Day 1

JDK : [Link]

IDE : [Link]

Boiler-plate || Default Code

Class- Collection of methods and variables. It is concept of

OOPs(DTL).

Method - A method is a block of code which performs certain

operations and returns output(DTL).

Entry Point

The main method is the entry point for executing a Java application. 

When you run a Java program, The JVM or java compiler looks for
a public static void main(String args[]) method in that class, and the
signature of the main method must be in a specified format for the
JVM to recognise it as its entry point. 

If we update the method's signature, the program will throw the error
NoSuchMethodError:main and terminate.

S H E R Y I A N S C O D I N G S C H O O L
Day 2
Just like we have some rules that we follow to speak English(the
grammar), we have some rules to follow while writing a Java program.
The set of these rules is called Syntax.

Comments
Single-line comment:
Use : //

Example : // This is single line comment

Multi-line comment:

Use : /* */

Example : /* This

is

multiline comment */

Variables

A variable is a container that holds data. This value can be changed

during the execution of the program.

Before use, you need to declare and define it.

S H E R Y I A N S C O D I N G S C H O O L
1. Variable Declaration:

int age;

String name;

// int and string are the data types

2. Variable Initialization:

age = 69;

name = “The boys”;

// int and string are the data types

3. Combined Declaration and Initialization:

int age=69;

String name = “The boys”;

4. Final Variables (Constants):

final int a = 7;[DTL]

Role of + operator between String & numbers

String + String = String - Concatenation

String + int = String - Concatenation

int + int = int - Arithmetic Addition

S H E R Y I A N S C O D I N G S C H O O L
 Day 3
Identifiers- Identifiers are used to uniquely identify the variables.
Identifier is a name given to a variable, class, method, package, or
other program elements.
Rules for Identifiers in Java:
1. Start : Must start with an alphabet or _ or $ NOT with a digit.

2. End : Can end with an alphabet or _ or $ or numeric digit.

3. No Reserved Words : You cannot use Java's reserved words (also

known as keywords) as identifiers.

4. No Special Symbols : Identifiers cannot contain special symbols like @,

#, %, etc. except for underscores (_) and dollar signs ($).

5. No Space : Spaces are not allowed.

6. Length – No Limit

Java is CASE SENSITIVE : Shery and shery is different for java

camelCase Used to name methods and variable

eg- main(), last name

PascalCase Used to name classes, interfaces(yet to come)

snake_case can be used in place of camel case(not recommend)

kebab-case Unsupported in java

Keyword and word : Keywords are reserved(built-in) words which

has specific meanings and cannot be used as [Link],
class, static, if, else, while etc.

SHERYIANS CODING SCHOOL

DAY 4
Literal or Constant: 

Any constant value which can be assigned to the variable.

DATA TYPES 

Data types are used to classify and define the type of data that a variable
can hold. 

There are 2 types of Data Types:

1. Primitive Data types : pre-defined, fixed size.

2. Non-Primitive Data types : Customize and no fixed size.

Default Values

Data Types Value

byte 0
short 0
int 0
long 0L
float 0.0f
double 0.0d
char '\u0000'
boolean false

the compiler never assigns a default value to an uninitialized local

variable(DTL).

S H E RY I A N S C O D I N G S C H O O L
 Data types

Primitives
1 bytes 2 bytes 4 bytes 8 bytes
integer family
byte int
-2^7 to 2^7-1 -2^31 to 2^31-1
short
-2^15 to 2^15-1 long
2^63 to 2^63-1

4 bytes 8 bytes
Floating Numbers
float short
-3.4 ^ 38 to 3.4^38 -1.7^308 to 1.7^308

2 bytes
Characters
char
0 to 65535(2^16-1)

Non-
Decision
JVM specific Primitives
boolean User defined

true or false classes eg- string

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+ operator between two char values
It performs addition between their Unicode code points.

For example :

SHERYIANS CODING SCHOOL

Day 5
Scanner

To take input from users we use Scanner class.

Scanner class is a built-in class in the [Link] package(DTL). Before using

the Scanner class you have to import the Scanner class using the import
statement as shown below:

To use the Scanner class, you need to create an object of it, and then you
can use that object to interact with the input data.

Example -

The nextInt() method parses the token from the input and returns the

integer value.

Use methods to read respective data

nextByte(), nextShort(), nextInt(), nextLong(), nextFloat(), nextDouble(),
nextBoolean()

Reading String Data -

nextLine() - Reads the whole line

next() - Reads the first word

SHERYIANS CODING SCHOOL

Reading Char Data : next() .charAt(0)
Problem with nextLine() method:
If we try to read String after reading in an Integer, Double or Float etc.
Java does not give us a chance to input anything for the name variable.
When the method [Link]() is called Scanner object will wait for us, to
hit enter and the enter key is a character(“\n”).
Example -

Console :

Enter an integer: 69

Enter a string: age is = 69

1. We first prompt the user to enter an integer age using nextInt().

2. After reading the integer, we immediately hit enter and enter is also a
character represented by “\n” – 69\n

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3. The int value 69 is assigned in age but not the \n still left in the memory or

buffer.

4. In next line when we Call nextLine() to consume the name it first check in

buffer is there any thing as we have \n in buffer it take \n (for nextLine()

method \n is the stopping point it will consider we stop giving input and

return) and skip the line.

Solutions -

1. After taking an integer input we Call nextLine() to consume the

name character left in the input [Link] next line when we Call
nextLine() to consume the name character left in the input buffer.
2. Then, we prompt the user to enter a string using nextLine().
Escape Sequence(\)

\n (next Line), \b (backspace), \t (tab), \" (double quote), \' (single quote), and

\\ (backslash).

SHERYIANS CODING SCHOOL

 Day 6
Operators
Operators can be easily defined as characters that represent an operation.
These symbols perform different operations on several variables and values.
Example : 5 + 6 = 11.

Here, 5 and 6 are the operands, and + is called the operator.

Categories of Operators
Unary operators: perform an action with a single operand.
Binaryoperators: perform an action with a two operand.
Types of Operator
1. Arithmetic Operator :
Binary Operators : - + , - , * , / (int/int will always yield int) , %
(Return remainder after dividing two numbers & with int (works
perfectly) but with float (produces ambiguity)). Special powers of / &
% by powers of 10 / : to reduce the number by 1 digit % : to get last
digit(s) of number.
Unary Operators :

Increment Operator ( ) : ncrease the value by 1.

++ I

D ecrement Operator( - -) : ecrease the value by 1.

D +

, - and ( ) is also a unary operator(- , (is same as )).

! DTL 5 5 +5

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RULES for Increment and Decrement :

Cannot applied to constant

Example : int c = ++10; // compile-time error

Nesting of both operators is not allowed

Example :int a = 10; int b = ++(++a); // compile-time error [++11]

They are not operated over final variables

Example : final int a = 10; int b = ++a; // compile-time error

Increment and Decrement Operators can not be applied to booleans.

Example : boolean a= false; a++;// compile-time error

Quiz On Increment And Decrement Operators →

2. Relational Operators :
Used to check the relations between two operands. They return a boolean
value (true or false) by comparing the two operands. Greater Than (>) ,Less
Than (<), <=, >=, ==, !=

Equal To (==)

Checks if two operands are equal.

Not Equal To (!=)

Checks if two operands are not equal.

Greater Than or Equal To (>=)

Checks if one operand is either greater than or equal to the other.

Less Than or Equal To (<=)

Checks if one operand is either less than or equal to the other.

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3. Logical operators :
Combine multiple conditional statements. There are three types of logical
operators in Java: AND(&&), OR (||) and NOT(!) operators.
Logical AND Operator(&&)

Returns true when both conditions under evaluation are true,

otherwise it returns false.

e.g : if(a>b && a);

Logical OR Operator(||)

Returns true if any one of the given conditions is true, otherwise it returns
false. It returns false if and only if both conditions under evaluation are
false.

e.g : if(a>b || a<c) [Link](“Max : “ + a);

Logical Not Operator( )
!

It acce ts a single value as an in ut and returns the inverse of the sa e.

p p m

T his is a unary o erator unli e the

p k and R o erators.

AND O p

e.g : if( (a
! <c) [Link](“Max : “ + a);

4. S ortHa operators
h nd

The assignment operator can be combined with other operators to build a

shorter version of the statement. +=, -=, *=, /=, %=

Example : a = a+5, we can write a += 5.

do not use =+ & -= [(=) followed by a unary plus (+)]

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Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operators work on a binary equivalent of decimal numbers

First, the operands are converted to their binary representation

Next, the operator is applied to each binary number and the result is
calculated

Finally, the result is converted back to its decimal representation

Bitwise Logical

1. Bitwise AND(&) : If both the bits are 1, the solution has 1 in that bit
position else 0.

Its Truth Table:

1 & 0 => gives 0

0 & 1 => gives 0

0 & 0 => gives 0

1 & 1 => gives 1

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Example : Perform Bitwise AND Operation of 6 and 8 (6 & 8)

6 = 0110 (In Binary), 8 = 1000 (In Binary) 0110 & 1000 -> 0000 = 0 (In
decimal).

2. Bitwise OR(|): if any bits is 1 then it will give 1

Its Truth Table:

1 | 0 => gives 1

0 | 1 => gives 1

0 | 0 => gives 0

1 | 1 => gives 1

Example : Perform Bitwise AND Operation of 6 and 8 (6 & 8)

6 = 0110 (In Binary), 8 = 1000 (In Binary) 0110 | 1000 -> 1110 = 14 (In
decimal)

2. Bitwise XOR(^)

If the bits are opposite, the solution has a 1 in that bit position and if they
are matched, a 0 is returned.

Its Truth Table:

1 ^ 0 => gives 1

0 ^ 1 => gives 1

0 ^ 0 => gives 0

1 ^ 1 => gives 0

Example : Perform Bitwise AND Operation of 6 and 8 (6 & 8)

6 = 0110 (In Binary), 8 = 1000 (In Binary)

0110 ^ 1000 -> 1110 = 14 (In decimal)

SHERYIANS CODING SCHOOL

Bit Shift (>>, <<,>>>)

Shifts each digit in a number’s binary representation left(<<) or right(>>)

by as many spaces as specified by the second operand.

There are three types of shift:

1. Left shift: << : 2 << 1

2 << 1 => 0010 << 1 => 0100 => 4(in decimal).

Add as no. of 0’s on the right side of no. as no. of digit you need to
shift.

2. Signed right shift: >> : 8 >> 2

8 >> 2 => 1000 >> 2 => 0010 => 2(in decimal).

4. Bitwise Complement (~)

Bitwise Not or Complement operator invert each input [Link]

inverted cycle is called the 1’s complement of a bit series.

All samples of 0 become 1, and all samples of 1 become 0 Example :

~6(means 1's complement of 6) ~6 => -7 [ Trick => (-n+1) ]

SHERYIANS CODING SCHOOL

 Day 7
Package
A Java package is a collection of similar types of sub-packages, interfaces,
and classes.

They help you manage and group related classes, interfaces, and sub-
packages to avoid naming conflicts and create a more organised and
maintainable codebase.

Example:
Directories or folders on your computer's file system(manage files). In Java,
there are two types of packages: built-in packages and user-defined
packages.

Built-in Packages : They are available in Java, including util, lang, awt etc.
We can import all members of a package using package name.* statement

java Java Packages

Subpackages

lang util awt of java

[Link] Classes

[Link] [Link]

[Link] [Link]

S H E R Y I A N S C O D I N G S C H O O L
[Link] is a special package that is automatically imported by default in
every Java class.

Commonly used classes and types from the [Link] package include:
String, System, Math etc.

User-defined packages: User-defined packages are those that the users

define. Inside a package, you can have Java files like classes, interfaces, and a
package as well (called a sub-package).

Math Class

[Link] class is a built-in class. It provides mathematical functions and

constants for mathematical operations.

Commonly used methods and constants:

SHERYIANS CODING SCHOOL

[Link](a) Returns the absolute value of a value.

[Link](a) Returns the sqrt root of a double value.

[Link](a) Returns the closest value that is >= to

the argument.

[Link](a) Returns the closest value that is <= to

the argument.

[Link](a,b) Returns the greater of two values

[Link](a,b) Returns the smaller of two values

[Link](a,b) Returns a raised to the power b

[Link]() Returns a double value with a +ve

sign >=0.0 and < 1.0
 Day 8
CONTROL-FLOW STATEMENTS
Control Flow statements in programming control the order of execution of
statements within a program. They allow you to make decisions, repeat
actions, and control the flow of your code based on conditions.

Types of control flow statements

1. Conditional or Decision Making statements (if-else and switch)

2. Looping statements (for, while, and do-while)

3. Branching statements (break and continue)

1. Conditional statements If-else :

The if-else statement allows you to execute a block of code conditionally. If

the condition inside the if statement is true, the code inside the if block is
executed; otherwise, the code inside the else block is executed.
Syntax of if-else :

S H E R Y I A N S C O D I N G S C H O O L
If-Else-If Ladder :
"If-Else-If" ladder consists of an if statement followed by multiple

else-if statements.

It is used to evaluate a condition using multiple statements. The

chain of if statements are executed from the top-down.

It checks each if condition, and as soon as one of the if condition

yields true, it executes the statement inside that if block and skip the

rest of the ladder. If none of the conditions evaluates to be true, then

the program executes the statement of the final else block.

Output :

Number is even.

SHERYIANS CODING SCHOOL

If Ladder :
"If" ladder consists of an multiple if statements.

It is used to evaluate a condition using multiple statements. The

chain of if statements are executed from the top-down.

The program checks each if condition, and as soon as one of

the if condition yields true, it executes the statement inside that if block

and still check further conditions. If none of the conditions evaluates to be

true, then the program executes the statement of the final else block.

Output :

Number is positive.

Number is less than 20.

Number is even.

SHERYIANS CODING SCHOOL

 Day 9
Ternary Operator
The ternary operator, also known as the conditional operator, is a shorthand
way of writing an if-else statement with a single expression.

If the condition is true, the expression before the : (i.e., expression1) is

evaluated and returned.

If the condition is false, the expression after the : (i.e., expression2) is

evaluated and returned

Type Conversion
Type casting in Java is the process of converting one data type to another. It
can be done automatically or manually.

S H E R Y I A N S C O D I N G S C H O O L
Type Casting in Java is mainly of two types.
1. Widening or Implicit Type Casting

2. Narrow or Explicit Type Casting

1. Widening or Implicit Conversion:

Java allows automatic type conversion when a smaller data type
is promoted to a larger data type.

It is secure since there is no possibility of data loss.

Both the data types must be compatible with each other :

converting a string to an integer is not possible as the string may
contain alphabets that cannot be converted to digits.
Order :byte->short->int->long->float->double

char->int

2. Explicit or Narrowing Conversion:

Sometimes, we need to convert a larger data type to a smaller one
explicitly and it requires a cast operator.

Narrowing Type Casting in Java is not secure as loss of data can

occur due to a shorter range of supported values in lower data type.

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Note : Shorthand operators do implicit conversion.

Byte b = 1;

b=b+2; // error , 2 is int(all non-float by default int) so can’t store in byte

b += 2; // works perfectly as += did implicit conversion

SHERYIANS CODING SCHOOL

Day 10
Loops

When we want to perform certain tasks again and again till a given
condition.

For e.g. : Our daily routine, certain song listen again & again

Looping is a feature that facilitates the execution of a set of instructions

repeatedly until a certain condition holds false.

e.g. : print 1 to 10,000 number

Types of Loop

Categorised into two main types

Entry Controlled

Check the loop condition before entering the loop body. If the condition is
false initially, the loop body will not execute at all.

for and while loops are examples of entry-controlled loops as we check the
condition first and then evaluate the body of the loop..

a. for loop

When we know the exact number of times the loop is going to run, we use
for loop.

S H E R Y I A N S C O D I N G S C H O O L
Syntax :

Example :

Flow Diagram :

SHERYIANS CODING SCHOOL

Optional Expressions :
In loops, initialization, condition, & change all are optional. Any or all of
these are skippable. The loop essentially works based on the semicolon ;

Syntax Tweaks :
Initialize the variable outside the loop.

Multiple conditions.

Increment or Decrement of variable inside loop body

An infinite loop is a loop that continues executing indefinitely, and it

doesn't have a condition that will terminate the loop naturally.

In the above code there is no initialization, no condition, and no

iteration expression, meaning it will run indefinitely unless explicitly
terminated.

SHERYIANS CODING SCHOOL

Day 11
while loop

The while loop is used when the number of iterations is not known but the
terminating condition is known.

Loop is executed until the given condition evaluates to false.

Syntax :

Example :

S H E R Y I A N S C O D I N G S C H O O L
Flow Diagram :

While always accepts true, if you initially give a false condition (not Boolean false) it
will neither give a syntax error nor enter in the loop.

While loop always accepts true ,if you initially give false(Boolean value) it will give
syntax error.

SHERYIANS CODING SCHOOL

Day 12
do-while Loop

The do-while loop is like the while loop except that the condition is checked
after evaluation of the body of the loop. Thus, the do-while loop is an
example of an exit-controlled loop.

This loop runs at least once irrespective of the test condition, and at most as
many times the test condition evaluates to true.

Syntax :

Example :

S H E R Y I A N S C O D I N G S C H O O L
Flow Diagram :

The code inside the do while loop will be executed in the first step. Then after
updating the loop variable, we will check the necessary condition; if the
condition satisfies, the code inside the do while loop will be executed again.
This will continue until the provided condition is not true.

Infinitive do-while Loop :

There will be no output for the above code also, the code will never end. Value
of initialize to 0 then increment by 1 so it can never be -1 hence the loop will
never end.

SHERYIANS CODING SCHOOL

Day 13
Switch Statements
The switch statement is a control flow statement that allows you to select
one of many code blocks to be executed based on the value of an
[Link] simple words, the Java switch statement executes one
statement from multiple conditions.

Example :

S H E R Y I A N S C O D I N G S C H O O L
Important Points about Java's switch statement:
No variables: The case value must be a literal or constant.

No duplicates: No two cases should be of same value. Otherwise, a

compilation error is thrown.

Allowed Types: int, long, byte, short and String type. Primitives are
allowed with their wrapper types.

Optional Break Statement: Break statement is optional. If a case is

matched and there is no break statement mentioned, subsequent cases
are executed until a break statement or end of the switch statement is
encountered (fall through condition).

Optional default case: default case value is optional. The default

statement is meant to execute when there is no match between the
values of the variable and the cases. It can be placed anywhere in the
switch block .

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Multiple cases can be combined together with commas

Fall through statement

A fall-through statement occurs when there is no break statement at the end
of a case block. When a case block does not have a break statement, the
code execution continues to the next case block, even if the condition for that
case is not met. This behavior is known as fall-through.

Example :

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It executed the code for case 2, then continued to case 3, and finally to the
default block.
Arrow Switch

It simplifies code and eliminates the need for explicit break statements.

yield Keyword :
yield keyword is used in combination with the new switch
expression introduced in Java 12 to return a value from a switch
expression. It allows you to specify the value to be returned from a
particular case block in the switch expression.

Output :Day of the week is: Wednesday

SHERYIANS CODING SCHOOL

Day 14
Nested Loops
Nested loop means a loop statement inside another loop statement. That is
why nested loops are also called “loop inside loop“.

for loops, while loops, and do-while loops, and you can nest any of these
loop types inside one another.

Note: There is no rule that a loop must be nested inside its own type. In fact,
there can be any type of loop nested inside any type and to any level.

S H E RY I A N S C O D I N G S C H O O L