I reviewed all 9 pages of your handwritten notes.
The topic is Community Health Nursing
(CHN), Public Health Nursing (PHN), Health Belief Model, Health Promotion Model, and
PRECEDE-PROCEED Framework.
STUDY GUIDE: COMMUNITY HEALTH
NURSING
1. COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
(CHN)
Definition
Community Health Nursing is a specialized field of nursing that focuses on:
• Health promotion
• Disease prevention
• Rehabilitation
• Community-centered care
It serves individuals, families, groups, and communities.
Example
A nurse visits a barangay to teach mothers about proper nutrition and immunization.
2. POPULATION
Definition
A population is a group of people.
Example
• All residents of Ormoc City
• All pregnant women in a barangay
• All senior citizens in a municipality
3. COMMUNITY
Definition
A community is not just a place.
It is:
• A group of people
• Living together
• Sharing common interests
• Working toward common goals
Example
A barangay where people work together to keep the environment clean.
4. PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING (PHN)
Definition
Public Health Nursing focuses on:
• Preventing disease
• Protecting health
• Promoting community well-being
WHO Definition
Public health combines:
• Science
• Social assistance
• Politics
to improve health conditions.
Example
Conducting vaccination campaigns in a community.
5. HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS OF
COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
Dr. Araceli Maglaya
Known as one of the pioneers of Community Health Nursing in the Philippines.
Contributions
• Focused on family-centered care
• Strengthened community-oriented nursing practice
Ruth B. Freeman (1977)
Defined nursing as:
A service rendered to individuals, families, and communities.
Key Idea
Nursing is not limited to hospitals.
WHO (1947)
Health is:
A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the
absence of disease.
American Nurses Association (ANA)
Health nursing is:
• Population-focused
• Community-centered
6. EVOLUTION OF TERMINOLOGY
1889 – "District Nursing"
Focus:
• Caring for sick individuals in communities
1920s
Term evolved into:
Public Health Nursing
Focus:
• Prevention
• Population health
Today
Community Health Nursing emphasizes:
• Population-focused care
• Health promotion
• Disease prevention
7. LEVELS OF CLIENTS IN CHN
Individual
One person
Example
A diabetic patient receiving health teaching.
Family
A group of related individuals.
Example
Teaching a family proper handwashing.
Community
A collection of families and groups.
Example
A barangay health education program.
8. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CHN AND
PHN
Community Health Nursing Public Health Nursing
Focuses on individual, family, and community Focuses on population
Includes all agencies Usually government agencies
Community-oriented Population-oriented
9. CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMUNITY
HEALTH NURSING
Population-Focused
Care is directed toward groups rather than a single person.
Example
Immunizing all children in a barangay.
Community-Oriented
Addresses community needs.
Example
Creating dengue prevention programs.
Preventive
Emphasizes prevention rather than cure.
Example
Health education on smoking cessation.
10. PHILOSOPHY OF COMMUNITY
HEALTH NURSING
The philosophy of CHN is based on:
• Human dignity
• Health as a basic right
• Community participation
• Prevention of disease
11. CORE BELIEFS OF CHN
Community Health
• Health belongs to everyone.
• Communities should participate in health decisions.
Example
Residents helping plan health projects.
12. CONCEPTS OF HEALTH
WHO Definition
Health includes:
1. Physical well-being
2. Mental well-being
3. Social well-being
Not merely absence of disease.
Health Continuum
Health changes continuously.
A person may move:
• From wellness to illness
• From illness to wellness
Example
A diabetic patient can improve health through lifestyle changes.
13. FOUR MAJOR CONCEPTS OF CHN
Person
The recipient of care.
Example
Patient, family, or community.
Environment
All internal and external influences.
Example
Housing, sanitation, culture.
Health
State of well-being.
Nursing
Actions aimed at improving health.
14. THE 12 PRINCIPLES OF
COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
1. Need-Based Care
Services should be based on community needs.
Example
Providing nutrition programs in malnourished communities.
2. Family as the Unit of Care
Family is the primary unit in CHN.
Example
Teaching all family members about disease prevention.
3. Cultural Respect
Respect customs, traditions, and beliefs.
Example
Considering religious beliefs when giving care.
4. Active Participation
People should participate in health decisions.
Example
Community meetings before launching projects.
5. Health Education
Education promotes self-care.
Example
Teaching proper breastfeeding.
6. Accurate Observation
Careful assessment is necessary.
Example
Conducting surveys and health assessments.
7. Community Diagnosis
Identify community problems.
Example
Finding a high prevalence of malnutrition.
8. Continuous Education
Nurses must continue learning.
Example
Attending seminars and training.
9. Collaborative Relationships
Work with:
• Government agencies
• NGOs
• Community leaders
Example
Partnering with DOH.
10. Qualified Supervision
Programs require effective supervision.
11. Record Keeping
Maintain accurate documentation.
12. Evaluation
Assess outcomes of interventions.
15. FEATURES OF COMMUNITY
HEALTH NURSING
1. Comprehensive care
2. Interprofessional collaboration
3. Health promotion
4. Uses aggregate measurements
5. Continuity of care
6. Focus on prevention
7. Family-centered
8. Population-based approach
16. MEDICAL MODEL VS COMMUNITY
HEALTH MODEL
Medical Model
Focus:
• Disease
• Treatment
• Cure
Example
Treating pneumonia in a hospital.
Community Health Model
Focus:
• Prevention
• Wellness
• Population health
Example
Vaccinating children to prevent pneumonia.
17. HEALTH BELIEF MODEL (HBM)
Developed by social psychologists.
Explains why people take or do not take health actions.
Components
1. Perceived Susceptibility
Belief that a person can get a disease.
Example
"I may develop hypertension."
2. Perceived Severity
Belief that disease is serious.
Example
"Stroke can cause paralysis."
3. Perceived Benefits
Belief that action will help.
Example
"Exercise reduces risk of heart disease."
4. Perceived Barriers
Obstacles to action.
Example
• Lack of money
• Transportation issues
5. Cues to Action
Triggers to act.
Example
• Doctor's advice
• Health campaigns
6. Self-Efficacy
Confidence in ability to act.
Example
Believing you can quit smoking.
APPLICATION OF HBM
Example: Tuberculosis
Patient believes:
• TB is serious
• Treatment works
• Taking medicine helps
Result:
• Better adherence to treatment
18. HEALTH PROMOTION MODEL
(HPM)
Developed by:
Nola J. Pender
Purpose
Focuses on:
• Wellness
• Healthy lifestyles
• Positive health outcomes
Main Idea
Health is not merely avoiding disease.
Health means achieving:
• Well-being
• Personal growth
Influencing Factors
1. Individual Characteristics
Example:
• Age
• Previous experiences
2. Behavioral Factors
Example:
• Exercise habits
• Diet
3. Interpersonal Influences
Example:
• Family support
• Peer influence
4. Situational Influences
Example:
• Environment
• Resources
19. HEALTHY PEOPLE FRAMEWORK
Introduced to promote healthier choices.
Key Idea:
Healthier options should be:
• Available
• Accessible
• Easy to choose
Example
Providing affordable healthy food options.
20. PRECEDE–PROCEED MODEL
A comprehensive planning model.
Used for:
• Community assessment
• Program planning
• Evaluation
PRECEDE
Means:
Diagnosis Phase
Assess:
• Social factors
• Epidemiological factors
• Behavioral factors
• Environmental factors
Example
Identifying why obesity rates are high.
PROCEED
Means:
Action Phase
Implement:
• Policies
• Programs
• Organizational changes
Example
Launching community fitness programs.
QUICK MEMORY TIPS FOR EXAMS
CHN
PPRR
• Promotion
• Prevention
• Rehabilitation
• Restoration
WHO Health Definition
PMS
• Physical
• Mental
• Social
HBM Components
SSBBCS
• Susceptibility
• Severity
• Benefits
• Barriers
• Cues to Action
• Self-Efficacy
PRECEDE-PROCEED
PRECEDE = Diagnose
PROCEED = Act
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