TROPICAL DESIGN - Thus, climate zone boundaries have

been selected with vegetation

ELEMENTS, FACTORS, AND CONCEPTS OF
distribution in mind.
CLIMATIC DESIGN
- The Köppen climate classification
Climate basics scheme divides climates into five
main groups, each having several
Climate
types and subtypes:
- A measure of the average pattern of o Type A: Tropical climates
variation in temperature, humidity, o Type B: Dry (arid and semiarid)
atmospheric pressure, wind, climates
precipitation, atmospheric particle o Type C: Temperate climates
count and other meteorological o Type D: Continental climates
variables in a given region over long o Type E: Polar and alpine
periods of time. climates

Climate Versus Weather Tropical Climate (A)

- Climate is different from weather, in - Found in a nearly unbroken belt

that weather only describes the short- around the Earth at low latitudes,
term conditions of these variables in a mostly within 15° N and S.
given region. - Their location within a region in which
available solar radiation is large and
relatively constant from month to
Climatic Elements month ensures both high
temperatures (generally in excess of
- Solar radiation or sunlight
18 °C) and a virtual absence of
- Air temperature
thermal seasons.
- Atmospheric humidity
- In A climates, the terms “winter” and
- Precipitation
“summer” have little meaning, but in
- Wind
many locations, annual rhythm is
provided by the occurrence of wet
and dry seasons.
The Köppen System
- Type A climates are controlled mainly
- One of the most widely-used climate by the seasonal fluctuations of the
classification systems. trade winds and monsoons.
- It was first published by Russian - Köppen specifies three A climates:
German climatologist Wladimir o Tropical rainforest climate (Af)
Köppen in 1884, with several later o Tropical monsoon climate (Am)
modifications by Köppen himself, o Tropical wet-dry climate (Aw)
notably in 1918 and 1936.
- The system is based on the concept
that native vegetation is the best Dry Climates (B)
expression of climate.
- Arid and semiarid climates cover
about a quarter of Earth’s land
 surface, mostly between 50° N and their warmest months, and a coldest
50° S, but they are mainly found in the month average below −3 °C
15–30° latitude belt in both - These usually occur in the interiors of
hemispheres. continents and on their upper east
- Arid coasts, normally north of 40°N.
o A land or a climate having little
or no rain and is typically too
dry or barren to support lush Polar Climates (E)
vegetation.
- These climates are characterized by
- They exhibit low precipitation, great
average temperatures below 10 °C in
variability in precipitation from year to
all 12 months of the year.
year, low relative humidity, high
- This includes the following subtypes:
evaporation rates (when water is
o Tundra climate (ET)
available), clear skies, and intense
o Snow and ice climate (EF)
solar radiation.
o Highland climate (H)
- Köppen’s classification recognizes
three B climates:
o Tropical and subtropical desert
Climate of the Philippines
(BWh)
o Mid-latitude steppe and desert Climate of the Philippines
climate (BSh)
- The climate of the Philippines is
o Tropical and subtropical
tropical and maritime.
steppe climate (BSk)
- It is characterized by relatively high
temperature, high humidity and
abundant rainfall.
Temperate Climates (C)
- It is similar in many respects to the
- These climates have an average climate of the countries of Central
monthly temperature above 10 °C America.
(50 °F) in their warmest months, and
an average monthly temperature
above −3 ° C (27 F) in their coldest The most important elements of the
months. country's weather and climate are the
- In Europe this includes areas from following:
coastal Norway south to southern
- Temperature
France.
- Humidity
- In Asia, this includes areas from South
- Rainfall
Korea, to east- China from Beijing
southward, to northern Japan.

Temperature
Continental Climates (D) - Excluding Baguio, the mean annual
temperature in the Philippines is
- These climates have an average
26.6°C.
temperature above 10 °C (50 °F) in
 - The coolest months fall in January - The combination of warm
with a mean temperature of 25.5 °C temperature and high relative
while the warmest month occurs in humidity gives rise to high perceived
May with a mean temperature of temperature throughout the
28.3°C. archipelago.
- Latitude is an insignificant factor in the - It is especially uncomfortable during
variation of temperature while March to May, when temperature
altitude shows greater contrast in and humidity attain their maximum
temperature. levels.
- Thus, the mean annual temperature
of Baguio with an elevation of 1,500
meters is 18.3°C. This makes the Rainfall
temperature of Baguio comparable
- Rainfall is the most important climatic
with those in the temperate climate.
element in the Philippines.
- Baguio City
- Rainfall distribution throughout the
o The temperature of Baguio is
country varies from one region to
comparable with those in the
another, depending upon the
temperate climate and
direction of the moisture-bearing
because of this, it is known as
winds and the location of the
the summer capital of the
mountain systems.
Philippines.
- The mean annual rainfall of the
- The difference between the mean
Philippines varies from 965 to 4,064
annual temperature of the
millimeters annually.
southernmost station in Zamboanga
- Baguio City, eastern Samar, and
and that of the northernmost station
eastern Surigao receive the greatest
in Laoag is insignificant.
amount of rainfall while the southern
- In other words, there is essentially no
portion of Cotabato receives the least
difference in the mean annual
amount of rain. At General Santos
temperature of places in Luzon,
City in Cotabato, the average
Visayas or Mindanao measured at or
annual rainfall is only 978millimeters.
near sea level.

Seasons
Humidity
- Using temperature and rainfall as
- Humidity refers to the moisture
bases, the climate of the country can
content of the atmosphere.
be divided into two major seasons:
- Due to high temperature and the
rainy and dry.
surrounding bodies of water, the
- The rainy season, from June to
Philippines has a high relative
November
humidity.
- The dry season, from December to
- The average monthly relative
May, which may be subdivided
humidity varies between 71% in
further into:
March and 85% in September.
o The cool dry season, from
December to February
 o The hot dry season, from March - They generally originate in the region
to May of the Marianas and Caroline Islands
of the Pacific Ocean which have the
same latitudinal location as
Climate Types Mindanao.
- Their movements follow a
- There are four recognized climate
northwesterly direction, sparing
types in the Philippines, and they are
Mindanao from being directly hit by
based on the distribution of rainfall.
majority of the typhoons that cross
- Type I. Two pronounced seasons: dry
the country.
from November to April and wet
- This makes the southern Philippines
during the rest of the year.
very desirable for agriculture and
- Type II. No dry season with a
industrial development.
pronounced rainfall from November
to January.
- Type III. Seasons are not very
THEORIES AND PRINCIPLES OF TROPICAL
pronounced, relatively dry from
DESIGN
November to April, and wet during
the rest of the year. Basics of passive design
- Type IV. Rainfall is more or less evenly
Goals For Various Climates
distributed throughout the year.
- Cool climates
o Maximum thermal retention
Prevailing Winds o Maximum heat gain
o Maximum wind resistance
- Hanging amihan (northeast),
- Temperate climates
November-April
o Moderate thermal retention
- Hanging habagat (southwest), May-
o Moderate heat gain
October
o Slight wind exposure (humidity
control)
- Hot-humid climates
Monsoon
o Maximum wind exposure
- A monsoon is a seasonal shift in the o Maximum internal airflow
prevailing wind direction, that usually o Minimum heat gain
brings with it a different kind of - Hot-dry climates
weather. o Minimum heat gain
o Moderate wind resistance
o Moderate internal airflow
Typhoons
- Typhoons have a great influence on
Geronimo Manahan
the climate and weather conditions
of the Philippines. - “The passively cooled urban house”,
- A great portion of the rainfall, a prototype house designed by
humidity and cloudiness are due to Geronimo Manahan in collaboration
the influence of typhoons. with the Ministry of Energy
Passive Design - But this will soon be recouped by the
costs for equipment, maintenance,
- Design that works with the
and energy consumption.
environment to exclude unwanted
heat or cold and take advantage of
sun and breezes (inducing comfort
Principles Of Passive Design
conditions in the building interiors),
therefore avoiding or minimizing the Principles Of Passive Design
need for mechanical heating or
- Avoid heat gain
cooling.
- Encourage natural ventilation
- Make use of natural light
- Create cool outdoor areas
Passive Cooling
- The use of passive cooling principles
in the tropics results in a building that Avoid Heat Gain
is comfortable, energy efficient and
1. Orient the building to reduce
results in substantial savings in running
exposure to midday sun, particularly
costs of both cooling and lighting.
summer sun.
2. Use materials with low thermal mass
as a general rule.
Pros/Cons Of Passive Cooling
3. Shade walls and windows,
- Typically, initial costs for passive particularly any walls with high
cooling systems will be higher thermal mass.
because these systems are typically 4. Use glazing on windows that cannot
integral to the building envelope be effectively shaded.
- However, this is often offset by the 5. Use insulation, light colors, and heat-
minimal operating costs required, as reflective surfaces.
well as the minimized impact on the
environment.
Encourage Natural Ventilation
1. Orient the building and windows
Active Cooling
towards prevailing winds.
- A building design approach that 2. Include operable windows and
addresses the problem of inducing ceiling vents that enable the building
comfort by means of equipment that to naturally ventilate.
consume energy.

Make Use of Natural Light

Pros/Cons Of Active Cooling
1. Install shaded windows.
- In active systems, the initial cost of the 2. Install shaded skylights, light tubes,
building envelope will be low. and other natural lighting devices.
Create Cool Outdoor Areas
1. Use verandas and deep balconies to
shade and cool incoming air.
2. Use landscaping to provide shade
without blocking cooling breezes and
use planting to reduce ground
temperature and minimize reflected
-
heat.
Orientation For Min. Heat Gain
- In the Philippines, the prevailing winds
Passive Design Considerations are north-easterly from October-
Main Considerations March and south-westerly from April-
September. The building design must
1. Orientation take advantage of this.
- Orientation concerns the position of - The lack of breeze during the hottest
the building on the site as well as the days can pose challenges for
arrangement of the rooms within it. achieving effective natural
- There are two main goals to consider ventilation. Designing to encourage
when considering the building convection flow is very effective at
orientation: these times.
o Orientation for minimal solar
heat gain. The rule of convection
o Orientation for maximum air - Warm air rises, cool air sinks.
flow.
Sun Path Diagrams
2. Ventilation
- Azimuth Lines - Azimuth angles run - Ventilation, circulation of air or to
around the edge of the diagram. replace stale air with fresh air.
- Altitude Lines - Altitude angles are
represented as concentric circular Stack Ventilation
dotted lines that run from the center - Uses the principle of convection to
of the diagram out. induce air flow.
- Date Lines - Date lines start on the
eastern side of the graph and run to Passive Ventilation
the western side and represent the - Designing a building in a way that
path of the sun on one particular day maximizes natural ventilation will
of the year. greatly reduce the need for air-
- Hour Lines/Analemma - Hour lines are conditioning
shown as figure-eight-type lines that - Air movement over the body, even if
intersect the date lines and represent the air not much cooler, creates a
the position of the sun at a specific feeling of cool due to the
hour of the day evaporation of moisture from the skin
Passive Ventilation Methods o Ventilating the ceiling cavity is
an effective way of replacing
- Maximizing breezes
accumulated hot air with cool
o Orient the building to make the
air from outside using
most of prevailing winds in the
convection
locality
o It also reduces heat radiated
o Align vents, windows and doors
from the ceiling cavity towards
(reasonably straight line) to
the inner parts of the building
allow air to flow through the
o Example: Ridge vents can let
building
hot air out while cool air enters
o Minimize internal obstacles or
through the eave vents
blockages such as internal
walls to allow for unimpeded
ventilation
3. Landscaping
o Raise the building off the
- Reducing the extent of paving and
ground to catch breezes
other hard surfaces with vegetation.
- Removing hot air
- The hard surfaces of pavement
o Design for convection air flow
around buildings absorb and re-
to remove hot air from the
radiate heat, creating a hotter
building
microclimate
o Convection air flow is created
- Thus, it is smart to minimize the extent
by hot air rising and exiting at
of paving and replace them with
the highest point, which
vegetation
naturally draws in cool air from
- Planting areas around the building
the outside
creates a cooler environment due to
o This can be achieved by
a plant’s ability to transpire or lose
placing low window openings
moisture, which cools the air
across a space from high
- External temperatures can be
window openings
reduced by over 5°C by using ground
o This will be even more effective
cover or lawn instead of paving
if the incoming air is being
- Denser vegetation provides a greater
drawn from a shaded area
cooling effect
where plants/trees grow
- Air that is drawn from planted areas is
- Designing for “mixed-mode” use
much cooler than air drawn from
o A building can be design to be
paved areas
mixed-mode. This means that it
will rely on natural ventilation in Urban Heat Island
cooler months, and use
- A city or metropolitan area that is
energy-efficient air
significantly warmer than its
conditioning in hotter months
surrounding rural areas due to human
o Low thermal mass materials are
activities.
particularly suitable for mixed-
mode buildings, provided that
the building is well insulated
- Roof ventilation
4. Thermal Mass building and so improves the
- Thermal mass is the ability of building efficiency of air-conditioning.
materials to absorb, store, and
Bulk insulation
release heat.
- Bulk insulation acts as thermal mass
Trombe Wall
and resists the transfer of heat. Bulk
- A trombe wall is a system for indirect insulation includes materials such as
solar heat gain. It consists of a dark mineral wool, cellulose fiber,
colored wall of high thermal mass polyester and polystyrene.
facing the sun, with glazing spaced in
Rock Wool
front to leave a small air space. The
glazing traps solar radiation like a - A type of insulation that is made from
small greenhouse. actual rocks and minerals. This type of
insulation is commonly used in
Thermal Mass
building construction, industrial
- In tropical climates, the use of plants, and in automotive
materials with low thermal mass is applications due to its excellent
preferable particularly on walls that ability to block sound and heat.
are directly exposed to the sun.
Glass Wool
- This is because lightweight
construction such as timber respond - An insulating material made from
quickly to cooling breezes, allowing fibers of glass arranged using a binder
the building to cool down faster into a texture similar to wool. The
process traps many small pockets of
air between the glass, and these
5. Insulation small air pockets result in the thermal
- Insulation controls the rate at which a insulation properties.
building loses or gains heat, keeping
Reflective Insulation
warmer air in during winter and
excluding external heat in summer. - Reflective insulation mainly resists
- Insulation is one of the most effective heat flow due to its high reflectivity
ways to reduce heat input to a and low ability to re-radiate heat and
building and can be installed in the is more effective when installed with
roof, ceiling and walls of the building. an air layer next to the shiny surface.
- Reflective insulation is usually shiny
Types of Insulation
aluminum foil laminated onto paper
- There are generally two types of or plastic.
insulation: bulk insulation and
R-Value
reflective insulation.
- In the tropics, reflective insulation - Insulation materials are given an R-
installed under roof sheeting is highly value, which rates the material’s
effective as it does not trap heat resistance to heat flow and therefore
inside the building. However bulk indicates its effectiveness.
insulation is more effective at - The higher the R-value, the greater
preventing loss of cool air from the the insulating effect.
- R-values are additive. For instance if - Where effective shading cannot be
you have a material with an R-value achieved, insulating windows against
of 12 attached to another material heat transfer can reduce cooling
with an R-value of 3, then both costs.
materials combined have an R-value
Tinted Glass
of 15
- Tinted glass has a tint applied to the
U-Value
glass during manufacture, to reduce
- The U-value is the heat transfer the amount of heat transmitted
coefficient, which simply means that through it.
is a measure of an assembly's
Reflective Coatings
capacity to transfer thermal energy
across its thickness. - Reflective coatings are thin films of
- The U-value of an assembly is the metal or metal oxide that are applied
reciprocal of the total R-value of the to standard glass.
assembly - They stop greater amounts of heat
-
1
𝑈 = 𝑅 +𝑅 +𝑅 +⋯ gain than some toned glass,
however, they have the potential to
1 2 3

R-Value Recommendations create glare problems for

neighbouring properties, and can
- In the tropics, it is generally
significantly reduce the quantity of
recommended to have a minimum of
light admitted through the glass.
R 2.5 insulation in naturally ventilated
house ceilings, and a minimum of R Solar Shading
3.5 insulation in ceilings and walls of
- Shading devices shield windows and
air-conditioned houses.
other glazed areas from direct
sunlight in order to reduce glare and
excessive solar heat gain in warm
6. Windows
weather.
- Windows are an important way to
encourage and direct air flow into a
building.
- Louvers and casement style windows
allow building users to control how
much natural air enters the building.
- Well-placed louvers or windows, at
floor level and at the highest point of
the room, create convection air flow
which draws air into the building and -
creates breezes to cool occupants.
- In a tropical climate, windows should
ideally be shaded from direct sunlight
all year round and should open to
allow air flow.
 - What should be the minimum depth
of the sun shade for this window on
May 16 at 1PM?

-
7. Natural lighting
- Maximizing the amount of natural
light that enters the building can lead
to significant energy savings by
reducing the need for artificial
- lighting.
Maximizing Natural Light
- Skylights
o Skylights can provide good
quality light to work spaces that
are away from windows. But
- they need to be shaded and
glazed to prevent heat
Sizing Overhangs transfer.
- What should be the minimum depth o Some skylights are also vented
of the sun shade for this window on to allow hot air to escape.
October 16 at 10AM? - Atria
o An atrium is a large open
space, often several stories
high and having a glazed roof
and/or large windows.
o The benefit of an atrium is that
hot air can be vented at the
top rather than accumulating
near the building users.
- Light shelves
 o A light shelf is an architectural Principles Of Air Flow
element that allows daylight to
Wind
penetrate deeper into a
building. - The movement of air through a
o A light shelf is a horizontal light- building is generated by differences
reflecting overhang which is in air pressure as well as temperature.
placed above eye-level and The resulting patterns of air flow are
has a high-reflectance upper affected more by building geometry
surface. and orientation than by air speed.
- Clerestory windows
o These are high, vertically
placed windows that are Principle #1
ideally north facing.
- Air flows from a high-pressure area to
o Clerestory windows can be a
a low-pressure area.
good source of diffuse light,
and can also be useful in
allowing hot air to leave the
Principle #2
building.
- Light tubes - Air possesses inertia. Once set in
o Solar tubes, light tubes or light motion, it tends to continue to flow in
pipes are used for transporting its initial direction until some
or distributing natural or intervening force is met.
artificial light

Principle #3
Air Movement
- Air flows through the path of least
Air Movement resistance.
- Air movement is vital in passively-
cooled environments in hot-humid
Inducing Air Movement
localities
- This is particularly critical for most Thermal Comfort
urban areas and lowlands in the
- Thermal comfort is the condition of
Philippines
mind that expresses satisfaction with
- Moving air that hits the human body
the thermal environment. Maintaining
promotes evaporation of sweat and
this standard of thermal comfort for
induces a cooling sensation.
occupants of buildings or other
- Thus, air flow into the interiors should
enclosures is one of the important
be directed to the occupancy zones
goals of HVAC design engineers.
especially those far from windows
- High inlets direct air flow upward,
- Although there is a need to induce air
- resulting in a loss of cooling effect.
movement during the hot-humid
- Low inlets direct air flow at
periods of the year, there are also
occupants.
periods of the year when the building
should be able to resist typhoon winds
 - Outlets should be as large or larger - Minimize humidity and avoid mold
than inlets for maximum air flow. growth
- The position of an outlet has little - Provide maximum shade, especially
effect on the air flow but should allow in late morning and all afternoon
rising warm air to escape. - Create a cool and dark microclimate
- Overhangs over openings direct flow - Low building density for better air
upward which may be undesirable movement
for cooling. - Vegetation is desirable as a radiation
- Louvers can beneficially redirect and absorbent surface and for its
diffuse air flow. evaporative and shade properties.
- Roof overhangs increase incoming However, it has to be arranged in a
flow of air. way that does not impede air
- Slots in overhangs equalize external circulation
pressure. - Samoans long ago did not install walls
to allow free-flow breezes
- Malayan homes’ plentiful windows
Sea and Land Breeze aim to maximize cross-ventilation

Sea And Land Breeze

- Sea Breeze – wind from the sea (high Bahay Kubo
pressure) directed towards the land
- Living platform elevated on stilts,
(low pressure); due to daytime
adaptation to damp ground
heating.
conditions
- Land Breeze – wind from land (high
- High-pitched roof, rain water can be
pressure) directed towards the sea
quickly drained, creates large air
(low pressure); due to night time
space (insulation), heat is radiated at
cooling
an angle rather than directly on living
space below
- Large windows, cross ventilation
Tropical Architecture
- Operable windows, awning type,
Tropical Architecture protection from rain at the same time
provides shade
- Tropical architecture can be
- Wide roof overhangs
regarded as a type of green building
- Walls and roof are constructed of
applicable specifically for tropical
thatch, low U-value
climates, using design to optimally
- Bamboo flooring, slats allow air to
reduce buildings’ energy
breeze upward
consumption, particularly the cooling
- Surrounding gardens
load.

Bahay Na Bato
Main Objectives (Hot Humid)
- Living platform is elevated, heavy
- Maximize filtered air
stone walled ground floor
movement/speed up winds
 - High-pitched roof, rain water can be Improving Natural Ventilation and
quickly drained, creates large air Daylighting
space (insulation), heat is radiated at
- Building should be sited in high
an angle rather than directly on living
altitudes for maximum cool airflow
space below.
and locations with evaporative
- Wide eaves, alero, underside was
possibilities are advantageous
fitted with latticed vents
- Settlements have to be properly
- Large windows, capiz panels allow
oriented regarding prevailing winds
daylight to penetrate interiors
- Settlements in flat areas (less natural
- Ventanillas, operable windows on
features: hill sides, slopes) should
barandillas
include vegetation because the air is
- Volada, cantilevered gallery along
cooled while crossing green shaded
the perimeter of the second floor,
areas
double layered façade
- Sun orientation: preference for north
- Calado, latticed openings above
orientations of the main facades of
interior walls
the building
- Operable louvers or jalousies,
- Wind orientation: main walls and
dynamic exterior louvers
windows should face the prevailing
- Wooden walls, low U-value
wind direction
- Orient active living areas to the
northeast to collect early morning
Principles
sun.
- The consideration of the weather, - Glass areas should face north with
hydrography and ecosystems of the properly designed overhangs.
environment in which buildings are - Plant trees in south.
built for maximum performance with - East and west windows should be
the least impact. avoided to minimize radiation with
- The efficacy and moderation in the low sun angles.
use of construction materials, giving - Outlets at higher levels serve to vent
priority to low energy content hot air
compared to high energy - Semi-open spaces such as balconies
- The reduction of energy consumption and porches can be used
for heating, cooling, lighting and advantageously for daytime
equipment, covering the remainder activities as well as give protection
of the claim with renewable energy from rainfall.
sources. - The form of the roof should be
- The minimization of the building planned to promote air flow. Vents at
overall energy balance, covering the the rooftop induce ventilation and
design, construction, use and end of draw hot air out. A double roof with
its life. ventilated space in between can be
- The fulfillment of requirements of used to promote air flow. The space
comfort, safety, lighting and between can also act as a heat
occupancy of buildings buffer.
 - Air should enter the building through - By 2050, an additional 2.5 billion
shaded outdoor areas, avoiding people will be living in urban areas,
passing through heated surfaces. mainly in Asia and Africa.
- Openings of a comparatively smaller - By 2060, the floor area of buildings are
size can be placed on the windward expected to double.
side, while the corresponding - Buildings that are not resilient will
openings on the leeward side should become uninsurable and
be bigger for facilitating natural unbankable, becoming stranded
ventilation. assets.
- Opening shape matters and can
influence airflow effectiveness. Long
horizontal strip windows can ventilate CLIMATE RELATED NATURAL DISASTERS ARE
a space more evenly. ON THE RISE
- Tall windows with openings at top
and bottom can use convection as
well as outside breezes to pull hot air IFC’S Definition for Resilient Building
out the top of the room while
- a building which can withstand the
supplying cool air at the bottom.
natural and climate hazards it is
exposed to, and ideally continue its
operations without disruption
BUILDING RESILIENCE INDEX
following an intense hazard event
The Role Buildings Play in Climate Change
- IFC’s track record on buildings started
Complementing Building Codes
with climate change mitigation using
EDGE. BRI complements it by - Building codes are essential, they are
addressing climate change designed to save lives
adaptation - BRI complements building codes by
expanding the focus on both lives
and assets
- Investment in resilience pays back: $4
for each $1 invested

Resilience Is Mainstreamed In The Us Real

Estate Market
- More than 4 out of 5 prospective
home buyers in the US consider
Future Trends & Potential Rise of Stranded hazard risks (disasters and climate)
Assets when buying a house
- Climate disasters will further intensify if - Most demanded hazard data by US
global warming exceeds 1.5˚C. home buyers are: Flood, Extreme
temperatures, Wildfires, Hurricanes,
and Drought
 - Major real estate search engines in - BRI is online, and globally available to
the US publish easily accessible data users free of charge.
on hazard risks; this is what BRI aims at - As of April 2025, users have self-
providing in emerging economies assessed 209 projects, resulting in 12.3
million m² of assessed total floor
space and US$20 billion in total asset
Building Resilience Index – Resilience And value.
Adaptation For Building Sector
1. Hazard Screening: Global Hazard
Identify Risk: Location-Specific & Asset-
Maps and Data Global coverage
Focused Approach
Including climate change scenarios
Covering 14 hazard types
2. Risk Reduction Measures to rate a
building: Site selection Building
foundation Structure, Façade,
Systems
3. Partnership: Supporting key clients
and stakeholders Partnering with
service providers Capacity building
Linkage to insurance and financial
solutions

Building Resilience Index Current Usage

- BRI is used worldwide
- Identify Risk
o Identify applicable natural
hazards and vulnerabilities
based on the location and
design of a building.
- Manage Risk Disclose Risk: A Standardized Rating System
o Explore a list of risk reduction for
enhancing the physical
integrity and operational
continuity of a building.
- Disclose Risk
o Communicate the resilience of
a building by using a
standardized letter grade - The rating followed by ‘+’ indicates
rating system. that the building meets all
- Building Resilience Index is an requirements of the identified Building
innovation of IFC, a member of the Resilience Index rating, plus
World Bank Group. recommended operational
continuity measures.
Manage Risk: New Buildings & Retrofiting Insurance Companies
Existing Buildings
- Complement catastrophe modeling
with a multihazard approach
- Review resilience rating of assets
before underwriting
- Save time and resources on project
evaluation processes

Governments & Local Authorities

- Create skills in the market for more
resilient construction practices
- Reduce repetitive costs of post-
Self-Assessment & Verification Processes
disaster recovery and reconstruction
- Create an enabling environment for
mainstreaming resilient buildings

Property Buyers & Owners

- Make informed investment or retrofit
decisions
- Learn the resilience value of your
BRI Stakeholders investment
- Minimize operational disruptions and
Construction Developers
insurance costs
- Assess and improve resilience to site-
specific natural and climate hazards
Disclose resilience rating to your Occupants & Lessors
financiers, insurers, and users
- Choose to live and work in safer
- Differentiate your brand as a
buildings
developer of resilient building
- Minimize operational disruptions
- Reduce risk of losses due to natural
and climate hazards
Banks
- Make informed investment decisions
based on natural and climate risks on IFC’s Four-Part Strategy to Support Resilient
buildings Buildings
- Save time and resources on project
Investment & Advisory for Financial
evaluation processes
Institutions
- Reduce property investor risk
exposure - Activate financing through financial
partners and support new product
development
Investment & Advisory for the Building - Discussion with insurance companies
Sector on how BRI can be used in the
underwriting process
- Advise and directly invest in the
property sector through IFC’s own
balance sheet
Vietnam
5 projects verified spanning across:
Building Resilience Index Application
- Different typologies: factory,
- Promote implementation of resilience
hospitality, education, port
via Building Resilience Index
- Different locations: southern coast,
Application, User Guide, country
north mountain, central coast, where
engagements, and strategic
climate risks are significantly diverse.
partnerships

BRI IN EMERGING MARKETS AND IN

Resilient Building Codes & Incentives
ADVANCED MARKETS
- Incentivize resilience by fostering an
- Housing development in Mexico
enabling environment of supportive
- Hotel in Japan
government policies to raise the bar
on building regulations

EDGE + BRI ENABLE NET ZERO CARBON

Philippines EMISSION AND RESILIENT BUILDINGS (NZERB)
AT SCALE
- 2+ million m2 residential and
commercial space across 52 projects
is pledged as part of Building
DESIGNING FOR GREATER EFFICIENCY
Resilience Commitment by 12
developers Foundational
- Construction Developers
- Meant for those already introduced
to building design principles, but not
sufficiently familiar with resource
efficiency in buildings

o
- Public Sector Focused on Quantification
o Engagement with LGUs to
adopt BRI as a resilience rating - Attendees will learn methods to
standard in building quantify the impact of design
construction decisions, thus increasing their value
- Financial Institutions to the project team. Concepts not
- Discussion with National Home easily quantifiable, such as occupant
Mortgage Finance Corporation to health are not included.
use BRI rating to qualify for the BALAI
BERDE Program
Replicable CO2 when burnt. Coal-driven power
plants are inefficient, delivering only a
- The principles taught are highly
third of the energy from the plant to
replicable and universal, which can
the building site. The rest is lost in
be adapted to any context or
generation, transmission and
location.
distribution. To reduce carbon
emissions, we must reduce the use of
fossil fuels.
Actionable
- By the end of the course, attendees
would learn enough to adopt some
level of actions to achieve good
design.

The Need for Green Building

Energy Demand from Buildings
- Buildings are energy intensive; they
put load on the power plants, which
emit carbon to produce electricity Climate Change Impacts Of Buildings
from fossil fuels. Energy demand from
- Climate change is one of the most
buildings is growing globally. The
serious threats of our time, and
increase in average global
buildings are an important part of the
temperatures is making this worse by
problem. Climate change threatens
increasing demand for air-
to roll back years of development
conditioning, thus increasing the
advances as agricultural yields fall,
related emissions from electricity.
disease rises and extreme weather
o Around half of global electricity
destroys homes and livelihoods. So,
demand today is in the
addressing climate change is a
buildings sector. Over half the
priority
new growth since 2000 has
- Buildings account for 18-19% of global
been in buildings.
emissions today.
o A one degree increase in
- The emissions from buildings will
global temperature could
double by 2030 under the IPCC high-
result in a 6% increase in energy
growth scenario (the growth coming
demand
almost entirely from the developing
world).
Pollution From Fossil Fuels
- Why are conventional fuels so bad? Growing Demand for Buildings
Conventional fuels include electricity,
- Demand for new buildings is booming
diesel or natural gas, which are fossil
especially in emerging market cities,
fuels that emit different amounts of
both to meet the needs of the
 incoming population migrating from with absolute water scarcity,
rural areas, and the general increase and two-thirds of the world’s
in population. Building stock is set to population could live under
increase significantly in response. 35 water stress conditions.
billion m2 of floor space will be built in
the next 7 years.
- The built environment is expected to Global Use of Materials
DOUBLE by 2050.
- Proportion of materials that get used
- As standards of living increase in
in buildings vs. other uses.
developing countries, expectations
- The building construction industry
also increase with regard to the
consumes 40% of the natural
quality and extent of buildings
materials entering the global
required to support housing and
economy
business.

Global GHG Impact Building Materials

Selected Middle Income Countries
- Building materials manufacturing has
- In the next 7 years
a significant GHG impact on the
o China is expected to build
environment.
more than 10 billion m2
- The iron and steel sector account for
o India will build nearly 2 billion
11 percent of global CO2 emissions.
m2
Five to seven percent of global CO2
o Brazil nearly a billion, and
emissions are caused by cement
Mexico half a billion m2
production. And more than 5 percent
of the world’s entire electrical
generation is spent on the production
Demand For Water and Use in Building
of aluminum.
- More than a third of the world is
affected by water scarcity. Over
extraction of water for production of Air Pollution from Material Manufacturing
building materials and it’s inefficient
- The emissions to air, water and land
consumption in buildings is a big
produced from all the processes
concern.
required to manufacture the
o Globally, building sector
product, including the raw materials
consumes 25% of fresh water.
used and the energy required
o Global water consumption has
(upstream processes) and the
grown at more than twice the
disposal of wastes (downstream
rate of population increases in
processes) are a significant concern.
the last century.
- Air pollution killed 6.5 million people in
o In developing countries water
2015
consumption will increase by
another 50% by 2025.
o By 2025, 1.8 billion people will
be living in countries or regions
Building Lifecycle Energy Impact A Green Building Has Greater Efficiency
- A building contributes to energy - Green buildings can typically reduce
usage in two ways: operational energy use, carbon emissions, water
energy and embodied energy. For a use, and materials by 20%-80%.
typical office building, around 10-15% Dealing with the efficiency of a new
of energy usage is from embodied building at the design stage with
energy. While operational energy respect to its energy, water and
savings are important, embodied materials consumption has to be at
energy also plays a critical role. the heart of green buildings.
- WORLD BANK DEFINITION “A building
that uses 20% less energy, water and
The Benefit of Green Building embodied energy in materials
compared to an equivalent local
What Is the Core of Green Building?
benchmark.”
- While there is no single definition of a
green building, the defining feature
of the concept is a significant Why Do We Want Green Buildings?
reduction in environmental impacts.
- Green buildings are desirable for
‘Green buildings’ is a relative term, in
several reasons -- they are
the sense that green buildings are
economically more attractive and
simply greener than prevailing,
they put less burden on natural
conventional designs. A green
resources and the infrastructure.
building’s features are therefore
- They cost less to operate
always relative to local climate and
- They command a premium and
construction practices.
improved rents
- They preserve natural resources for
longer
Building Design’s Range of Influence
- Reduce pressure on infrastructure
- Passive design
- Reduce demand
- Better specification Green Buildings Have Greater Commercial
- On-site renewables Value
- Recycling systems and
- Green buildings have higher sales
- Rainwater harvesting
prices, quicker sales cycles, lower
- Building’s Energy use
operational costs, lower loan default
- Building’s Water use
rates, and higher resale values.
- Building’s embodied energy
- Site Location
- Transportation options
- Waste management
- Ecology & Biodiversity
Opportunities By Building Sector Healthcare Sector Opportunities
Residential Sector Opportunities - Healthcare buildings in particular
require a large degree of control due
- Domestic properties can be broadly
to the importance of comfort and
split into single family dwellings and
hygiene for patients. Building systems
multiple occupancy, each have
therefore become the main focus.
differing design issues. However,
The challenge is to reduce energy
when considering operations,
and water use in these facilities while
thermal comfort, hot water and
ensuring that patient outcomes are
appliances are the main issues to
enhanced.
tackle.
- High Impact Interventions
- High Impact Interventions
o Insulated and shaded façade
o Roof and wall insulation
o Have demand controlled
o Low environmental impact
lighting systems
building materials [embodied
o Variable frequency drives and
energy]
ventilation heat recovery
o Water efficient fittings and rain
o Tri-generation using absorption
water collection
chillers
o Smart meters for better control
and metering
o Solar hot water heaters
Education Sector Opportunities
- Educational buildings are all about
Commercial Offices Sector Opportunities the occupants and their use of the
building. Ventilation, views, indoor
- Tenant demand is an important
environmental quality and acoustics
factor for commercial office space. A
are all important issues. University
well-designed office building can
buildings are often ambitious in terms
reduce energy and operational costs
of sustainability for reputational
significantly. Occupant needs and
reasons.
reputation are also important factors
- High Impact Interventions
as is future proofing against
o Daylighting, lighting Control
obsolescence.
and low energy lighting
- High Impact Interventions
o External louvers to minimize
o Passive cooling and ventilation
glare
design
o Passive cooling of classroom for
o Daylighting, lighting control
thermal comfort
and low energy lighting
o Renewables such as PVs &
o High efficiency chillers such as
wind turbines serve as an
ground source heat pumps
educational tool
o Solar PVs on roof could
generate significant energy
Retail Sector Opportunities Hotel Sector Opportunities
- Within stores, the retail sector will not - Hotels present substantial challenges
compromise on lighting and product and opportunities for sustainability.
placement. Malls are huge spaces to The guest experience cannot be
heat and cool; require full lighting in compromised; however water,
the daytime and attract lots of energy and resource use are all high.
private vehicle trips. Much can be Eco tourism is attracting a more
done with control systems and discerning customer in some regions
technology but as with all building and the use of local and natural
types, passive architectural design resources is often attractive as well as
and daylighting can significantly sustainable.
improve the retail experience. - High Impact Interventions
- High Impact Interventions o Shaded and openable
o Daylighting and low energy windows
lighting solutions o Auto switch off A/C & lighting
o Passive or low carbon cooling o Solar water heating
options such as displacement o Treatment and reuse of waste
ventilation water from showers and
o Waterless urinals not only save laundry
water, they ensure drier floors.
o Renewables such as PVs on
roof & wind turbines in the car The Principle Rule For Energy Efficiency
park
- Overall, for all sectors, the principle
rule to achieve energy efficiency is to
start with good design to reduce the
Supermarket Sector Opportunities
need for electricity and fossil fuels;
- Supermarkets are quite consistent in those should be the last option after
their needs for refrigeration and all options – good design, improved
lighting. They do however offer operations, and renewable resources
substantial opportunities through the -- have been exhausted.
size and layout of sites to incorporate
green measures. Their location will be
highly determinant of the solutions
deployed
- High Impact Interventions
o Low energy lighting and
daylighting
o Purchase efficient refrigeration
equipment and heat recovery EDGE Program
o Low GWP refrigerants and EDGE: A Building Design Tool
design to minimize leakage
o High efficiency chillers - EDGE provides predictive modeling
and analysis to help design green
buildings from the conceptual stage.
 It can also be used for existing (embodied energy in) Materials.
buildings. Building types in EDGE Each certified project receives a
include homes, hospitality (hotels), project study
offices, hospitals, retail, and - ‘A building that has 20% less energy,
education. water and material consumption
o Local utility costs and climate compared to an equivalent local
data benchmark.’
o Design-specific results from - The standard provides a
building physics calculations performance assurance to buyers
o Design guidance on multiple and investors.
technical measures
o Investment planning for
building owners EDGE: Levels of Performance
- This the most basic level of
performance of an EDGE certified
EDGE: A Green Building Standard
project. This certification is based on
- The EDGE software helps evaluate the expected performance of
whether a building meets the EDGE building, as analyzed by the EDGE
Standard, which is a global standard software
based on a quantitative assessment.
The EDGE Standard compares the
proposed design case against a
reference case, which is localized
based on standard building practices
in the project location.
- The simple, effective EDGE standard
provides: - This is advanced level of
o Consistent assessment of performance of an EDGE certified
building performance; project. This certification is based on
o Measurement against a local the expected performance of
base case; building, as analyzed by the EDGE
o Alignment with national and software.
international priorities;
o Support for designers to
achieve greener buildings with
local and contextual data;
o A robust basis for professionals
to measure and improve
design portfolios.
- The EDGE Standard sets clear, - This certification I sin addition to a
achievable targets. To meet the regular or advanced EDGE
EDGE standard, a building must make certification. It is based on the actual
reductions of 20% in each of three performance of the building over a
categories: Energy, Water, and period of one year.
 Base Case Building
- EDGE creates a unique base case
building by taking into account
location-specific climate conditions,
building type and occupancy use,
design parameters, and building
orientation
EDGE Helps You Rise Above the Competition
- EDGE is an innovation of IFC, a
member of the World Bank Group.
- Bottomline: EDGE makes it faster,
easier and more affordable to build
and brand green. It equips you to
become more competitive and - When no measures are selected, the
demonstrate leadership in the green base case and improved case are
building space. the same in all three categories --
energy, water and materials, and the
savings are zero.
Edge Methodology & Software Resources & - Base Case Building = Improved Case
Protocols Instructions for Edge Software Building
Practical Exercise - No Energy, Water or Materials
Efficiency Measures selected by user
Edge Methodology
- Base Case vs. Improved Case
building Improved Case Building
o The EDGE software compares a - Once the base case building has
project specific “improved been created, efficiency measures
case” relative to a local “base for ENERGY, WATER and MATERIALS
case”. Energy use for the base are selected by the user. The
case in each city is based on improved case consumption is
current building practices or calculated by the software when
local building code if in efficiency measures are chosen.
practice. Efficiency measures in one category
- The EDGE software compares a can also impact savings in another
project specific improved case category
relative to a local base case:
o % reduction in energy
consumption;
o % reduction in water
consumption;
o % reduction in embodied
energy in materials;
o utilities cost savings relative to
base case.
 - The difference in consumption Thermal Calculations & HVAC Demand
between the base case and the
- EDGE uses a monthly quasi-steady-
improved case determines the
state calculation method based on
savings. Savings of 20% in each
the European CEN5 and ISO 137906
category -- Energy, Water and
standards to assess annual energy
Materials -- are required to meet the
use for space heating and cooling.
EDGE standard.
The method was chosen for its ease
- The savings are reflected in the EDGE
of data collection, reproducibility (for
software in the graphs in each
comparability and in case of legal
category.
requirements) and cost effectiveness.
- Base Case Building ≠ Improved Case
Building
- Energy, Water and Materials
Efficiency Measures are Selected by
the User

Base Case and Improved Case Geometry

- EDGE follows certain rules and Base Case Will Change Over Time
assumptions to perform the
calculations. For example, the - The EDGE base case is based on local
building geometry and orientation is standard practices and codes. Local
simplified and predefined. The same baselines are periodically updated to
geometry is used for both the base reflect changes in construction
case and the improved case. The practices relating to energy, water
user can only influence the and materials. So, a building that
orientation, window-to-wall ratio and passes the EDGE standard in 2019
external shading. may fail in 2021 if local construction
- Same geometry used for base case improves.
and improved case.
- The geometry is predefined for all
building types.

Underlying Assumptions and Data Sets

- EDGE calculations are based on size
and building shape, building use,
building envelope properties,
occupancy type, usage patterns,
Thermal Calculations & Virtual Energy
climate (e.g. monthly average solar
radiation, ground temperature) and - An important concept in EDGE is that
building systems such as lighting and of Virtual Energy. It appears when a
HVAC. Other built-in information is cooling or heating system is not
shown in the chart. installed in the building. Virtual energy
 is the amount of energy that would Supporting Resources
be used to reach defined comfort
- Users can also access several
conditions should air-conditioning
resources by clicking through the
and heating be installed in the future.
EDGE software application. For
Virtual energy will be shown as
example, clicking on a measure
energy savings, however it does not
name, then on ‘More Info’ will
contribute savings to utility bills, as
connect the user to the EDGE User
indicated in the EDGE software.
Guide.
1. Double click on measures for more
information
2. Click for more information and
download User Guides

User Guides
- The User Guides are PDF documents
available online for browsing or
EDGE APP
download. The user guides describe
- The EDGE software Application is each measure and the requirements
available in the top right corner of the for compliance.
website at [Link]

Calculators
Information
- Insert information directly into
- Also at [Link] , the software Several measures have built-
top menu has information on the in calculators. The relevant
certification process, project studies calculators become visible when a
and visual resources. The bottom measure is selected.
menu has Technical Resources such
as User Guides and FAQs.
Upload Evidence
- Evidence of measure compliance
Project Studies
(such as documents and images)
- The Project Studies section shows can also be uploaded directly
EDGE certified projects. Each EDGE through the EDGE software
project that has achieved either a application. Similar to calculators, the
preliminary certificate of final EDGE upload link is visible when a measure
certification has a project study on is selected.
the EDGE website (unless the client - Reach the 20% minimum standard in
elects not to). energy, water and materials and start
uploading evidence for each
selected measure.
Uploading Evidence
- The dialog box to upload documents
shows the specific documents
required for each measure.