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GLOBALIZATION Science and technology - includes the internet and other
According to Dicken, “We now live in a borderless world, computer components as well as GPS, genetically
in which the national is no longer relevant.” modified foods, etc.
Globalization means increasing interdependence, Increasing intergration and interdependence - includes all
connectivity, and integration on a global level on social, areas of economic life as well as an increasing exchange of
cultiral, political, technological, economic, and ecological products and services across national boundaries through
levels trade.
Ferrer define globalization as the breadking down of
national barriers so that nations can interact freely with Steger in his “Ideologies of Globalization” outlined the six core
one another. claims of globalization:
According to Das and Bridi, intensified geographical 1. Globalization is about the liberalization and global
movements across national borders of commodities, integration of markets.
people seeking employment, money, and capital 2. Globalization is inevitable and irreversible
investment, knowledge cultural values, and 3. No body is in charge of globalization
environmental pollutants. 4. Globalization benefits everyone
5. Globalization furthers the spread of democracy in the world
VARIOUS ASPECTS OF GLOBALIZATION 6. Globalization requires a war on terror
Globalization of Economy - advances in communication
and transportation technology, combines with free - INTERNATIONALIZATION, GLOBALIZATIN, AND GLOBALISM
market ideology, have given goods, services, and capital Daly (1999) states that globalization, considered by many to be
unprecedented mobility the inevitable wave of the future, is frequently confused with
Globalization of Politics - with ecological changes, an ever internationalism, but is in fact something totally different.
more integrated global economy, and other global trends, INTERNATIONALIZATION refers to the increasing
political activity increasingly takes place at the global level. importance of international trade, international relations,
Globalization of Culture - the spread of values, norms, treaties, alliances
and cultural trends to promote Western ideals of GLOBALIZATION - refers to global economic integration of
capitalism. many formerly national economies into one global
Globalization of Law - change the contours of law and economy, mainly by free trade and free capital mobility,
creating new global legal institutions and norms. The but also by easy or uncontrolled migration.
international Criminal Court promises to bring to justice to GLOBALISM - as a state of the world involving networks of
public offenders based on a worldwide criminal code. interdependence at multicontinental distances. These
networks can be linked throough flows and influences of
ELEMENTS OF GLOBALIZATION capital and goods, information and ideas, people and
Anderson and Van Wincoop enumerated the different force, as well as environmentally and biologoically
elements of globalization relevant substance.
DIMENSION GLOBALISM
1. Trade Agreements - bilateral, regional or multilatersl ecomic 1. Economic globalism - involves long - distance flows of goods,
arrangements designed to reduce or eliminate trade barriers services, and capital and the information and perceptions
2. Capital flow - measurement of an increase or decrease in a accompanying market exchange
nation’s domestic or foreign assets 2. Military globalism - refers to long - distance networks of
3. Migration patterns - impact of labor market fluidity on interdependence in which force and the threat of promise of
production cost through the loss (Emigration) or gain force are employed
(Imigration) of potential workers, especially those with 3. Environmental globalism - refers to the long-distance
particular skills. transport of materials in the atmosphere, oceans, or of
4. Information transfer - communication trend that helps biological substances
migrate the asymmetric functioning of markets and economies 4. Social and Cultural globalism - involves mobement of ideas,
5. Spread of technology - rapid dispersion of the means and information, images, and people who carry ideas and
methods of producing goods and services information.
TRENDS IN GLOBALIZATION
There are several major trends pertaining to globalization,
which consists of demographic, scientific, governance, and
economic interdependence.
Population trends - decreasing population in developed
countries while increasing population in developing
countries and increasing life expectancy
UNIT 2 GEOGRAPHIC DIVISION OF LABOR
Global Economy Core Nations are the most modernized nations, having
- defined as the sum of activities that take place both within a diversified economies and stable internal politics that dominate
country and between different countries. Each country is a the world system.
separate unit with its own industrial production, labor market, Peripheral Nations are forced to specialized in the export of
financial market, resources, and environment. unprocessed raw materials and food to the core nations, which
- it is the exchange of goods and services integrated into a huge must import manufactured goods.
single global market.
TWO TYPES OF ECONOMIES UNDER ECONOMIC FIVE INSTITUTIONS IN THE MODERN WORLD SYSTEM
GLOBALIZATION 1. Market - where individuals and firm can sell products and
1. Trade Liberalization- removal of or reduction of restrictions buy goods
or barries on the free exchange of goods between nations. 2. Firms - who produce goods and provide services in the
2. Protectionism - it is a policy of protecting domestic market
industries against foreign competition using import or other 3. States - are related to the geographical division of labor. The
restrictions or handicaps places on the import of foreign geographical division of labor was discussed
competitors 4. Classes - classes have something to do with the placement of
TYPES OF PROTECTIONISM the household or individual in the capitalist economic system.
1. Tariffs - tax on imports 5. Household - according to Wallerstein, households consist of
2. Quotas - physical limit on the quantity of imports three to 10 persons who over a long period of time, pool
3. Embargoes - total ban on a good; this may be done to stop multiple sources of income in order to survive collectively.
dangerous substance A. Wage income
4. Subsidies - if a government subsidizes domestic production, B. Subsistence activity
this gives them an unfair advantage over competitors. C. Petty commodity
D. Rent
GLOBAL STRATIFICATION E. Transfer payment
FIRST TYPOLOGY
FIRST WORLD - western capitalist democracies of North
America and Europe
SECOND WORLD - belongs to the soviet uniot
THIRD WOLD - central and south ameirca, africa, and asia
REPLACEMENT OF TYPOLOGY
Developed countries
Developing countries
Undeveloped countries
POPULAR TYPOLOGY
Wealthy - wealthy nations are the most industrialized
nations, and they consist primarily of the nations of North
America and Western Europe; Australia, Japan, and New
Zealand; and certain other nations in the Middle East and
Asia
Middle Income - consists primarily of nations in Central
and South America, Eastern Europe, and parts of Africa
and Asia and constitute about one - third of the world’s
population.
Poor or Low Income - least industrialized and most
agricultural of all the world’s countries. Living in a
desperate existence in the most miserable conditions
possible.
WORLD SYSTEM THEORY
According to Immanuel Wallerstein, some become modernized
by exploiting other nations.
UNIT 3 INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND (IMF)
MARKET INTEGRATION - provide such an institution as would exert control on
As defined by Koester, is a state of affairs or a process involving international exchange rates as well as act as reserve base
attempts to combine separate national economies into larger bailing out BOP deficit countries
economic regions.
FUNCTIONS OF IMF:
TWO TYPES OF INTEGRATION 1. Works as a short - term credit institution
1. Negative Integration - reduces non - tariff and tariff barriers 2. Provides for the orderly adjustment of exchange rates
to trade as a main tool for integrating markets. 3. Acts as a reserve base for member countries to brrow from
2. Positive Integration - adjusting the domestic policies and 4. Provides foregin exchange loans against current transaction
institutions through the creation of supranational
arrangements FUNCTIONS OF WORLD BANK;
1. Provides loan services to member governments
FIVE FORMS OF INTEGRATION 3. Provides development loans on soft terms to poor member
1. Preferential - agreement involves lower trade barriers nations
between those countries, which have signed the agreement 4. Provide support to private or joint sector projects
2. The free trade area (FTA) - reduces barriers to trade among 5. Provides insurance guarantees to foreign investors
member countries to zero, but each member country still has
autonomy in deciding on the eternal rate of tariff for its trade GLOBAL CORPORATIONS
with non - member countries It is a multinational corporation or transnational corporation, is
3. Customs union - represents a higher stage of economic a company that operates in multiple countries but has a
integration. In this form, countries agree to abolish tariff and headquarters in one country. These corporations manage
non - tariff barriers to trade in goods flowing between them. production, supply chains, marketing, and sales across different
4. The common market - allows for the free movement of labor nations to maximie profits and market reach.
and capital within the member countries
5. The Economic Union - is the highest form of economic TYPES OF GLOBAL CORPORATIONS
integration. In addition to the conditions of a common market, 1. International Companies - it is a business that operates in
member countries also agree to integrate monetary, fiscal, and multiple countries but primarily focuses on exporting and
other policies. selling products or services from its home
country rather than having a fully integrated global presence
WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION like a multinational corporation (MNC). These companies may
- formerly known as General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade have limited operations abroad, such as sales offices,
(GATT) distributors, or franchises, without extensive local production
- It is an international organzation that regulates and facilitates or supply chains.
global trade among nations. Its primary goal is to ensure that
trade flows smoothly, predictably, and freely across borders. 2. Multinational Companies - is a business that operates in
multiple countries, with headquarters in one country but
FUNCTIONS OF WTO : establishes production, distribution, and business
1. Administering trade Agreements - ensures that member operations in several other nations. Unlike international
countries follow the rules established in WTO agreements, such companies, MNCs have a physical presence in foreign markets
as the General Agreement Tariffs and Trade and the General through subsidiaries, factories, or offices.
Agreement on Trade in Services
2. Facilitating Trade Negotiations - acts as a negotiation 3. Global Companies - is a business that operates in many
platform to reduce trade barriers and expand global trade countries with a standardized approach, meaning it offers the
opportunities same products and services worldwide with minimal
3. Dispute Resolution - provides a legal framework for settling adaptation to local markets. Unlike multinational companies
trade disputes between countrues to prevent trade wars and (MNCs), which adjust their strategies for different regions,
unfair practices global companies maintain a single, unified brand identity and
4. Monitoring Trade Policies - reviews and evaluates trade operations across all markets
policies of member nations to ensure transparency and
compliance with WTO rules. 4. Transnational Companies - is a business that operates in
5. Providing Technical Assistance and Training - helps multiple countries without a strong centralized headquarters,
developing countries improve their trade polices and meaning it adapts its operations, products, and strategies to
participate effectively in global trade fit local markets while maintaining a global presence. Unlike
6. Promoting Global Economic Stability - works to prevent multinational corporations (MNCs), which have a home
economic crisis by encouraging fair trade practices and country where most decisions are made, TNCs distribute
addressing trade imbalances. decision-making across different regions.
NURSING INFORMATICS LESSON 2 PRODUCTIVITY TOOLS NURSES USE
Aside from nursing software applications, productivity tools
Software Applications Used in Nursing : help nurses manage time, tasks, and communication to
These are digital tools and computer programs improve overall workflow and efficiency.
designed to assist nurses with patient care, documentation, 1. Microsoft word
medication administration, and communication in healthcare Writing reports, care plans, and patient education
settings. materials.
1. Electronic Health Records (EHR) - are comprehensive digital Documenting case studies or incident reports.
records of a patient’s health, shared across multiple healthcare Creating protocols or clinical guidelines.
providers and organizations. They support coordinated care by 2. Microsoft Excel
allowing real - time, secure access to the same patient data by Managing schedules, staffing rosters, and shift
doctors, nurses, labs, and specialists. assignments.
2. Electronic Medical Records (EMR) - are digital versions of Tracking patient data such as vital sign trends, medication
paper charts used within a single facility. They focus on inventories, or audit results.
treatment and history within one clinic or hospital but typically Analyzing quality indicators and clinical outcomes for
don’t integrate well with outside systems. performance improvement.
3. Admission, Discharge, and Transfer Systems - software that 3. Microsoft Powerpoint
tracks a patient’s location and status as they move through Preparing presentations for staff training, patient
various hospital departments. It ensures proper handoffs, education, or quality improvement meetings.
updates bed availability, and maintains cencus data. Sharing findings or health promotion information during
4. Charting Software - a program that allows nurses to conferences or team briefings.
electronically record patient assessments, care plans,
interventions, and outcomes. It replaces paper notes and helps BARRIERS:
maintain complete and accessible patient records. Lack of staff training and IT skills
5. Lab / Radiology Systems - software that allows nurses and Comprehensive training programs and ongoing support
other clinicians to electronically order diagnostic tests and Structured training with continuous support builds user
access results quickly. It streamlines communication with lab confidence and encourages proper system use
and imaging departments reducing errors and delays. Resistance to workflow changes
6. Chat Rooms - real time text based communication used in Pilot testing and phased rollouts Gradual implementation
collaboration or training discussions. helps identify issues early and allows users to adapt step-
by-step.
DIGITAL HEALTH TECHNOLOGIES High cost and budget constraints
These are technologies used to give or support healthcare using Cost Optimization Approaches Conduct a cost-benefit
the internet or smart devices, even outside hospitals. analysis, explore cloud-based or open-source solutions,
- help people talk to doctors online, use health apps, or wear and partner with organizations offering flexible support.
devices that track health Concerns about data privacy and security
- used by both nurses and pt Improve Data Privacy and Security Practices Implementing
strong cybersecurity measures like encryption and access
1. eHealth - involves healthcare services and information controls, ensuring compliance with regulations such as
delivered through internet - based platforms - such as online HIPAA, conducting regular security audits, training staff on
records, appointment systems, and patient portals. best practices
2. mHealth - uses mobile apps and wearables for health
tracking, disease management, medication reminders, and
fitness monitoring - empowering patients to manage their
health on the go.
Popular tools :
Glucose Buddy - diabetes tracking
Apple health - fitness and vitals tracking
Medisafe - medication reminders
3. Telehealth - delivers healthcare remotely via video, phone,
or online chat, improving access for rural or homebound
patients and reducing in-person visits.
Popular platforms :
[Link] - a browser-based, HIPAA - complaint platform
popular for its ease of use in clinics
Zoom for healthcare - a HIPAA - complaint version of
Zoom used for virtual visits and provider communication