Designation: D6227 − 12 An American National Standard

Standard Specification for

Unleaded Aviation Gasoline Containing a Non-hydrocarbon
Component1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6227; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope* Replaced by D 2700 (Withdrawn 1969)3

1.1 This specification covers Grades UL82 and UL87 un- D381 Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evapo-
leaded aviation gasolines, which are defined by this specifica- ration
tion and are only for use in engines and associated aircraft that D873 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Aviation Fuels
are specifically approved by the engine and aircraft manufac- (Potential Residue Method)
turers, and certified by the National Certifying Agencies to use D909 Test Method for Supercharge Rating of Spark-Ignition
these fuels. Components containing hetro-atoms (oxygenates) Aviation Gasoline
may be present within the limits specified. D910 Specification for Aviation Gasolines
D1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Lamp
1.2 A fuel may be certified to meet this specification by a Method)
producer as Grade UL82 or UL87 aviation gasoline only if D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific
blended from component(s) approved for use in these grades of Gravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid
aviation gasoline by the refiner(s) of such components, because Petroleum Products by Hydrometer Method
only the refiner(s) can attest to the component source and D2386 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels
processing, absence of contamination, and the additives used D2392 Test Method for Color of Dyed Aviation Gasolines
and their concentrations. Consequently, reclassifying of any D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by
other product to Grade UL82 or Grade UL87 aviation gasoline Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
does not meet this specification. D2699 Test Method for Research Octane Number of Spark-
1.3 Appendix X1 contains an explanation for the rationale Ignition Engine Fuel
of the specification. Appendix X2 details the reasons for the D2700 Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spark-
individual specification requirements. Ignition Engine Fuel
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the D3120 Test Method for Trace Quantities of Sulfur in Light
standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for Liquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxidative Microcou-
information only. lometry
D3231 Test Method for Phosphorus in Gasoline
2. Referenced Documents D3237 Test Method for Lead in Gasoline by Atomic Absorp-
tion Spectroscopy
2.1 ASTM Standards:2
D3338 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combus-
D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at
tion of Aviation Fuels
Atmospheric Pressure
D4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API
D130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petro-
Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
leum Products by Copper Strip Test
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
D357 Method of Test for Knock Characteristics of Motor
Petroleum Products
Fuels Below 100 Octane Number by the Motor Method;
D4171 Specification for Fuel System Icing Inhibitors
D4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and Petroleum
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Products by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spec-
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.J0.02 on Aviation Gasoline.
trometry
Current edition approved April 15, 2012. Published May 2012. Originally D4529 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combus-
approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D6227–10. DOI: tion of Aviation Fuels
10.1520/D6227-12.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, [Link], or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@[Link]. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. [Link].

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States

Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); 1

 D6227 − 12
D4809 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid 4. Grades
Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Precision 4.1 The specification covers two grades of unleaded avia-
Method) tion gasoline designated Grade UL82 and Grade UL87.
D4815 Test Method for Determination of MTBE, ETBE,
TAME, DIPE, tertiary-Amyl Alcohol and C1 to C4 Alco- 5. General
hols in Gasoline by Gas Chromatography 5.1 This specification, unless otherwise provided, prescribes
D4953 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Gasoline and the required properties of unleaded aviation gasoline at the
Gasoline-Oxygenate Blends (Dry Method) time and place of delivery.
D5059 Test Methods for Lead in Gasoline by X-Ray Spec-
troscopy 6. Material
D5190 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-
6.1 Aviation gasoline, except as otherwise specified in this
ucts (Automatic Method)
specification, shall consist of blends of refined hydrocarbons
D5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-
derived from crude petroleum, natural gasoline or blends,
ucts (Mini Method)
thereof, with specific aliphatic ethers, synthetic hydrocarbons,
D5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur in
or aromatic hydrocarbons. When applicable, methyl tertiary
Light Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, Diesel
-butyl ether (MTBE) shall conform to the requirements of
Engine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet Fluorescence
Specification D5983. Types and quantities of trace alcohols
D5482 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-
shall meet the requirements of Table 1 and [Link].
ucts (Mini Method—Atmospheric)
D5599 Test Method for Determination of Oxygenates in 6.2 Only additives approved by this specification are per-
Gasoline by Gas Chromatography and Oxygen Selective mitted. In addition to identification dyes, corrosion inhibitors,
Flame Ionization Detection antioxidants, and metal deactivators, fuel system icing inhibitor
D5845 Test Method for Determination of MTBE, ETBE, additives are permitted under 6.2.4. Permitted additives may be
TAME, DIPE, Methanol, Ethanol and tert-Butanol in added to aviation gasoline in the amount and of the composi-
Gasoline by Infrared Spectroscopy tion specified in the following list of approved materials. The
D5983 Specification for Methyl Tertiary-Butyl Ether quantities and types shall be declared by the manufacturer.
(MTBE) for Downstream Blending for Use in Automotive Additives added after the point of manufacture shall also be
Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel declared.
D6469 Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels and Fuel 6.2.1 Antioxidants—The following oxidation inhibitors may
Systems be added to the gasoline separately or in combination in total
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to concentration not to exceed 12 mg of inhibitor (not including
Determine Conformance with Specifications weight of solvent) per litre of fuel.
[Link] 2,6-ditertiary-butyl-phenol.
2.2 Military Standard:4
[Link] 2,6-ditertiary-butyl-4-methyl-phenol.
MIL-PRF-25017F Performance Specification for Inhibitor,
[Link] 2,4-dimethyl-6-tertiary-butyl-phenol.
Corrosion/Lubricity Improver, Fuel Soluble
[Link] 2,6-ditertiary-butyl-phenol, 75 % minimum.
QPL-25017 Qualified Products List of Products Qualified
Tertiary and tritertiary-butyl-phenols, 25 % maximum.
Under Performance Specification MIL-PRF-25017F
[Link] 2,4-dimethyl-6-tertiary-butyl-phenol, 55 % mini-
mum; 4-methyl-2,6-ditertiary-butyl phenol 15 % minimum; the
3. Terminology
remainder as a mixture of monomethyl and dimethyl-tertiary-
3.1 Definitions: butyl-phenols.
3.1.1 aviation gasoline, n—gasoline possessing specific [Link] 2,4-dimethyl-6-tertiary-butyl-phenol, 72 % mini-
properties suitable for fueling aircraft powered by reciprocat- mum.
ing spark ignition engines. Mixture of tertiary-butyl-methyl-phenols and tertiary-butyl-
[Link] Discussion—The principal properties of aviation dimethyl-phenols, 28 % maximum.
gasoline include volatility limits, stability, detonation-free [Link] 2,6-ditertiary-butyl-4-methyl-phenol, 35 % mini-
performance in the engine for which it is intended, and mum.
suitability for low temperature performance. Mixed methyl, ethyl, and dimethyl tertiary-butyl-phenols,
65 % maximum.
3.1.2 non-hydrocarbon, n—compound or compounds com-
[Link] 2,4-di-tertiary butyl-phenol, 60 % minimum.
posed of carbon, hydrogen and other elements such as O, N, S,
Mixed tertiary-butyl-phenol, 40 % maximum.
and P.
[Link] Butylated ethyl-phenols, 55 % minimum.
3.1.3 oxygenate, n—an oxygen-containing ashless organic Butylated methyl and dimethyl-phenols, 45 % maximum.
compound, such as an alcohol or ether, which may be used as [Link] Mixture of a di- and tri-isopropyl-phenols, 75 %
fuel or fuel supplement. minimum.
Mixture of di- and tri-tertiary butyl-phenols, 25 % maxi-
mum.
4
Available from Standardization Document Order Desk, 700 Robbins Ave., [Link] N,N’ di-secondary butyl-para phenylenediamine.
Bldg. 4D, Philadelphia, PA 19111–5094 Attn: NPODS. [Link] N,N’ di-isopropyl-para-phenylenediamine.

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 D6227 − 12
TABLE 1 Requirements for Grades UL82 and UL87 Aviation GasolineA
Grade UL82 Grade UL87 ASTM Test MethodB
Octane Ratings
Knock value, lean mixture, min 82.0 87.0 D2700
Motor method octane number
Knock value, min ... 95.0 D2699
Research method octane number
Color purple yellow D2392
Dye contentC
Blue dye,D mg/L max 7.5 ...
Red dye,E mg/L max 1.9 ...
Yellow dye,F mg/L max ... 2.8
Requirements for All Grades
Density at 15°C, kg/m3 Report D1298 or D4052
Distillation D86
Fuel Evaporated
10 volume % at °C max 70
50 volume % at °C min 66
max 121
90 volume % at °C max 190
End point, °C max 225
Recovery, volume % min 95.0
Residue, volume % max 2.0
Loss, volume % max 3.0
Vapor pressure 38°C, kPa min 38 D4953, D5190, D5191, D5482
max 62G
Freezing point, °C max –58 D2386
Sulfur, mass % max 0.07 D1266, D2622, D3120, D4294, D5453
Lead content, g/L 0.013H D3237 or D5059
Net heat of combustion, MJ/kg 40.8 D3338,ID4529,I or D4809I
Corrosion, copper strip (3 h at 50°C) max No. 1 D130
Potential gum (5–h aging) mg/100 mLJ max 6 D873
Alcohols and ether contentK,L D4815, D5599, or D5845
Total combined methanol and ethanol, 0.3
mass %, max
Combined aliphatic ethers, methanol, 2.7
and ethanol,
as mass % oxygen, max
0.3
A
The requirements stated herein are subject to rounding in accordance with Practice E29 and are not subject to correction for tolerance of the test method.
B
The test methods indicated in this table are referred to in Section 10.
C
The maximum dye concentrations shown do not include solvent in dyes supplied in liquid form.
D
Essentially 1,4-dialkylamino-anthraquinone.
E
Essentially alkyl derivatives of azobenzene-4-azo-2-naphthol.
F
Essentially p-diethylaminoazobenzene or 1,3 benzenediol 2, 4–bis[(alkylphenyl) azo-.
G
Fuel with a vapor pressure greater than 62 kPa (9.0 psi) but not exceeding 93 kPa (13.5 psi) is permissible, if the ambient temperature is not more than 29°C (85°F)
at the time and place of delivery and all federal and local regulations are met. The vapor pressure of permissible fuel exceeding 62 kPa (9.0 psi) shall be shown on all
product transfer documents, including the delivery document to the aircraft.
H
See X2.10.1 for maximum limits for lead and phosphorus in unleaded gasoline.
I
Use either Eq 1 or Table 1 in Test Method D4529, or Eq 2 in Test Method D3338. See X2.7.2 for limitations and oxygen corrections required when Test Methods D3338
and D4529 are applied to fuels blended with aliphatic ethers.
J
Test Method D381 existent gum test can provide a means of detecting deteriorated quality or contamination, or both, with heavier products following distribution from
refinery to airport; refer to X2.9.1.
K
No deliberate addition of alcohols is allowed except for isopropyl alcohol, which is allowed as an additive (see [Link])
L
For additional information and limitations, see X2.8

[Link] N-secondary butyl, N’-phenyl ortho- [Link] Isopropyl alcohol conforming to the requirements of
phenylenediamine. Specification D4171 (Type II) may be used in concentrations
6.2.2 Metal Deactivators—A metal deactivator, N,N’- recommended by the aircraft manufacturers when required by
disalicylidene-1,2-propanediamine may be added to the gaso- the aircraft owner operator.
line in an amount not to exceed 3.0 mg/L.
6.2.3 Corrosion Inhibitors—Corrosion inhibitors that con- 7. Detailed Requirements
form to MIL-PRF-25017F may be added to the gasoline in
7.1 The aviation gasoline shall conform to the requirements
amounts not exceeding the maximum allowable concentrations
in Table 1.
listed in the latest revision of QPL-25017.
6.2.4 Fuel System Icing Inhibitor :
8. Workmanship
[Link] Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, conforming to
the requirements of Specification D4171 (Type III), may be 8.1 The finished fuel shall be visually free of water, sedi-
used in concentrations of 0.10 to 0.15 volume %. ment, and suspended matter.

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 D6227 − 12
NOTE 1—See Practice D4057 for appropriate sampling procedures. 10.1.7 Vapor Pressure—Test Method D4953, D5190,
D5191 or D5482.
9. Reports 10.1.8 Lead Content—Test Method D3237 or D5059 (Test
9.1 The type and number of reports to ensure conformance Method C).
with the requirements of this specification shall be mutually 10.1.9 Copper Strip Corrosion—Test Method D130 (3 h at
agreed to by the purchaser and the supplier of the aviation 50°C (122°F)).
gasoline. 10.1.10 Sulfur—Test Method D1266, D2622, D3120,
D4294, or D5453.
10. Test Methods 10.1.11 Potential Gum—Test Method D873, except that
10.1 The requirements enumerated in this specification shall wherever the letter X occurs (referring to oxidation time),
be determined in accordance with the following ASTM test insert the number 5, designating the number of hours pre-
methods: scribed in this specification.
10.1.1 Research Octane—Test Method D2699. 10.1.12 Alcohols/Ethers Detection—Test Method D4815,
10.1.2 Motor Octane—Test Method D2700. D5599, or D5845.
10.1.3 Color—Test Method D2392.
10.1.4 Distillation—Test Method D86. 11. Keywords
10.1.5 Net Heat of Combustion—Test Method D3338, 11.1 aviation gasoline; ether, fuel; gasoline/alcohol blends;
D4529, or D4809. gasoline/ether blends; gasoline/oxygenate blends, octane re-
10.1.6 Freezing Point—Test Method D2386. quirement; unleaded aviation gasoline

APPENDIXES

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. REASONS FOR SPECIFICATION

X1.1 Introduction —Aviation gasoline defined by this X1.2 To ensure ready identification of fuels meeting this
specification is for use only in engines and associated aircraft specification, Grade UL82 is dyed purple and Grade UL87 is
specifically designed or approved to operate on Grade UL82 or dyed yellow.
Grade UL87 defined by this specification.

X2. SIGNIFICANT FACTORS FOR UNLEADED AVIATION GASOLINE

X2.1 Introduction TABLE X2.1 Significant Factors for Unleaded Aviation Gasoline
Factors of Significance Test Method Sections
X2.1.1 This specification was developed to identify broad
Introduction X2.1
distillation range refinery products, including refined hydrocar- Antiknock quality motor and research methods X2.2
bons derived from crude petroleum, or blends thereof, with Fuel metering and volatility vapor pressure X2.4.1
synthetic hydrocarbons and specific aliphatic ether blends, distillation X2.4.2
Corrosion of fuel system and engine copper strip X2.5.1
suitable for low octane unleaded aviation gasoline applications. parts
The requirements of Table 1 are quality limits established on sulfur X2.5.2
the basis of development and certification tests performed on Low temperature performance fuel icing inhibitor X2.6.1
fuel freezing point X2.6.2
airframes and engines specifically designed to use these fuels. Heat of combustion net heat of combustion X2.7
X2.1.2 Engines certified for low octane fuels and their Oxygenates ethers X2.8.2
alcohols X2.8.3
associated aircraft operate within a variety of mechanical, Cleanliness, handling, and storage existent gum X2.9.1
physical, and chemical environments. The properties of un- stability
leaded aviation gasoline (Table 1) must be properly balanced to potential gum X2.9.2
dyes X2.9.3
give satisfactory engine performance over a wide range of Miscellaneous lead content X2.10.1
conditions.
X2.2 Antiknock Quality
X2.2.1 The fuel-air mixture in the cylinder of a spark- is usually inaudible in aircraft engines. This knock, if permitted
ignition engine will, under certain conditions, spontaneously to continue, may result in serious loss of power and damage to
ignite ahead of the flame front. This will cause a knock, which the aircraft engine.

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 D6227 − 12
X2.2.2 Traditional leaded aviation gasolines have been tendencies under operating conditions of the aircraft developed
defined by both lean and rich mixture ratings. A minimum lean for such fuels. The minimum vapor pressure of 38 kPa (5.5 psi)
mixture rating of 82.0 determined by the motor method (Test adopted in this specification is consistent with the requirements
Method D2700) provides satisfactory antiknock properties on of other aviation gasolines.
engines certified for low octane fuels. Rich mixture ratings by
X2.4.2 Distillation—Gasoline is made up of a broad range
Test Method D909 were developed for older large displace-
of hydrocarbon components. Distillation temperatures are a
ment, high output engines for which this fuel is not suitable. A
measure of a fuel’s volatility. The method of measuring
research program has investigated the octane satisfaction of
distillation temperatures is useful in comparing fuels, but is not
engines designed to operate on mid-octane fuel within the
intended to separate or identify quantitatively the individual
scope of this specification. A lean mixture rating of 87.0 by the
hydrocarbons present.
motor method (Test Method D2700) combined with a research
rating of 95.0 determined by the research method (Test Method X2.4.2.1 A maximum value is set on the 10 % evaporated
D2699) was found to provide satisfactory antiknock proper- point to ensure ease of starting and a reasonable degree of
ties.5 flexibility during the warm-up period.
X2.4.2.2 To guard against too high a volatility, which might
X2.2.3 The motor Test Method D2700 is an engine method
lead to carburetor icing or vapor lock, or both, (also protected
for determining the knock characteristics at a lean fuel-air ratio
against by the vapor pressure), a minimum value is set for the
of fuels for use in spark-ignition engines. It was originally
50 % evaporated points.
developed (as Test Method D357) to test motor gasolines for
motor octane number, but an extensive program revealed that X2.4.2.3 A maximum value is specified for the 50 % evapo-
the octane number rating of current aviation gasolines could rated temperature to ensure average volatility sufficient to
also be determined by the motor method. The research Test permit adequate evaporation of the fuel in the engine induction
Method D2699 is an engine method for determining the knock system. Insufficient evaporation may lead to loss of power.
characteristics of fuels for use in automotive spark-ignition X2.4.2.4 A maximum temperature is prescribed for the
engines, but work has demonstrated the method suitable to 90 % evaporated point to prevent too much liquid fuel being
determine the octane number ratings of Grade UL87 fuel in this delivered to the cylinders, resulting in power loss, and to
specification. Knock characteristics of a test fuel are estab- prevent poor distribution to the various cylinders. Such a
lished by comparing its knocking tendency with those for condition might lead to engine roughness, perhaps accompa-
blends of ASTM reference fuels of known octane number nied by knocking and damage to the engine. Excessive dilution
under prescribed operating conditions. of the lubricating oil may result from too high a 90 %
evaporated point.
X2.3 Fuel Metering and Vaporization—General Com- X2.4.2.5 A maximum is placed on the final boiling point
ments (end point), which together with the maximum prescribed for
X2.3.1 In most spark-ignition engines, the aviation gasoline the 90 % evaporated point, is used to prevent incorporation of
is metered in liquid form through carburetors or low pressure excessively high boiling components in the fuel, which may
injectors. Fuel vaporization starts in the carburetor or down- lead to mal-distribution, spark plug fouling, power loss, and
stream of the injector and continues in the intake manifold lubricating oil dilution.
from which the fuel-air enters the cylinders of the engine. The X2.4.2.6 A maximum value is specified for the distillation
volatility, the tendency to evaporate or change from a liquid to residue to prevent the inclusion of undesirable high-boiling
a gaseous state, is an extremely important characteristic of components essentially impossible to burn in the chamber. The
aviation fuel. presence of such residue may reflect the degree of care with
X2.3.2 Gasolines that vaporize too readily may boil in fuel which the product is refined or handled. The amount of residue,
lines or in fuel metering devices, particularly as altitude along with the end-point temperature, can be used as an
increases, and cause vapor lock with resultant power loss. indication of contamination with high-boiling materials.
Conversely, fuels that do not completely vaporize may cause X2.4.2.7 The stipulation of a minimum recovery and a
engine malfunctioning of other sorts. Therefore, a proper maximum loss in this specification in conjunction with the
balance of the volatility of the various hydrocarbon and vapor pressure requirement is intended to protect against
oxygenated components is essential to satisfactory perfor- excessive losses by evaporation in storage, handling, and in the
mance of the finished fuel. aircraft tank. It is also a check on the distillation test technique.

X2.4 Volatility X2.5 Corrosion of Fuel System and Engine Parts

X2.4.1 Vapor Pressure—The vapor pressure of an aviation X2.5.1 Copper Strip—The requirement that aviation gaso-
gasoline is the measure of the tendency of the more volatile line must pass the copper strip corrosion test provides assur-
components to evaporate. Fuels having a vapor pressure no ance that copper components of the fuel system will not be
higher than 93 kPa (13.5 psi) will be free of vapor-locking corroded by sulfur compounds in the fuel.
X2.5.2 Sulfur—Total sulfur content of aviation fuels is
5
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may significant because the products of combustion of sulfur can
be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1709. cause corrosive wear of engine parts.

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 D6227 − 12
X2.6 Low Temperature Performance heat of combustion should be measured using Test Method
X2.6.1 Fuel System Icing Inhibitor—Diethylene glycol D4809. See SAE J1498, for further discussion.7
monomethyl ether, approved in [Link], and isopropyl alcohol, X2.7.4 The research report6 establishes the practical mini-
approved in [Link], shall be in accordance with the require- mum value of net heat of combustion of 40.8 MJ/kg (17 540
ments shown in Specification D4171. BTU/lb) adopted in this specification. However, the value
X2.6.2 Fuel Freezing Point—A freezing point requirement includes the maximum anticipated ether concentrations, and in
is specified to preclude solidification of any of the materials most cases, actual net heating values will exceed this mini-
cited in 6.1 and 6.2 at extremely low temperatures with the mum.
consequent interference with fuel flow to the engine.
X2.8 Oxygenates
X2.7 Heat of Combustion X2.8.1 Oxygenates are oxygen-containing, ashless com-
X2.7.1 The net heat of combustion provides a knowledge of pounds, such as alcohols and ethers, which can be used as a
the amount of energy obtainable from a given fuel for the fuel supplement.
performance of useful work, in this instance, power. Aircraft X2.8.2 Aliphatic ethers allowed up to the specification limit
design and operation are dependent upon the availability of a include methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE), tertiary-amyl
certain predetermined minimum amount of energy as heat. methyl ether (TAME), ethyl tertiary-butyl ether (ETBE), and
Consequently, reductions in heat energy are accompanied by an diisopropyl ether (DIPE).
increase in fuel consumption with corresponding loss of range. X2.8.3 The deliberate addition of alcohols is prohibited by
Therefore, a minimum net heat of combustion requirement is this specification, except that isopropyl alcohol is allowed as a
incorporated in the specification. fuel system icing inhibitor field additive (see [Link]) and is
X2.7.2 The calculation method presented here provides a limited by aircraft manufacturers to a maximum concentration
correction for oxygen content when Test Methods D3338 and of 1.0 volume %. Alcohols are prohibited because of their
D4529 are adopted to determine the net heat of combustion of excessive water solubility, increase in vapor pressure, material
oxygenated blends. incompatibility, and in addition for methanol, corrosivity. Low
Q 5 W 1 ~ QP1 ! 1W 2 ~ QP2 ! 1W 3 ~ QP3 ! 1W 4 ~ QP4 ! 1W 5 ~ QP 5 ! concentrations of methanol and ethanol are only permitted by
this specification because they are unreacted components from
(X2.1)
the manufacturing of aliphatic ethers. The total of the combi-
where: nation of methanol and ethanol shall not exceed 0.3 mass %
Q = net heat of combustion, MJ/kg (BTU/lb) of the oxygenate as determined by Test Method D4815, D5599, or
gasoline - ether blend, D5845.
W1 = oxygenate-free hydrocarbon mass fraction (or mass %
÷ 100), X2.9 Fuel Cleanliness, Handling, and Storage Stability
QP1 = net heat of combustion, MJ/kg (BTU/lb) of X2.9.1 Existent Gum—The amount of non-volatile residue
oxygenate-free hydrocarbon fraction, calculated from remaining after evaporation by a high temperature air jet. This
measured properties of the fuel, residue may represent solid or heavy liquid contaminants or
W2 = MTBE mass fraction (or mass % ÷ 100), insoluble residue formed by oxidation in storage.
QP2 = net heat of combustion of MTBE listed in the research
report,6 which is 35.12 MJ/kg (15 100 BTU/lb), X2.9.2 Potential Gum—Fuel must be usable after storage
W3 = TAME mass fraction (or mass % ÷ 100), for variable periods under a variety of climatic conditions. The
QP3 = net heat of combustion of TAME listed in the research potential gum test, which is an accelerated oxidation method, is
report,6 which is 36.49 MJ/kg (15 690 BTU/lb), used to estimate fuel stability in storage and the effectiveness
W4 = ETBE mass fraction (or mass % ÷ 100), of oxidation inhibitors. If the fuel is to be stored under
QP4 = net heat of combustion of ETBE listed in the research relatively mild conditions for short periods, an oxidation period
report,6 which is 36.36 MJ/kg (15 635 BTU/lb), of 5 h is generally considered sufficient to indicate if the
W5 = DIPE mass fraction (or mass % ÷ 100), and desired stability has been obtained.
QP5 = net heat of combustion of DIPE listed in the research X2.9.3 Dyes—Colors are used in aviation fuels to differen-
report, which is 38.13 mJ/kg (16 393 BTU/lb). tiate between grades. Service experience has indicated that
and where: only certain dyes and only certain amounts of dye can be
W1 + W2 + W3 + W4 + W5 = 1 tolerated without manifestation of induction system deposition.
X2.7.3 If the properties of the oxygenate-free hydrocarbon The composition of the approved dyes as well as the maximum
fraction of the fuel are not known or if only the gasoline-ether quantity of each permissible dye is specified in Table 1. The
blend properties are available, it is not possible to calculate the allowable color levels are established by Test Method D2392.
net heat of combustion of the gasoline-ether blend using Test The color purple was selected for Grade UL82 because the
Method D3338 or D4529. Under these circumstances, the net former purple grade, Grade 115/145, has been removed from

6 7
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may Heating Value of Fuels, February 1998. Available from Society of Automotive
be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1427. Engineers, 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale, PA 15096–0001.

Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); 6

 D6227 − 12
Specification D910 and is no longer widely available. The control. Biocides used in aviation fuels must follow engine and
color yellow was selected for Grade UL87 because this is not airframe manufacturers’ approval guidelines.
listed for the remaining aviation gasoline grades detailed in
Specification D910. X2.10 Miscellaneous
X2.9.4 Microbial Contamination—Uncontrolled microbial X2.10.1 Lead Content—A number of analytical test meth-
contamination in fuel systems may cause or contribute to a ods are permitted to cover the unintentional presence of lead in
variety of problems including corrosion, odor, filter plugging, unleaded fuel. The intentional addition of lead or phosphorus
decreased stability and deterioration of fuel/water separation compounds to unleaded fuel is not permitted. Industry practice
characteristics. In addition to system component damage, currently limits maximum concentrations to 0.013 g of lead/L
off-specification fuel can result. (0.05 g/U.S. gal) and 0.0013 g of phosphorus/L (0.005 g/U.S.
X2.9.5 Guide D6469 provides personnel with limited mi- gal) (see Test Method D3231), respectively.
crobiological background an understanding of the systems, X2.10.2 Aromatic Content—Low boiling aromatics, which
occurrence, and consequences of chronic microbial contami- are common constituents of aviation gasolines, are known to
nation. The guide also suggests means for detection and affect elastomers to a greater extent than other components.

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Subcommittee D02.J0 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue
(D6227–10) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved April 15, 2012.)

(1) Revised title of standard. (2) Added definition for non-hydrocarbon in 3.1.2.

Subcommittee D02.J0 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue
(D6227–04a) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved Nov. 1, 2010.)

(1) Added new Grade UL87 to the standard.

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