk+c)
a2 +b2 .
ABCD is a rhombus, the equation of AB is 4x - 3y + 15 = 0, the equation of diagonal BD is 2x+ y -5=0
and A≡(-3,1). Find the equation of the diagonal AC and the equations of other 3 sides of the rhombus.
(A/L-2012)
58. Find the perpendicular distance to the line 3x + 4y - 28 = 0, from the point (2,3).
59. i). Two parallel lines, each makes an angle ϕwith the positive x - axis, passes through the point (h,k)and
other through the point (m,n). Show that the perpendicular distance between them is |(h- m)sin ϕ- (k-n)
cos ϕ|.
ii). The centre of the square of area 13 sq. units is (- 12 ,1). Two sides of the square are parallel to the line
12x + 5y= 0. Find the equations of the 4 sides of the square.
60. The lines y = mx and y = m'x cut the line y = ax + b, at A and B respectively, where a and b ̸=0 are
constants. There is a point C such that OACB is a parallelogram.
i). Find the coordinates of C.
ii). If OACB is a rhombus show that, a2 − 1 (m + m′ ) + 2a (1 − mm′ )=0

iii). If OACB is a square show that its area is (1+a

2b2
2) .

61. Find the distance between following each pair of parallel lines.
i). 3x + 4y + 5= 0, 3x + 5y - 10 = 0
ii). x + y + 2 = 0, 2x + 2y + 5 = 0
62. Find the equation of the image of the line x + y - 7 = 0 on the line x + y + 5 = 0.
63. The points (1,-3), (2,4) are positioned on the same of the line x -y + 1 = 0 or on the opposite sides of it
?

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64. In the triangle ABC, A ≡ (1,5), B ≡ (-2,-2) and C ≡ (4,-1). By nding the equations of the sides, show
that the point (1,2) is inside the triangle ABC.
65. Find the equations of bisectors of the angles, between each of the following pair of lines.
i). 2x + y - 1= 0, x - 2y + 2 = 0
ii). 3 x - 4 y - 1 = 0, 12x + 5y - 2 = 0
66. Find the equations of bisectors of the angles between the two lines 3x + 4y - 2 = 0 and 5x + 12y - 6 = 0.
Also nd the equation of the bisector of the acute angle between the two lines.
67. Let l1 and l2 be two straight lines given by 3x -4y = 2 and 4x -3y = 1 respectively.
i). Find the equations of bisectors of the angles between the two lines l1 and l2 .
ii). Find the bisector of the acute angle between the two lines l1 and l2 . (A/L-2017)
68. Show that the bisector of the acute angle between two straight lines given by 2x - 11y -10 = 0 and 10x +
5y - 2 = 0 is the bisector of the obtuse angle between two straight lines given by 4x - 7y -8 = 0 and 8x +
y - 4 = 0. (A/L-2012)
69. In a triangle ABC the vertices A,B and C are (3,13), (0,10) and (6,-8) respectively.
i). Find the two bisectors of AB̂ C.
ii). Find the internal bisector of angle A.
iii). Find the lengths of AB and AC.
iv). Find the point P on BC such that, BP:PC = AB:AC.
v). Show that P lies on the internal bisector BÂC.
70. The equations of sides AB, BC and CA of the triangle ABC are x - y =0, 2x + y +p = 0 and 11x - 2y -
2p =0 respectively, where p is a constant. Find the equation of the bisector BÂC. This bisector meets AB
at [Link] the angle of the bisector BD̂C passes through (1,4), show that p=4.
71. In the triangle ABC, A≡(4,-2), B≡(-2,4) C≡(5,5).
i). Find the equations of AB, BC and CA.
ii). Find the internal and external bisectors of the angles BÂC and AB̂ C.
iii). Finding the point of intersection of internal bisectors, determine the centre of the incircle.
iv). Find the centre of the ex-circle for the tangents of BC.
72. The equations of sides AB, BC and CA of the triangle ABC are 3x - y + 5 =0, 2x +3y - 1 = 0 and x +
2y - 3 =0 respectively, The line perpendicular to BC through A cuts the line parallel to CA through B at
D. Find the line joining D and the origin.
73. The lines l1 ,l2 intersected at P are represented by the equations ax+by+c=0 and a'x+b'y+c' = 0 respect-
ively. Interpret the equation ax+by+c + λ(a'x+b'y+c') = 0, where λ is a ,.
The lines parallel to l1 ,l2 passing through the origin intersect the l1 ,l2 at Q and R respectively. Find
the equations of the diagonals OP, QR of the parallelogram OQPR (c,c' ̸=0). Hence, nd the conditions
a,b,c,a',b',c' must satisfy for,
(a) OQPR to be a rhombus.
(b) OQPR to be a square.
74. let u1 =a1 x+b1 y+c1 =0 and u2 =a2 x+b2 y+c2 =0 are two straight lines. Show that u1 +λ u2 = 0 where is a
parameter, represents a straight line that passes through the point of intersection of u1 = 0 and u2 = 0.
In the triangle ABC, AB ≡ 3x - y - 5 = 0, BC ≡ x + y - 15 = 0 and CA ≡ x - 2y =0. Altitudes from A
and C intersects at P. Find the coordinates of P and hence nd the equation of PB.
75. Interpret the equation, ax + by + c +λ (lx +my + n) = 0 where λ is a parameter and ax + by + c = 0
and lx + my + n = 0 are two straight lines.
P≡ (3,0) Q ≡ (1,4) and R ≡ (4,1). The line x - 2y + 1 = 0 meets QP and QR at A and B respectively.
PB and AR meets S. Show that the line QS passes through (4,0).
76. Show that the family of lines (λ + µ)x+(2λ + µ)y = λ + 2µ where λ and µ are parameters pass through a
xed point, and nd the coordinate of this xed point.
77. l1 ≡ ax + by + c = 0 and l2 ≡ px +qy + r = 0 are two non parallel straight lines. Interpret l1 + λ l2 =
0, where λ is a parameter.
The lines 3x -y + 5 = 0, 2x +3y -1 = 0 and x + 2y -3 = 0 represent sides BC, CA and AB, of a triangle
ABC respectively. The altitudes from A and B of the triangle ABC meet at D. Find the coordinates of D
without nding the coordinates of A, B and C and hence nd the equation of CD.

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78. In a parallelogram ABCD, the equations of sides AB, BC, CD and DA are 2x - 3y -1 = 0, 5x + 6y = 0,
2x -3y + 5 = 0 and 5x + 6y + 2 = 0, respectively. Using only u1 + λu2 = 0 ,
i).Find the equation of the diagonal AC.
ii). Find the equation of the diagonal BD.
79. The sides of a triangle are, (1+µ)x -µy +µ (1+ µ) = 0, y = 0 and (1+λ)x - λy +λ (1+λ) =0 . Show
that, for all values of λ and µ, the ortho centre of the triangle lies on the line x + y =0, where, (λ ̸= µ).
80. Show that the equation of the straight line that makes intercepts a and b on the x and y axes is xa + yb =1.
The above line meets the x and y axes at P and Q respectively. Another line that is perpendicular to PQ
meets the x and y axes at A and B respectively. The lines BP and RQ, meet at R. Prove that the equation
of the locus of R is, x2 + y 2 − ax − by = 0.
The point of intersection of the diagonals of the rhombus ABCD is 52 , 21 . The equation of BD is x + y


81.
- 3 = 0. The equation of the line parallel to AB at a distance 1 unit outside the rhombus is 4x - 3y = 0.
Find the coordinates of the vertices of the rhombus.
Justify that (a + b + C) a2 + b2 + c2 − ab − bc − ca = a3 +b3 +c3 -3abc, where a,b,c are three distinct


82.
real numbers. If the three lines ax + by + c =0, bx + cy + a = 0 and cx + ay + b = 0 are concurrent .
Show that a3 +b3 +c3 = 3abc and then a +b + c = 0. Also nd the point of concurrent.
83. Show that the area of the rhombus made by the four straight lines px± qy± r = 0 is 2r 2
|pq| .

When a,b
and c are three distinct numbers, for (b-c)x + (c-a)y + (a-b) = 0 and b − c x + c − a y +
3 3

3 3


84.
a − b = 0 to represent the same line, show that a + b + c = 0. When a + b + c ̸=0, nd the point
3 3

of intersection of the two lines.

85. Show that a point (x1 ,y1 ), r distance away from the point (x0 ,y0 ), on the line with gradient tan θcan be
represented by x1 = x0 + r cos θ and y = y0 + r sin θ.
A straight line meets a point A at (-5,-4) and cuts x + 3y + 2 = 0, 2x + y + 4 = 0 and x - y -5 = 0 at
15 2 10 2 6 2
B, C and D respectively. AB . Find the equation of the straight line.




+ AC = AD
86. Sides PQ, QR and RP of a triangle PQR are represented by the three lines x - 3y + 5 = 0, y - x - 3 =
0 and 3x - y - 1 = 0 [Link] line that passes through P perpendicular to QR and the line that
passes through Q parallel to PR meet at S. Find the equations of PS and QS. Hence show that PQSR is
a rhombus.
87. The triangle ABC is such that, A ≡ (0, 4) , B ≡ (2, 5)and C≡ (2, 5). Show that AB = BC and nd the
equation of the internal bisector of the angle AB̂C . Also nd the line joining the mid point of AC and the
point B. Show that ABC is a right angled triangle.
88. Using the usual notation, derive a formula to nd the angle between two lines. If the gradients of the two
lines are m1 and m2 and when the two lines are perpendicular, deduce that m1 m2 = −1.
Opposite vertices of a rectangle are (1,3) and (5,1). Other two vertices are on the line y = 2x + k. Find
the equations of the sides of the rectangle.
89. The triangle ABC is such that, A ≡ (−1, −6) , B ≡ (4, −1)and C≡ (3, 0). Without nding the equations
of the perpendicular bisectors of the sides, nd the centre and radius of the circumcircle.

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