GENERAL GEOLOGY PNGE 201
ASSIGNMENT 2
Instructor: Dr. Gamze Ipek
Date: Nov/21/2020
Due Date: Nov/29/2020
Section A: Select the correct choice for questions from 1 to 26 (each question 1 point, Total 26
points)
1. The major difference between intrusive igneous rocks and extrusive igneous rocks is
a. where they solidify.
b. chemical composition.
c. type of minerals.
d. all of the preceding.
2. Which is not an intrusive igneous rock?
a. gabbro
b. diorite
c. rhyolite
d. peridotite
3. Flux melting occurs when
a. water is added to the asthenosphere.
b. a mantle plume increases the temperature of the asthenosphere.
c. mantle material undergoes depression.
d. mantle material flows downward to greater depths and higher temperatures.
4. The continuous branch of Bowen’s reaction series contains the mineral
a. pyroxene.
b. plagioclase.
c. amphibole.
d. quartz.
5. The discontinuous branch of Bowen’s reaction series contains the mineral
a. pyroxene.
b. amphibole.
c. olivine.
d. All of the above
6. A change in magma composition due to melting of surrounding country rock is called
a. magma mixing.
b. assimilation.
c. differentiation.
d. partial melting.
7. By definition, stocks differ from batholiths in
a. shape.
b. size.
c. chemical composition.
d. age.
8. A discordant shallow intrusive structure is called a
a. stock.
b. dike.
c. sill.
d. laccolith.
9. The most common igneous rock of the continents is
a. basalt.
b. granite.
c. rhyolite.
d. peridotite.
10. Mafic magma is generated at divergent boundaries because of
a. water under pressure.
b. decompression melting.
c. magmatic underplating.
d. melting of the lithosphere.
11. The most common end product of the chemical weathering of feldspar is
a. clay minerals.
b. pyroxene.
c. amphibole.
d. calcite.
12. The most common end product of the chemical weathering of quartz is
a. clay minerals.
b. pyroxene.
c. amphibole.
d. calcite.
e. quartz does not usually weather chemically
13. Physical disintegration of rock into smaller pieces is called
a. chemical weathering.
b. transportation.
c. deposition.
d. mechanical weathering.
14. The decomposition of rock from exposure to water and atmospheric gases is called
a. chemical weathering.
b. transportation.
c. deposition.
d. mechanical weathering
15. Which is not a type of mechanical weathering?
a. frost wedging.
b. frost heaving.
c. pressure release.
d. Oxidation
16. The single most effective agent of chemical weathering at Earth’s surface is
a. carbonic acid H 2 CO 3
b. water H 2 O
c. carbon dioxide CO 2
d. hydrochloric acid HCl
17. The most common end product of the chemical weathering of feldspar is
a. clay minerals.
b. pyroxene.
c. amphibole.
d. calcite.
18. Rounding is
a. the rounding of a grain to a spherical shape.
b. the grinding away of sharp edges and corners of rock fragments during transportation.
c. a type of mineral.
d. none of the preceding.
19. Compaction and cementation are two common processes of
a. erosion.
b. transportation.
c. deposition.
d. lithification.
20. Which is not a chemical or organic sedimentary rock?
a. rock salt
b. sandstone
c. limestone
d. gypsum
21. The major difference between breccia and conglomerate is
a. size of grains.
b. rounding of the grains.
c. composition of grains.
d. all of the preceding.
22. Which is not a type of sandstone?
a. quartz sandstone
b. arkose
c. graywacke
d. travertine
23. Shale differs from mudstone in that
a. shale has larger grains.
b. shale is visibly layered and fissile; mudstone is massive and blocky.
c. shale has smaller grains.
d. there is no difference between shale and mudstone.
24. The chemical element found in dolomite not found in limestone is
a. Ca.
b. Mg.
c. C.
d. O.
e. Al.
25. In a graded bed, the particle size
a. decreases upward.
b. decreases downward.
c. increases in the direction of the current.
d. stays the same.
26. A body or rock of considerable thickness with characteristics that distinguish it from
adjacent rock units is called a/an
a. formation.
b. contact.
c. bedding plane.
d. outcrop
Section B: Please fill in the blanks (each question 1 point, Total 14 points)
1. Clastic sedimentary rocks are classified on the basis of _grain size__, composition__and
_shape__.
1. Outer rigid layer of the earth is called_Lithosphere (crust)_.
2. Fine grained texture in igneous rocks is called _aphanitic________.
3. Equal size distribution of grains/fragments in a rock is called _well_ _sorting__
4. Porosity__ is the amount of pore spaces in a rock.
5. Grains (rock fragments) more than 2 mm are called: gravel_.
6. The color of a mineral in its powdered form is called _streak__.
7. Processes that convert loose rock fragments into sedimentary rocks is termed
as_lithification_.
8. Discordant, planar intrusive body is called _dyke______.
9. The smallest sediment (grain) is called _clay______.
10. Clastic sedimentary rocks are evolved as a result of _mechanical__weathering.
11. _Cementation_____is the deposition of dissolved minerals in the pore spaces between
grains.
12. ___Porosity_______is the amount of pore space in a rock or in other words, it is how
much fluid a material can hold.
13. When rocks are buried, they are subjected to increasingly greater __Lithostatic_____
_pressure_____(equal all sided pressure) due to weight of the overlying rocks equally
applied in all directions. As a result of this, minerals may become more closely packed,
or minerals recrystallize to form smaller and denser minerals.
Section C: Please read and answer the questions
1. Indicate whether the following rocks are; (Totally 10 pts, 0,5 pt each)
Intrusive (I), Extrusive (E), Sedimentary (S) or None (N) (1 pt each)
2. Igneous rock classification chart is given below. Fill the 7 empty spaces with
appropriate names (Total 7 points)
3. Bowen reaction series chart is given. Fill the eight spaces with appropriate names. (Total
8 points)
4. Write the names of the rocks for the pictures shown below (Total 15 points,5 points for
each picture)
A) Quartz sandstone ( B ) Arkose ( C ) Graywacke
B) Write the names of the group of rocks for the pictures shown below (5 points each
picture, Total 10 points)
Shale
Limestone
Section D: Please write definitions/answers as an essay. (5 points each picture, Total 10
points)
1. Name the three most common sedimentary rocks.
There are three type of Sedimentary rocks
(1) Detrital Sedimentary rocks: They are formed from eroded mineral grains.
(2) Chemical Sedimentary rocks: They are formed from minerals precipitated from low-
temperature solution, and
(3) Organic Sedimentary Rocks: They are consolidation of the organic remains of plants.
2. What is the origin of coal?
Coal is a sedimentary rock that forms from the compaction of plant material that has not
completely decayed. Rapid plant growth and deposition in water with a low oxygen content are
needed, so shallow swamps or bogs in a temperate or tropical climate are likely environments of
deposition.
The plant fossils in coal beds include leaves, stems, tree trunks, and stumps with roots often
extending into the underlying shales, so apparently most coal formed right at the place where
the plants grew.
Coal usually develops from peat, a brown, lightweight, unconsolidated or semiconsolidated
deposit of plant remains that accumulate in wet bogs. Peat is transformed into coal largely by
compaction after it has been buried by sediments.