Class 5

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We said this is in the last section of your research paper, and we said we write the sources
fully before we take ideas from them in order not to forget when we take the ideas. Now we
will talk about another type of citations. We said every source we take ideas from should be
cited twice in your research.

The first time inside the text, which we call index citation. And the second time at the end of
your research, the seminar is full citation, which we talked about in class 4. Now today we'll
talk about not taking and index citation. You cannot separate, in fact, the two topics.

Not taking means the notes, the ideas which you will take from the sources. You will read
the source in which you found some pages relevant to your topic. And when you read, you
will take notes.

You will take ideas. You put these ideas in your research directly. No, you will put them in a
notebook first, and then you collect them together and put them in a proper way in your
research.

So we call them not taking. It means, again, taking ideas from the sources that you will read.
In order to put these ideas in your research.

Now, how to take these notes? I mean, in what form? Suppose you found a paragraph like
this one. Page 37. And in this paragraph, you found good ideas about your topic.

Now, will you take all the paragraph as it is, copy and paste as a quotation? Or will you take
the meaning and try the ideas in your own words? Or you take all the paragraph, but you
simplify the language. Now, which way you can follow? In fact. These these are different
forms of not taking.

You can take the idea as it is, like one line or two or all the paragraph copy and paste. This is
called quotation. You take the language and the meaning together without any change.

The second form, you just read the paragraph and you take the meaning and you write the
meaning in your own language without looking at this paragraph. Because if you write while
looking at the paragraph, you will find it difficult to avoid the language of the paragraph. If
you want to use your own words, your own language, take the meaning from this paragraph
and then don't look at it.

When you write in your language. In fact, this is called summarising. And the third one.

If you take the meaning. But you don't summarise. You just simplify the language.
This is called paraphrasing. So the difference between summarising and paraphrasing is that
when we summarise, we take the main ideas only. This means we take the main ideas and
we leave the minor or the unimportant ideas.

But when we paraphrase, we take everything. The second. When we summarise, we use our
language, not the language of the source.

The same thing when we paraphrase. We use our language. We simplify this language.

If we think the language here is difficult for the readers, we just simplify it. We give the
same ideas, the same meaning, but we make the language simple. Therefore, when you
paraphrase a paragraph like this, you will write a paragraph like this.

But when you summarise a paragraph like this, you may write one sentence only or two
lines, one or two lines only, because you will not take the minor ideas. You will take the
main points only. So in this paragraph, you may find one main point only.

You may find two or three main points. You can put the three points together in one
sentence. See the difference? When you summarise, you write one or two lines only.

But when you paraphrase, you will write the same amount, almost the same amount.
Suppose you will read 1,000 pages relevant to your research paper and your research paper
will be 10 to 20 pages only. When you read 1,000 pages and take ideas from these 1,000
pages, how can you take the ideas from all these pages and put them in just 10 to 20 pages?
This means you need to summarise all the time.

If you cut much, then your paper will be 50 pages. But remember, you must follow the
number of pages allowed to you, 10 to 20 pages only, no more. This means you will need to
summarise.

And this is, of course, what most researchers follow. When you write the research papers,
they read many, many pages, many sources, and they take the meaning and they write it in
their own language. And when they take the meaning, they take the main ideas only.

The minor ideas are not important. And therefore, they summarise. Therefore, you can
summarise one page in one, two, three sentences only.

You can't summarise a whole chapter in just a small paragraph like this because we take the
main points only. We don't take minor points when we summarise. And this is why most
researchers summarise.

If you don't summarise, if you don't follow summarising most of the time, you will find
yourself writing 50 or 100 pages in your research. And this is not acceptable. And the
readers need, let us say in Arabic, they want you to give them, you read 1,000 pages or even
more, but give us just the main points in these pages.

We don't have time to read all the previous sources like you. We don't have time to read
1,000 pages. We want all the main ideas in these pages in just five pages.
Put these ideas in five pages. So this is called summarising. OK, isn't summarising again
means your own language, not the language of the text and the main points only.

OK. So you may summarise a whole paragraph like this in just one sentence. We'll look at
some examples and how to summarise them, inshallah.

We said the second note taking is paraphrasing means simplifying the language. You take
notes, means you take ideas and you simplify them in your own language. Because most of
the time, readers are specialised in your research.

They don't find the language difficult. Therefore, we don't paraphrase very often. Because
paraphrasing means the same amount of writing.

Therefore, your paper will be very big. And the third one is quoting. Quoting means taking
everything as it is.

You cannot quote very often. If you quote many, many times, then your paper will be very,
very big. So you don't need to quote very often.

When to quote? We quote sometimes if we find a definition, because the definition cannot
be summarised. If you find a definition and general definitions can be one or two lines. How
can you summarise them? Definitions are very concentrated.

If you delete one word, the meaning might be affected. So general definitions are not
summarised. We take them as they are.

Sometimes you may find a beautiful sentence or a beautiful paragraph. The language is
attractive and wonderful. You don't want to write the meaning in your own language.

You don't want to summarise. You want to take these sentences as they are, because they
are beautiful. Yes, you can take them as they are, as a quotation.

So quotations do not happen very often. Only if you find a definition, if you find a nice
sentences, nice language, attractive language, something like that. We don't quote very
often.

Now, let's go forward in this chapter. As we said, we are in unit five. If you look down here.

Our reasons for taking notes. We said we take ideas from sources because this is part of the
research. We said no research without taking ideas from sources.

The readers need to know what the previous researchers said in your topic before they look
at your own ideas. The readers will tell you, give us the ideas of the previous researchers
and then let us see your own ideas in order to see whether you will add something new or
something different or you will repeat just what the others said before. Readers want to
know.

Therefore, collecting ideas or taking notes from the previous sources is very important in
your research. This is a complete section in your research. We'll talk about it, inshallah, very
soon.
It's called the literature investigation methods of taking notes. Now, how to take notes? We
said first, look at the source and make evaluation in order to know which measures are
relevant. Then start reading critically means with thinking in order to know where the main
ideas are, because we will not take every idea.

Not every idea is relevant. We'll take the relevant and the main ideas. Then write these
ideas in your own language.

Suppose you write a paragraph and you want to summarise it, but still you don't understand
the meaning. Then read it again, because if you summarise a paragraph or more than a
paragraph and you don't understand the meaning, your summary will be wrong. The
meaning of your summary will be different from the meaning of the text.

Is it acceptable to say, for instance, John's 1995 states that this and this and he doesn't state
this. He doesn't say this in his source. It means you are plagiarising.

You are saying or giving the reader's ideas and you pretend that these ideas were
mentioned by Mr. Jones and Mr. Jones didn't say that. Why this happens? Because you as a
researcher, when you read the ideas of Jones, you didn't understand them. Therefore, don't
summarise if you feel you still don't understand what you are reading.

Read it again and again. And when you understand the meaning, try to summarise. You can
use a pencil by underlying the main points in the paragraph or in the page or in the whole
chapter.

You may underline two or three points. Then don't forget them. Put them in your mind.

Don't look at the source and then start writing these three ideas in your own language. This
is how we summarise. We read it carefully with thinking.

We look at where the main ideas are and then we put them in our minds to three more or
less. And then we start writing them without looking at the source. If you look at the source
while writing, you will find yourself using the same language of the source.

And this is called plagiarism. You cannot take the same language. If you take the same
language, put quotation marks because it's called a quotation.

But if you don't put quotation marks, it means your language. You see the difference? It
means your own language and we want your own language. So when you look at your
summary and when you look at the source, make sure you will not find the same sentences.

You may find the same words. We cannot avoid the same words sometimes. But your
summary, your structure, your sentences must be different from the sentences in the
source.

Believe me, if you don't look at the source while writing your summary, it's impossible to
find your summary similar to the source. But if you look, it's impossible to avoid the
language of the source. So you may commit plagiarism.
Many students sometimes when we look at their summary and we look at the source, we
find almost the same language. They change one word from here, one word from there, just
changing little words. It's like when they say the language is plagiarised.

They take the same language from the source and they change one word from here, one
word from there. This is called plagiarism. This is plagiarism because still the structure, the
style is not yours.

We need your own structure, your own language. So this will be different completely if you
don't look at the source while writing. Look at the source carefully, read carefully, locate the
main ideas, and then don't look at the source when you start writing your summary.

So this is how we write summaries. It might be difficult at the beginning, but it's a matter of
practise. The more you summarise, the faster you will summarise and the better you will
summarise.

Now types of notes, as we said, the form, the ideas, as we said, it can be a quotation, a
summary, the main ideas, paraphrasing, and so on. A note-taking form is a summary. This is
one form.

Paraphrasing is another form. This is how to summarise, as we have said. We have here
some tasks in order for you to summarise.

We'll look at some of them later, inshallah. The second note-taking form is paraphrasing.
Let's go forward.

All these are examples for you to read and summarise. We'll look at them later, inshallah.
Here in page, let us say, yes, page 48, how to paraphrase.

We said paraphrasing means the same amount, but we just simplify the language. If we find
a small paragraph like this, and we believe there are difficult expressions, readers may not
understand them. So you can simplify the language in your research.

You can take this paragraph, but you simplify the language. So this means if the paragraph
consists of five lines in your research, you may write five lines, almost the same amount.
And this is why we don't paraphrase very often.

So most of the time we summarise. So imagine you found 300 ideas in the sources. You
want to put them in your research.

The 300 ideas, remember, if you caught 100 of these ideas, you may write 50 pages or 60 or
70 in your research. If you summarise 100 ideas or more, the same thing, your paper will be
very big. But if you summarise 90 percent of these ideas, your paper will be about 10 to 20
pages only.

So this is why, as I said before, most researchers summarise and many scholars tell us that
the ideas you will find in the sources make sure most of the researchers summarise about
97 percent of these ideas. Ninety seven percent of these ideas are summarised. They are
written in your research in a form of a summary.
And perhaps three percent of the ideas you will find in the sources can be taken as a
quotation. This is the normal size of summarising the normal size of of of quoting. OK.

The third. Not taking form is the quotation, as we said, the form of the ideas that you will
take from sources can be in a form of a quotation. We said a quotation means what means
copy and paste, taking the language and the meaning together as they are.

This is called a quotation. We caught in just a special circumstances. We caught if we find a

Quotation is page fifty three. And Dr. Nozman's book, if you follow me. OK.

Now, remember, there are rules for the quotation. What are the rules of the quotation?
When I mentioned rules, always remember that these rules are not our rules. They are
international rules.

All researchers all over the world follow. When we got. We said we take things as they are.

Do you see this page 53? This is a quotation. What is the beginning from here, from the
quotation marks? And this is the end. Now, before the quotation.

These words are written by the researcher. Al-Masri, 2005, states that they say these are
the words of Dr. Nozman. He wrote this and then he started this quotation.

Pedagogical factors are related to developing skills, et cetera, et cetera. These ideas or this
quotation is taken from where? From the book of Al-Masri, which was published in 2005. So
these words are the words of the researcher.

These words are from the book of Al-Masri. The researcher and the author are the same
here, of course, because Dr. Nozman is the author of this book. And here he takes a
quotation from his book.

Pedagogical factors are related to developing skills, et cetera. So this is a quotation. Now,
the rules of the quotation.

We have two types of quotations, short quotation and long quotation. Now, how short is
the short quotation and how long is the long quotation? According to the ABA style, this is
the American style, and we are always focussing on this style because it is used in research
papers in all over the world, except perhaps England and some European countries. All the
Arab world is following the American style ABA, including our university and our university
journal.

If you look at any research in English in this journal, it's followed or it follows the ABA style.
Now, the American style is very well known and it's not that different from Harvard style.
Just minor differences I've mentioned in class for the short quotation.

According to the ABA style, according to the rules is a quotation that is less than 40 words.
Less than 40 words is considered a short quotation. And 40 or more is considered a long
quotation.
Now, this is a definition, this is a rule you should memorise. A short quotation is less than 40
words. 40 words or more is considered a long quotation.

Now, why should we know this? Because the shape, the form of the short quotation is
different from the shape or the form of the long quotation in your research. You should
know how to write the short quotation and how to write the long quotation. Right? Now, if
you look at this here again, this is a short quotation.

We put quotation marks and it is inside the paragraph, just like this, just like this. It's the
same. It's inside the paragraph.

You just write. And when you read the quotation, you open quotation marks. And when you
finish, you put quotation marks full stop.

And then you continue writing if you want. So, this is called a short quotation. How do we
recognise it? It is inside the paragraph, but we recognise it because of the quotation marks.

Now, the long quotation is different. Look at this here. Now, this is a paragraph of the
author.

Now, this is a quotation. As you see, the quotation is separated from the paragraph. The
writer puts a colon here and then moves one line and writes the quotation and then leaves
another line here and continues his writing here.

So, these are the writings of the author. But this is a quotation. Now, we put the quotation
here separated from the two paragraphs because it's a long quotation.

Excuse me. And the long quotation is in the middle. As you see, we leave here some spaces
and here some spaces, right and left.

We leave one line before, blank line, and we leave one line below also. So, there's a
quotation. The long quotation will be in the middle of the page, very clear.

And because it is in the middle and very clear, we don't put quotation marks. See the
difference? In the short quotation, it is inside the paragraph with quotation marks. But the
long one, it's in the middle, separated from the paragraphs of the author, and we don't put
quotation marks.

So, this is called a long quotation. Now, this is another example of a long quotation. Yeah,
the shape is clear.

Is it fine? Now, do you know what we mean by the quotation? It means copying, taking
everything as it is. Suppose you are quoting some lines of poetry, of verse. Okay.

This is an example. Let's look here from Hamlet. Yes.

This is an example. As you know, Hamlet is written in verse, in poetry. Now, if we want to
quote two or three lines or more, should we put them inside our paragraph, or we put them
in the middle as a long quotation? As we said, it depends on the number of words.
Yeah, let's look at this example. Hamlet opens with two guards on watch. Now, these are
the words of Dr. Nazm, the researcher.

Strangely, the opening line is, and then quotation marks, the opening line is, this is the first
line in Hamlet. Who's there? This is a quotation. Why quotation marks? Why yes? Now, the
author continues his words.

Of course. This is what we all want to know. And by the end of the play, we will have
multiple answers.

The question receives a curious response. Then another quotation. Nay, answer me.

Stand and fold yourself. So we have two quotations here, and both are short. Both are
inside our paragraph.

This is the first quotation here, a small line of poetry. Who's there? And this is the second
quotation. Nay, answer me.

Stand and fold. Okay. This is a short quotation.

Now, look at here. We have another example. Here we have two lines.

Say something to us we can learn. By heart and we. And when alone.

Repeat. This is a quotation, and because it is short, we put quotation marks. Now, why do
we have this slash? Because this is poetry.

We should put a slash to show the reader that this is one line, and this is another line. Right?
But if we have many lines, 40 words or more, we write it like this. Yes, we said we leave one
line above, and we write in the middle.

This is a long quotation. It should be 40 words or more, of course. Right? Okay.

Now you should have learned how to take ideas from sources by summarising them, by
paraphrasing them, or by quoting them. Now, remember, whenever you take any idea from
any source, whether by summarising, by quoting, or by paraphrasing, or any form, since the
idea is not yours, you should try the source. If you don't try the source, it means you're the
reader.

This is my idea from my mind. But if it is not from your mind, it means it is stealing. It's a
plagiarism.

Well, some students may say, well, I know this idea from a long time ago. Yes, it is found in
this book, but I know it. Before I look at this book, remember, we can distinguish between
private ideas and public ideas, or common ideas, private and common.

Private ideas are ideas that belong to some authors. You should try the source when you
take these ideas. And common ideas are ideas that everybody knows.
For instance, if you write in your research, Mr., let us say, Mahmoud Abbas is the Palestinian
president. This is an idea. Do you need to write the source from where you found this idea?
You don't need, because this is a common idea that everybody knows.

Even if you find it in this book or in that newspaper, you don't need to write the source. This
is a common idea. Okay? Somebody might write, Mr. Trump is the American president.

Okay. That's a common idea. You don't need the source.

Nobody will tell you where did you find this idea and which source. What is the source? No.
This is a common idea.

But when you write, for instance, Chinese students are weak in writing in English. Now, this
is very clear. This is not a common idea.

This is a private idea. How do you know that Chinese students are weak in writing? Did you
go there? Did you see them? Did you make research on them? How did you know? Of
course, this is for sure. You found this idea in a research paper written by somebody.
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