MODULE 3 – INDUSTRIAL SAFETY ENGINEERING (ISE)
GROUP 1 — SCAFFOLDING + LADDERS
📌 Similar Questions
1. Distinguish ladders & scaffolds with safety features – 7M
2. Mention safety precautions to avoid scaffolding incidents – 7M
3. With schematics, mention 8 specific safety precautions for scaffolding –
9M
4. List any important 6 safety practices used with ladders – 3M
5. Safety practices in scaffolding – 3M
SCAFFOLDING SAFETY (Covers ALL Scaffolding Questions)
🟨 1) Safety Requirements for Scaffolding (8–10 points)
1. Proper foundation: Scaffold must rest on firm, level base to prevent sinking
or tilting.
2. Guardrails & mid-rails: Provided on all open sides above 1.0 m to prevent
falls.
3. Planking: Platforms must be fully decked with tightly fitted planks without
gaps.
4. Scaffold ties: Securely tied to building structure at regular intervals to prevent
collapse.
5. Load capacity: Designed to carry at least 4 times the intended load (NBC
requirement).
6. Toe boards: Prevent tools, materials, and debris from falling.
7. Access ladders: Safe access provided; climbing scaffold frames is
prohibited.
8. Regular inspection: Daily inspection for cracks, loose parts, corrosion, or
instability.
9. Bracing: Diagonal bracing ensures rigidity and prevents sway.
10. No overloading: Materials must be evenly distributed; no stacking of heavy
loads.
⭐ Distinguish Between Ladder & Scaffold (7M) — TABLE
Parameter Ladder Scaffold
Purpose Used for temporary access Used as a working platform
Support Supported by ground/wall Self-supporting structure
Load Capacity Designed for 1–2 persons Can support workers + materials
Working Area Very limited Wide, stable working platform
Safety Features Non-slip feet, angle, inspection Guardrails, toe boards, bracing
⭐ Ladder Safety Practices (3M)
1. Use ladder at 75° angle (4:1 rule).
2. Inspect for cracks, bends, damaged rungs.
3. Ensure firm, non-slippery base.
4. Do not overreach; keep body centered.
5. Maintain three-point contact while climbing.
⭐ Scaffolding Safety (3M)
1. Provide guardrails and mid-rails.
2. Ensure proper planking without gaps.
3. Install toe boards.
4. Secure scaffold using ties/bracing.
5. Inspect scaffold daily before use.
⭐ GROUP 2 — DEMOLITION SAFETY
📌 Similar Questions
1. Explain how safety of workers can be ensured during demolition – 6M
2. Write a short note on safety issues in demolition of huge structures – 5M
3. Safety measures for demolition of a 10-storey building in congested
area – 8M
4. As an engineering supervisor, how do you ensure safety during
demolition? – 3M
⭐ MOST IMPORTANT:
✔ Safety Measures for Demolition (8M)
⭐ ANSWER — DEMOLITION SAFETY (Covers ALL Demolition Questions)
🟨 8 Safety Measures for Demolition
1. Engineering survey: Examine building structure, load paths, utilities before
work starts.
2. Shut off services: Disconnect electricity, gas, water, steam lines.
3. Barricading: Provide fencing and restricted entry zones around the site.
4. Dust control: Use water spraying to control dust and flying debris.
5. Sequential demolition: Remove structures in planned order to prevent
collapse.
6. Fall protection: Use safety nets, harnesses, and controlled access zones.
7. Debris removal plan: Ensure safe collection, lowering, and transportation of
debris.
8. Equipment safety: Use certified cranes, breakers, and ensure trained
operators only.
⭐ Demolition Safety (3M)
1. Disconnect utilities (power, gas).
2. Provide barricades and signage.
3. Follow proper demolition sequence.
4. Workers use PPE and fall protection.
5. Monitor dust and flying debris.
⭐ GROUP 3 — ERGONOMIC HAZARDS & MSDs
📌 Similar Questions
1. Types of ergonomic hazards in industries – 7M
2. Musculoskeletal disorders due to ergonomic hazards – 6M
3. Ergonomic hazards + control measures – 14M
4. MSD short note – 3M
5. Relevance of ergonomics in construction – 3M
6. Cumulative trauma disorders – 14M part question
⭐ANSWER -ERGONOMIC HAZARDS (Covers ALL)
🟨 Five Ergonomic Hazards (7M)
1. Awkward postures: Overhead work, bending → back and neck pain.
2. Repetitive motions: Frequent wrist/arm movements → carpal tunnel
syndrome.
3. Forceful exertions: Heavy lifting → muscle strain.
4. Vibration: Hand-arm vibration tools → nerve disorders.
5. Contact stress: Hard edges pressing on skin → nerve compression.
🟨 Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) – 6M
1. Lower back pain
2. Tendonitis
3. Carpal tunnel syndrome
4. Shoulder/neck strain
5. Disc herniation
6. Muscle fatigue
🟨 Controls for Ergonomic Hazards
1. Provide adjustable workstations.
2. Use mechanical lifting aids.
3. Reduce repetition with job rotation.
4. Limit vibration exposure with anti-vibration tools.
5. Provide ergonomic training.
⭐ Ergonomics (3M)
1. Adjust tools to suit worker.
2. Reduce manual handling.
3. Reduce repetitive tasks.
4. Use proper lifting techniques.
5. Improve posture and comfort.
⭐ GROUP 4 — UNDERWATER CONSTRUCTION SAFETY
📌 Similar Questions
1. 5 hazards + risks in underwater construction – 9M
2. 8 safety measures – 9M
3. List hazards of underwater works – 3M
⭐ MOST IMPORTANT:
✔ 5 Hazards + 8 Controls – 9M
⭐ ANSWER — UNDERWATER CONSTRUCTION
🟨 Five Critical Hazards
1. Drowning: Due to equipment failure, air loss.
2. Decompression sickness: Rapid ascent → nitrogen bubbles in blood.
3. Poor visibility: Risk of collision and entanglement.
4. Marine life hazards: Bites, stings, electric shock.
5. High water pressure: Causes barotrauma and ear injuries.
🟨 Eight Safety Measures
1. Use certified divers only.
2. Provide standby diver.
3. Ensure communication equipment.
4. Maintain oxygen supply system.
5. Slow ascent to avoid decompression sickness.
6. Use underwater lighting.
7. Provide protective suits.
8. Emergency rescue boat available.
🟨 3M – Hazards of Underwater Works (5 points)
1. Drowning
2. Hypothermia
3. Poor visibility
4. High pressure
5. Marine animals
GROUP 5 — TUNNELING SAFETY
📌 Similar Questions
1. 10 preventive safety measures for tunneling works – 9M
2. Safety measures during excavation works – 14M (part)
3. Safety issues during underground works – linked
⭐ MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION:
✔ 10 Preventive Safety Measures for Tunneling Works – 9 Marks
⭐ ANSWER — TUNNELING SAFETY (9 Marks)
🟨 10 Preventive Safety Measures (1–2 lines each)
1. Geological survey: Study soil, rock conditions to predict collapse risks.
2. Ventilation system: Provide fresh air, remove fumes, dust, and toxic gases.
3. Proper lighting: Ensure illumination to avoid tripping and visibility issues.
4. Ground support: Use rock bolts, shotcrete, steel ribs to prevent cave-ins.
5. Dust control: Water spraying and exhaust fans to avoid silicosis.
6. Blast safety: Follow controlled blasting sequence and safe distances.
7. Gas monitoring: Use gas detectors for methane, CO, NO₂ levels.
8. Fire safety: Fire-resistant materials, extinguishers, and emergency exits.
9. PPE usage: Helmets, boots, respiratory protection, ear protection.
10. Emergency preparedness: Evacuation drills, communication, rescue team.
⭐ 3-MARK VERSION
1. Proper ventilation
2. Rock support systems
3. Gas monitoring
4. Proper lighting
5. Controlled blasting
⭐ GROUP 6 — CONSTRUCTION HAZARDS (Stages of Building Construction)
📌 Similar Questions
1. Identify hazards in various stages of building construction – 7M
2. Write short notes on excavation hazards (part of 14M)
3. Hazards in underpinning works – 14M part
⭐ MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION:
✔ Hazards in Different Stages of Building Construction – 7 Marks
⭐ ANSWER — HAZARDS IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
🟨 Hazards in Construction Stages
1. Excavation stage: Collapse of trench walls, falling materials, flooding.
2. Foundation stage: Reinforcement handling injuries, concrete splashes.
3. Framing stage: Falls from height, struck-by hazards from beams.
4. Masonry stage: Falling bricks, dust inhalation → silicosis.
5. Roofing stage: Fall hazards, unstable surfaces, electrical contact.
6. Finishing stage: Chemical exposure from paints, adhesives.
7. Electrical stage: Electrocution, short circuits, cable faults.
⭐ Excavation Safety (3M)
1. Shoring & trench supports
2. Safe access ladders
3. Barricading
4. Water removal
5. PPE & helmets
⭐ GROUP 7 — CONFINED SPACE SAFETY
1. Safety precautions before entering a confined space – 9M
🟨 Precautions Before Entry
1. Atmospheric testing: Check oxygen (19.5–23.5%), toxic gases, and
flammables.
2. Ventilation: Provide mechanical ventilation to remove hazardous gases.
3. Permit system: Use entry permit with authorized signatures and approvals.
4. Isolation: Lockout/Tagout of electrical, mechanical and process lines.
5. Communication: Maintain constant communication with standby attendant.
6. Rescue equipment: Tripod, lifeline, breathing apparatus ready.
7. PPE: Respirators, harness, gloves, helmets, safety boots.
8. Standby person: Trained attendant stays outside the confined space.
9. Lighting: Intrinsically safe lamps to avoid sparks.
⭐ Confined Space (3M)
1. Gas testing
2. Ventilation
3. Permit system
4. Lockout/Tagout
5. Rescue readiness
⭐ GROUP 8 — NATIONAL BUILDING CODE (NBC)
📌 Similar Questions
1. Safety & fire precaution facilities for high-rise building – 8M
2. Construction safety provisions in NBC – 6M
3. Classification of residential buildings (NBC) – 5M
⭐ ANSWER — NBC SAFETY REQUIREMENTS
🟨 1) Fire & Safety Facilities in High-Rise Buildings (8M)
1. Fire detection system: Smoke detectors & fire alarms on all floors.
2. Firefighting equipment: Hydrants, sprinklers, hose reels.
3. Fire escape routes: Emergency staircases and exit signage.
4. Fire-resistant materials: Use of non-combustible materials in construction.
5. Refuge areas: Mandatory safe zones at specified floor intervals.
6. Emergency lighting: Backup power and illuminated escape paths.
7. Water storage tanks: Fire reserve tank on terrace/basement.
8. Emergency lifts: Fireman’s lift for evacuation.
🟨 2) NBC Construction Safety Provisions (6M)
1. Safe access & working platforms
2. Scaffold & ladder standards compliance
3. Electrical safety rules
4. Fire precaution measures
5. Material handling safety
6. Machinery guarding requirements
🟨 3) Classification of Residential Buildings (5M)
NBC classifies buildings into groups based on occupancy:
1. Group A – Residential buildings
2. A1 – Lodging/Rooming houses
3. A2 – One/Two family houses
4. A3 – Apartments
5. A4 – Hostels, dormitories
⭐ GROUP 9 — UNDERPINNING & EXCAVATION
📌 Grouped Questions
1. Short note: Hazards & risks during underpinning works – 14M (part)
2. Safety during excavation works – 3M/14M part
3. Worker safety in underpinning – 3M
⭐ MOST IMPORTANT:**
✔ Underpinning Hazards + Safety Measures – 14M part
⭐ ANSWER — UNDERPINNING & EXCAVATION
🟨 Hazards in Underpinning (1–2 lines)
1. Ground collapse: Excavating below foundation may lead to failure.
2. Structural instability: Load shift causing cracks or building movement.
3. Falling objects: Tools or concrete pieces may fall.
4. Confined space risks: Poor ventilation, toxic gas exposure.
5. Water ingress: Flooding of excavation zones.
🟨 Safety Measures in Underpinning
1. Proper shoring and bracing
2. Stage-by-stage underpinning
3. Drainage to remove water
4. Skilled supervision
5. Continuous monitoring of structure movement
⭐ GROUP 10 — 3-MARK SECTION
1) 5 Critical Reasons for High Accidents in Construction
1. Unsafe work at heights
2. Poor scaffolding practices
3. Lack of PPE
4. Inadequate supervision
5. Unskilled labor
2) Ensure Safety During Demolition (Supervisor)
1. Disconnect utilities
2. Barricade area
3. Provide PPE
4. Control dust
5. Sequential demolition
3) 6 Safety Practices for Ladders (5 points)
1. 75° angle
2. Inspect ladder
3. Firm base
4. No overreaching
5. Three-point contact
4) Safety in Excavation (3M)
1. Shoring
2. Barricading
3. Benching
4. Water removal
5. Ladder access
5) Underpinning Safety (3M)
1. Stage-by-stage excavation
2. Bracing
3. Skilled supervision
4. Drainage
5. PPE
6) Hazards in Underwater Works (3M)
1. Drowning
2. Decompression sickness
3. Poor visibility
4. High pressure
5. Marine hazards
7) Scaffolding Safety (3M)
1. Guardrails
2. Toe boards
3. Proper planking
4. Bracing
5. Inspection
8) Significance of IS Codes (3M)
1. Standardized safety
2. Better design
3. Quality control
4. Reduces accidents
5. Legal compliance
9) Safety Practices at Height (3M)
1. Full-body harness
2. Guardrails
3. Safety nets
4. Fall arrestors
5. No working in extreme weather
10) Relevance of Ergonomics (3M)
1. Reduces strain
2. Prevents MSDs
3. Improves posture
4. Increases productivity
5. Reduces fatigue