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Chapter 1

This document introduces basic concepts of differential equations, including definitions of ordinary and partial differential equations, their orders and degrees, and distinctions between linear and nonlinear equations. It provides examples and exercises to illustrate these concepts, as well as methods for verifying solutions to differential equations. The chapter serves as a foundational overview for further study in differential equations.

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2 views6 pages

Chapter 1

This document introduces basic concepts of differential equations, including definitions of ordinary and partial differential equations, their orders and degrees, and distinctions between linear and nonlinear equations. It provides examples and exercises to illustrate these concepts, as well as methods for verifying solutions to differential equations. The chapter serves as a foundational overview for further study in differential equations.

Uploaded by

عبدالله هنيدى
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Chapter1: Basic Concepts Associate Prof. Islam M.

Eldesoky

CHAPTER (1)
Basic Concepts and Classifying Differential Equations

1.1 Differential equation.


An equation involving derivatives for differentials of one or more
dependent variables with respect to one or more independent variables
is called differential equations.
For example of differential equations we list the following

1.1. dy = (x + sinx)dx
5
d4 x d2 x  dx 
1.2. 4 + 2 +   = et ,
dt dt  dt 
dy k
1.3. y = x + ,
dx dy dx
2 32
d2 y   dy  
1.4. k 2 = 1+   
d x   dx  
2
∂2 v  ∂3 v 
1.5. 2 = k  3 
∂x  ∂x 
∂2u ∂2u ∂2u
1.6. 2 + 2 + 2 = 0
∂x ∂y ∂y

1.2. Ordinary differential equation.


A differential equation involving derivatives with respect to a single
independent variable is called an ordinary differential equation.
Equations 1.1,1.2,1.3 and 1.4 are ordinary differential equations.

1
Chapter1: Basic Concepts Associate Prof. Islam M. Eldesoky

1.3. Partial differential equations.


A differential equation involving partial derivatives with
respect to more than one independent variables is called
partial differential equations. Equations 1.5 and 1.6 are partial
differential equations.

1.4. Order of a differential equation.


The order of the highest order derivative involved in adifferential
equation is called the order of the differential equation. Equations 1.2 is
of the fourth order, equations 1.1,1.3 are of the first order, equation
1.4,1.6 are of the second order and equation 1.5 is of the third order.

1.5 Degree of adifferential equation.


The degree of adifferential equation is the degree of te highest
derviative which occur in it, after the differential equation has been
made free from radicals and fractions as far as the derivaitive are
concerned.
Equation 1.1,1.2 and 1.6 are of the first degree, equation 1.3is of the
second degree,eqution 1.4,1.5 are of the second degree.

1.6 Linear and nonlineardifferential eqaution.


A differential equation is called linear if
(i) Every dependent varible and every derivative involved occurs in the
first degree only, and
(ii) No products of dependent variables and/or derivative occur. A
differential equation which is not linear is called a non-linear
differential equation.

2
Chapter1: Basic Concepts Associate Prof. Islam M. Eldesoky
Equations1.1,1.6are linear and equations 1.2,1.3,1.4,1.5 are all non-
linear.

1.7 Solution of a differential equation.


Any relation between the dependent and independent variables, when
substituted in the differential equation, reduces it to an identity is
called a solution of the differential equation.
For example, y = ce 2x is a solution of y  = 2y because by putting

y = ce 2x and y  = 2ce 2x , the given differential equation reduces to the

identity 2ce 2x = 2ce 2x . Observe that y = ce 2x is a solution of y  = 2y for

any real constant which is called an arbitrary constant.

3
Chapter1: Basic Concepts Associate Prof. Islam M. Eldesoky

Exercise No. (1)

Prob. 1 State the order and the degree of the following Differential
equations
dy
1. = 5x + 3
dx
2
d2 y  dy 
2. e y
+ 2   =1
dx 2  dx 
d3 y d2 y
3. 4 3 + (sinx) 2 +5xy = 0
dx dx
3 7 2
 d2 y   dy  3  dy 
4.  2  + 3y   +y   = 5x
 dx   dx   dx 
∂2 y ∂2 y
5. -4 2 =0
∂t2 ∂x
Prob. 2 State the order of the differential equation and verify that
the given function is a solution

1. y + 4y = 8x y = ce-4x +2x - 0.5


2. y  + 9y = 0 y = Acos3x +bsin3x
3. y  - 0.5y = 1 y = ce0.5x - 2
4. y  = 6 y = x 3 + ax 2 +bx + c
5. y  + ytanx = 0 y = ccosx
6. y  - 2y  +2y = 0 y = e x (acosx +bsinx)

Prob. 3 Solve the following differential equations.

4
Chapter1: Basic Concepts Associate Prof. Islam M. Eldesoky

2 x
1. y = e-2x 2. y = xex 3. y = -cos 4. y = 48x
2
Prob. 4 Verify that the given function is a solution of the
corresponding differential equation and determine c so that
the resulting solution satisfies the given initial condition.

1. y  + y = 1 y = ce-x +1 y = 2.5 when x = 0


2
2. y  = 2xy y = ce x y = 4 when x = 1
3. xy  = 2y y = cx 2 y = 12 when x = 2
4. yy  = x y 2 - x2 = c y(0) = 1
5. y  = ycotx y = csinx y(-π/2) = 2
6. yy  + x = 0 x2 + y 2 = c y( 2) = 2

Prob. 5 State whether each of the following Differential equations is


linear or nonlinear, and why.

d2 y dy
1. 2 + x 2 +6y 2 = ex
dx dx
2
d2 y  dy 
2. 2 + x   +6y = e
x

dx  dx 
d2 y dy
3. 2 + y +6y = ex
dx dx
d2 y dy
4. 2 + x 2 = cosy
dx dx

5
Chapter1: Basic Concepts Associate Prof. Islam M. Eldesoky

dy
5. = 5x +3
dx
2
d2 y  dy 
6. e y
+2   =1
dx 2  dx 
d3 y d2 y
7. 4 3 +(sinx) 2 +5xy = 0
dx dx
3 7 2
 d2 y   dy  3  dy 
8.  2  +3y   +y   = 5x
 dx   dx   dx 
∂2 y ∂2 y
9. -4 2 =0
∂t2 ∂x

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