GENERAL GEOLOGY PNGE 201
ASSIGNMENT 3
Instructor: Dr. Gamze Ipek
Date: Jan/7/2021
Due Date: Jan/14/2021
Section A: Select the correct choice for questions from 1 to 33 (each question 2 point, Total 66
points)
1. Another term for parent rock is
a. starter.
b. primer.
c. protolith.
d. sediment.
2. 9. Which of these is regarded as a low-grade metamorphic rock?
a. migmatite
b. schist
c. slate
d. gneiss
3. Foliation forms as a result of
a. confining pressure.
b. lithostatic pressure.
c. differential stress.
d. contact metamorphism.
4. Metamorphic rocks are classified primarily on
a. texture—the presence or absence of foliation.
b. mineralogy—the presence or absence of quartz.
c. environment of deposition.
d. chemical composition.
5. Which is not a foliated metamorphic rock?
a. gneiss
b. schist
c. phyllite
d. hornfels
6. Limestone recrystallizes during metamorphism into
a. hornfels.
b. marble.
c. quartzite.
d. schist
7. Quartz sandstone is changed during metamorphism into
a. hornfels.
b. marble.
c. quartzite.
d. schist.
8. A foliated metamorphic rock, with very small crystals of mica
creating a crinkled, silky appearance, would be called
a. hornfels.
b. phyllite.
c. quartzite.
d. schist.
9. A foliated metamorphic rock, with clearly visible crystals of mica
creating a fish-scale appearance, would be called
a. hornfels.
b. phyllite.
c. quartzite.
d. schist.
10. A schist that developed in a high-pressure, low-temperature
environment likely formed
a. in the lower part of the continental crust.
b. in a subduction zone.
c. in a mid-oceanic ridge.
d. near a contact with a magma body.
11. The major difference between metamorphism and metasomatism is
a. the temperature at which each takes place.
b. the minerals involved.
c. the area or region involved.
d. metasomatism is metamorphism coupled with the introduction of
ions from an external source.
12. Hydrothermal metamorphism is especially important at
a. mid-oceanic ridges.
b. continental collision zones.
c. impact craters.
d. fault zones
13. Which is a method of correlation?
a. physical continuity
b. similarity of rock types
c. fossils
d. all of the preceding
14. Which is not a type of unconformity?
a. disconformity
b. angular unconformity
c. nonconformity
d. triconformity
15. A geologist could use the principle of inclusion to determine the
relative age of
a. fossils.
b. metamorphism.
c. shale layers.
d. xenoliths
16. A contact between parallel sedimentary rock layers that records
missing geologic time is
a. a disconformity.
b. an angular unconformity.
c. a nonconformity.
d. a sedimentary contact.
17. The total area drained by a stream and its tributaries is called the
a. hydrologic cycle.
b. tributary area.
c. divide.
d. drainage basin.
18. Stream erosion and deposition are controlled primarily by a river’s
a. velocity.
b. discharge.
c. gradient.
d. channel shape.
e. channel roughness.
19. Hydraulic action, solution, and abrasion are all examples of stream
a. erosion.
b. transportation.
c. deposition
20. The subsurface zone in which all rock openings are filled with water
is called the
a. saturated zone.
b. water table.
c. unsaturated zone.
d. aquiclude.
21. Porosity is
a. the percentage of a rock’s volume that is openings.
b. the capacity of a rock to transmit a fluid.
c. the ability of a sediment to retard water.
d. none of the preceding.
22. Permeability is
a. the percentage of a rock’s volume that is openings.
b. the capacity of a rock to transmit a fluid.
c. the ability of a sediment to retard water.
d. none of the preceding.
23. An aquifer is
a. a body of saturated rock or sediment through which water can
move easily.
b. a body of rock that retards the flow of groundwater.
c. a body of rock that is impermeable.
24. Which rock type would make the best aquifer?
a. shale
b. mudstone
c. sandstone
d. all of the preceding
25. Which of the following determines how quickly groundwater flows?
a. elevation
b. water pressure
c. permeability
d. all of the preceding
26. Groundwater flows
a. always downhill.
b. from areas of high hydraulic head to low hydraulic head.
c. from high elevation to low elevation.
d. from high permeability to low permeability.
27. The drop in the water table around a pumped well is the
a. drawdown.
b. hydraulic head.
c. porosity.
d. fluid potential.
28. Alpine glaciation
a. is a type of glacier.
b. exists where a large part of a continent is covered by glacial ice.
c. is found in mountainous regions.
d. is found only at high latitudes.
29. Continental glaciation
a. is found in mountainous regions.
b. only occurred during the last ice age.
c. is a glacier found in the subtropics of continents.
d. exists where a large part of a continent is covered by glacial ice.
30. The boundary between the zone of accumulation and the zone of
ablation of a glacier is called the
a. firn.
b. equilibrium line.
c. ablation zone.
d. moraine.
31. In a receding glacier,
a. ice flows from lower elevations to higher elevations.
b. the terminus moves upvalley.
c. the equilibrium line moves to a lower elevation.
d. all of the preceding
32. The defining characteristic of a desert is
a. shifting sand dunes.
b. high temperatures.
c. low rainfall.
d. all of the preceding.
e. none of the preceding.
33. Which is characteristic of deserts?
a. internal drainage
b. limited rainfall
c. flash floods
d. slow chemical weathering
e. all of the preceding
Section B: Please fill in the blanks (each question 1 point, Total 4 points)
1. PRINCIPLE OF UNIFORMITARIANISM is one of the fundamental principle and
assumes that present-day processes have operated throughout geologic time.
2. UNCONFORMITY is a surface of non-deposition and/orerosion (or both) that separates
younger strata from older ones. It represents a break in geologic record/time (time gap).
So, any interval of geologic time is not represented by strata is called Hiatus.
3. CONVERGENT plate boundaries (Pacific type continental margins) are destructive
margins, where plates move towards each other in subduction and in collision
processes.
4. When little or no plastic deformation took place before fracturing where deformed object
returns to its original position/shape when the stresses are released is called ELASTIC
DEFORMATION.
Section C: Please read and answer the questions below. (10 points each picture, Total 30
points)
1. How the rocks behave when stressed? Explain it based on the figure below.
Rocks behave as elastic, ductile, or brittle materials, depending on the amount and rate of
stress applied, the type of rock, and the temperature and pressure under which the rock is
strained.
If a deformed material recovers its original shape after the stress is reduced or removed, the
behavior is elastic . For develop a planar texture, or foliation, due to the alignment of minerals.
As shown in figure 15.4, material behaving in a ductile manner does not require much of an
increase in stress to continue to strain (relatively flat curve). Ductile behavior results in rocks
that are permanently deformed mainly by folding or bending of rock layers.
A rock exhibiting brittle behavior will fracture at stresses higher than its elastic limit, or once the
stresses are greater than the strength of the rock. Rocks typically exhibit brittle behavior at or
near Earth’s surface, where temperatures and pressure are low. Under these conditions, rocks
favor breaking rather than bending. Faults and joints are examples of structures that form by
brittle behavior of the crust.
A sedimentary rock exposed at Earth’s surface is brittle; it will fracture if you hit it with a
hammer. How then do sedimentary rocks, become bent (or deformed in a ductile way)? The
answer is that either stress increased very slowly or the rock was deformed under considerable
confining pressure (buried under more rock) and higher temperatures.
Note, however, that there are some fractures (faults) disrupting the bent layers. This tells us that
although the rock was ductile initially, the amount of stress increased or the rate of strain
increased and the rock fractured.
2. Discuss the difference between porosity and permeability.
Porosity, the percentage of rock or sediment that consists of voids or openings, is a
measurement of a rock’s ability to hold water/fluid. Most rocks can hold some water. Some
sedimentary rocks, such as sandstone, conglomerate, and many limestones, tend to have a
high porosity and therefore can hold a considerable amount of water. A deposit of loose sand
may have a porosity of 30% to 50%, but this may be reduced to 10% to 20% by compaction and
cementation as the sand lithifies. Although most rocks can hold some water, they vary a great
deal in their ability to allow water to pass through them. Permeability refers to the capacity of a
rock to transmit a fluid such as water or petroleum through pores and fractures. In other words,
permeability measures the relative ease of water flow and indicates the degree to which
openings in a rock interconnect.
The distinction between porosity and permeability is important. A rock that holds much
water/fluid is called porous; a rock that allows water/fluid to flow easily through it is described as
permeable. Most sandstones and conglomerates are both porous and permeable. An
impermeable rock is one that does not allow water to flow through it easily.
3. Name several geologic materials that make good aquifers. Define aquifer.
An aquifer is a body of saturated rock or sediment through which water can move easily.
Aquifers are both highly permeable and saturated with water. A well must be drilled into an
aquifer to reach an adequate supply of water. Good aquifers include sandstone, conglomerate,
well-jointed limestone, bodies of sand and gravel, and some fragmental or fractured volcanic
rocks such as columnar basalt.