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Chapter 2

The document discusses kinematics, focusing on concepts such as speed, velocity, and acceleration, illustrated by Usain Bolt's Olympic sprint records. It explains the differences between distance and displacement, and introduces uniform and non-uniform acceleration, providing examples and calculations. Additionally, it covers how to analyze motion through displacement-time and velocity-time graphs.

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2 views17 pages

Chapter 2

The document discusses kinematics, focusing on concepts such as speed, velocity, and acceleration, illustrated by Usain Bolt's Olympic sprint records. It explains the differences between distance and displacement, and introduces uniform and non-uniform acceleration, providing examples and calculations. Additionally, it covers how to analyze motion through displacement-time and velocity-time graphs.

Uploaded by

MAXHYPER[火神]
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
2 Kinematics What You TT Tay Seca) Reese) reeset Bre motion graphically? In the August 2016 Rio Olympics, the winner of the men’s 100-metre final, Usain Bolt, clocked an amazing es time of 9.81 seconds as he crossed the finishing line! With this win, he became the first person in history to IS win the 100-metre race three times in three consecutive Olympics. His 100-metre timings for the August 2012 London Olympics and the August 2008 Beijing Olympics are 9.63 seconds and 9.69 seconds respectively. His best ever is 9.58 seconds during the 2009 World Athletics Championship in Berlin. What an amazing record! How can we analyse his speeds in the different races? Was he always ahead of his competitors throughout the race? 7 Chapter 2 © Newtonian Mechanics 2.1 What Are Speed, Velocity and Disciplinary Idea Matter and energy make ap the universe. Kinematics (study of motion) provides us with a ‘vocabulary for describing the motion of matter in the universe suchas the 100-m sprint on land or thesesccnal migration of| -humpback whales in the ‘oceans in search of feeding ‘and breeding grounds. Helpful Note Aunit of ime canbea. ‘second, minute a ‘hour. different objects or animals 18 Tes Learning Outcomes + State what Is meant by speed and velocity. + Calculate average speed using distance traveled /time taken. + State what is meant by uniform acceleration and calculate the value of acceleration using ‘change in velocity /time taken. + Interpret given examples of non-uniform acceleration. Speed |FUsain Bolt ware to race againsta cheetah ina 10¢-metre sprint, who would bethe winner (Figure 217) Figure 2.1 Whois the real king of speed? ‘To find out, we will need to compare their speeds. Spaed refers to how fast something moves. Speed 's the distance travelled per unit time. its SI unit s metre per second (m/s). = sistance traveled speed ~ sistance Based on Usain Eolt’s 100-metre fastest record time of 9.58 5, = sistance traveled - Speed ~ sistance 120m. — 10.4 m/s ‘Compare this with the cheetat's average running speed shown in Figure 2.2. snall lors Kinematics © Chapter 2 Average Speed ‘Table 2.1 shows the results for mens running events at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics. “Table 2.1 Results for mer's unning events atthe 2020 Tokyo Olympics 7 Jacobs Lamont Marcell Italy 100 Andre de Grasse Canada 200 102 Steven Gardiner Bahamas 400 912 Emmanuel KipkuruiKorir Kenya 800 781 ‘The speeds shown in Table 2.1 are average speeds. Average speed assumes that each athlete ran at the same speed throughout the entire distance. > Average speed - total distancetravelled total time taken Inreality, the athletes did not run at the same speed throughout their races. The speed at one instant may be different from the speed at another ‘Alert instant. The speed of an object ata particular instant is known as its Word: . instar us speed. Instant: point in time Worked Example 2A ‘Acar travels 6 kmin 5 minutes. (q) Calculate its average speed in mis. (b) the average speed of a car higher than the cheetal’s speed shown in Figure 22? Answer total detanco travelled (a) Average speed = atime taken 2109" 20m (b) No. The cars average spead of 90 mvs is ower than the cheetah’. average speed of 30 m/s. cone Ea SS oa 19 Chapter 2 © Newtonian Mechanics Link Recall from Chapter |: ‘Thereare twotypes of physical quanitios — scalars and vectors. Helpful Note Fer any object moving ina draght Ine, we can seigna direction froma reference point spaitve er example in| Fire 24, we an sig thedirecton to the right of Aas posive “The displacement of he roving object t Bis om, 20 Uniform Speed ‘When the change in the distance travelled by an object for every unit of time isthe ‘same, the object undergoes constant or uniform speed (Table 2.2) “able 2.2 Object moving with uniform speed (10 m/s) From Table 2.2, when the speed of the object is constant at 10 m/s, the distance travelled in each one-second interval is always 10 m (Figure 2.3). Figure 2.3 For an object witha uniform speed of 10 m/s theincrease inthe distance travelled in ‘each one-second intervals a constant value of 10m. Differences Between Distance and Displacement ‘We have learnt about the differences between distance and displacement. Can you reall them? Figure 2.4 shows the motion of an object from point A to point Band then to point C. We shall use It to illustrate the similarity and differences between distance ‘and displacement. Distance Displacement + The toial engin coverea bya + The alstance measured in a straight tne trom ‘moving object regardless ofthe a fixed reference point direction of motion Has both magnitude and direction Hasmagnitude only ‘SLunit: metre (rm) ‘STuntt: metre (m) Displacement ofthe object travelling from Distance travelled by teobject ‘A108, and tien C= 10m -2m=8m fom A to B, and then to. (trom Ato) =10m+2m=12m Refers to the shortest dstance and direction ‘fan object from the starting potnt Figure 2.4 Similarities and differences between distance and displacement Kinematics © Chapter 2 ~ Worked Example 2B Figure 2.5 shows a car that travels 5.0 km due east fiom point O and makes a U-turn to travel another 3.0 kim to reach the ending point E. Calculate: — 0mm. t ce eance covered and 4 ontagpcitt Oe itpmenca rad ‘Siarting point JJH————5.0 pnower (a) Distance covered = 5.0 km + 3.0 km=80 km Figure 2.5 (b) Taking the direction due east of point 0 as positive: Displacement = 5.0 km - 3.0km = 2.0km ‘The displacement of the caris 2.0 km due east of the starting point 0. Velocity We have leat in Chapter 1 that when determining the velocity of an object. we need to know the speed of the object and the direction in which itis travelling, When calculating velocity, we use displacement instead of distance, Helpful Note Velocity is the rate of change in displacement. Its Si unit is metre per_ ‘The “triangle” method second (mis). camp you to real {he relalionship between = Aisplacement_ velocity »; displacement d Velocity = tire taken andiime ‘To calculate the average velocity, we use the following formula: Average velocty =talaenacenent Worked Example 2¢ Figure 2. showss a car that travels 5.0 km due east and makes U-turn to travel another 7.0km. + 70kn ending point E startngpant ¢ Figure 26 Ifthe time taken forthe whole journey is 020 h, calculate the: (a) average speed; and (b) average velocity of the car. anne total dstonce travel _ (504.70) en (a) Average speed =e itimetiken 20h OV {Taking the direction due east of point 0 as posttve: {stsldgaiceneat fo" Po kn Average velocity = staleiplacetent — 60-208 — 10 km/h ‘The caris moving at an average velocity of 10 km/h westwards. Chapter 2 © Newtonian Mechanics Figure 27 Three scenarios in which ‘eceleration occurs Acceleration [An object accelerates when its velocity changes. Figure 27 shows that an object undergoes, ‘acceleration when: ++ Its speed or direction changes; or + when both its speed and direction change. Disciplinary Idea ovces hep sto andetand mation ‘Characterising ‘motion with position, ‘displacement, velocity and ‘cceleration provides the basis for formulating and “apprectating Newtoas laws, ‘of motion that provide the Link to forces. (©) Changeindirection Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity. > Acceleration =-changeotvelocty. ‘time taken, Accelortion isa vector quantity Its SI unit is metre per second per second (m/s? Uniform Acceleration ‘When the change (increase or decrease) in the velocity of an object for every unit of time is the same, the object undergoes constant or uniform acceleration (Table 23). Table 2.3 Object moving with uniform acceleration Ses 2 wen > oe wee ‘ oe arn we 2 From Table 2.3, when the velocity of the object is increasing by 20 m/s every second, the ‘acceleration is 20 m/s? Figure 28).The increase inthe distance travelled in each one second intervalis of a different magnitude. When the velocity of the object is decreasing by 20 m/s ‘every second, the acceleration is -20 m/s‘ or the deceleration is 20 m/s. The decrease in the distance travelled in each one-second interval sof a different magnitude. Figure 2.8 For an object withan acceleration of 20 m/s, the increase in the distance travelled in each ‘one-cecond interval is nota constant value. Kinematics © Chapter 2 > Uniform acceleration isa constant ate of change of velocity. ‘The following equation can be used to determine the uniform acceleration a ofan object: Helpful Note “Theddtasymbol. is > =a here Ay = change in velocty (m/s) Thedaiasymbl s ‘At ~time interval botween f, and ¢, (9) or ference inal velocity (rw) bor te nial velocity (m/s) ramp th ime at which an object is atfinal velocity v(s) Staton for ealelating Ime atwhich nbjectis atin aot yi) Herman (- Worked Example 2D, Acar at rest starts to travel in asstraight path. Itreaches a velocity of 12 m/sin 4s (Figure 29). Whatisits acceleration, assuming that itaccelerates uniformly? Figure 29 rn Je Sgn we crecton tthe nght as poste. Given: initial velocity y =0 m/s (since the car starts from rest) Satucoety 12m Metate eeas since seston suid tobe unorm, a= tt = BBM = h0ms She cdoatoh naomi (- Worked Example 2E ‘The velocity of a goif ball rolling in a straight line changes from 8 mvsto 2 mis in 10 (Figure 2.10). What isits deceleration, assuming that it is decelerating uniformly? ‘Thought Process When an object is slowing down, itis decelerating. Its final speed (7's lower than Figure 2.10 its initial speed (4). Hence, the acceleration of the object (a~ ¥=H) isa negative value. The deceleration of an object that is slowing déWwn is the positive value ofits acceleration, Answer \We assign the direction tothe right as postive. Given: initial velocity u=8 m/s final velocity: m/s, time taken Be ~ 10 Since its acceleration is assumed to be uniform, a= tgh= 28.015 9.60 me “The negative calculated value indicates that the balls slowing down (12. decelerating). The deceleration ofthe balls the positive value of ts acceleration when the ball is slowing down. The deceleration is 0.60 m/s*. 23 Chapter 2 4 Newtonian Mechanics Non-uniform Acceleration ‘An object undergoes non-uniform acceleration if the change in its velocity for every unit of ‘time is not the same (Table 24). ‘able 2.4 Object moving with norruniform acceleration Cees ° ° o 1 0 awn gases Note that the change in velocity is not the same for every second. The moving object Is undergoing non-uniform acceleration (Figure 2.11) + 24 Som Figure 211 For an object with anon-uriferm acceleration theincrease in the distance travelled in each ‘one-zecond interval increares ina varying manner. Let's Practise 2.1 1 At the start of a journey, the odometer (Le. a meter that tracks the total distance a car has travelled) showed an initial reading ‘of 50 780 km. At the end of the joumey, the odometer reading ‘was 50 924 km. The journey took two hours. What was the average speed of the journey i (a) km/h;and (ome? 2 "Velocity is speed in a specific direction” Is this statement true or false? Explain your ansviet. 3 (a) What s acceleration? (b) Given that the velocity of an object moving in a straight line changes uniformly from u to v in time t, write an expiession for the acceleration of the object. Kinematics © Chapter 2 2.2 How Do We Analyse SCT ey olal Cel yeg Learning Outcomes + Plot and interpret a displacement-time graph and a velocity-time graph. = Deduce the motion of a body from the shape of a displacement-time graph. + Deduce the motion of a body from the shape of a velocity-time graph. + Calculate the area under a veloctty-time graph to determine the displacement, for motion with uniform velocity or uniform acceleration. Displacement-Time Graphs ‘The displacement-time graph of an object gives us some information about the motion of the object. “paint” point Let uslook at the motion of a car asan example. In Figure 2.12, the car is travelling away from the Figure 2.12Motion ofa car starting point 0. It travels along astraight line in onedirection, ‘The displacement of the car is measured at every second. The displacement. and time are recorded, and a graph is plotted using the data. There are four ‘possible scenarios for the motion of the car. Figures 2.13 and 2.14 show the displacement-time graphs of the car at rest and travelling at a uniform velocity. ‘The gradient of a displacement-time graph of an object gives the velocity ofthe object. Carat rest Car travelling at a uniform velocity of 10 m/s Time/s o 102 3 4 5 ro o 1 2 3 4 5 Pee 2 2 20 20 20 200 Ey 0 10 20 30 4050 Dapacement/m + The graph has zero + The graph hasa gradient. constant gradient. + The displacement of + The displacement the cer isa constant ofthe car for every second. increases 10m every second. 2.13 Displacement-time graph ofa carat rest Figure 2.14 Displacement-time graph of 2 car taveling at uniform velocity of 10 m/s, 25 Chapter 2 © Newtonian Mechanics Figures 2.15and 2.16 show the displacement-time graphs of the car travelling at non-uniform. velocity. Car travelling with increasing velocity Car travelling with decreasing velocity (non-uniform velocity) {non-uniform velocity) PP tS PP aS Pomeeney 0 520 45 8) 150 045 80105120125 + The graph has an Increasing gradient. + The velocity of the ‘car increases. ‘The instantaneous velocity ofthe car at any time tis given by ‘the gradient of the tangent at the point. Tinels Figure 2.15 Displacement-time araph of acartravellina with i increasing velocity (non-uniform velocity) decreasing velocity (non-uniform velocity) Velocity-Time Graphs \elocity-time graphs can be used to show uniform and non-uniform acceleration of a car that is traveling along a straight line n one direction. Figures 2.17 and 2.18 show the velocity-time graphs of the car at rest and travelling at a uniform velocity. > The gradient of a velocity-time graph of an object gives the acceleration of the object. Carat rest Cartravelling ata uniform velocity of 10 m/s o 1 2 3 4 5 o 1 2 3 4 5 o 0 0 0 0 o 10 10 10 10 1 10 elec Fs = The velocity of the = The velocity of ‘arremains at 0 m/s the car remains so the carhas zero *) at 10 m/s s0 acceleration. q ‘the car has z2r0 accaleration. t ines Time/s Figure 217 Velocity-time graph ofa carat rest Velodty-time graph of a car traveling at a uniform 10s 26 Kinematics © Chapter 2 Figures 2.19 and 2.20 show the velocity-time graphs of the car travelling with uniform acceleration and deceleration. Car travelling with uniform acceleration + The velocity of the car increases by 10 m/s every second. + The graph has a positive and constant gradient, and the acceleration is constant. Figure 2.19 Velocity-time graph of a car traveling with uniform ccelaration Car travelling with uniform deceleration o 1 2 a 4 5 4 0 2% 10 0 + The velocity of the cardecreases by 10 m/s every second. + The graph has anegative and constant oradient, and the deceleration isconstant. Figure 2.20 Velcity-time graph of acar travelling with uniform deceleration Figures 2.21 and 2.22 show the velocity-time graphs of the car travelling with non-uniform acceleration. Car travelling with increasing acceleration (non-uniform acceleration) o 1 2 3 4 5 028 18 32 50 + The increase in velocity of the caris increasing with time. + The graph has a positive and Increasing gradient, and the acceleration Increases. Figure 2.21 Velocity-time graph ofa car travelling with increasing acceleration (non-aniform acceleration) Car travelling with decreasing acceleration (non-uniform acceleration) We 32 42 «4850 + The increase in velocity of the car is ol ob decreasing with time. 3 + The graph has a apositive and 2 1 so pet Hs decreasing gradient, and theacceleration decreases. Figure 2.22 Velecity-time graph of acar traveling with ‘deceasing acceleration (non-uniform acceleration) 27 Chapter 2 © Newtonian Mechanics Comparisons Between Displacement-Time and Velocity-Time Graphs Displacement-time graphs and velocity-time graphs look very similar, but they give different Information, We can differentiate the graphs by looking at the labels on the y-axes. Assume that a car starts from rest and accelerates uniformly in one direction to a constant ‘velocity. The car then slows down and comes to a stop at a red light. Figure 2.23 shows the isplacement-time and velocity-time graphs of the car and how they are related. Figure 223 Figure 223 Worked Example 2F and velocity-time Diaceent/ Figure 2.24 shows the displacement-time ‘raphs {graph of a car. Assume that the direction of the car moving away from origin ‘Ols postive, Describe the motion of the ‘carat each stage: (a) As (b) (9G (qd) DtoE; (@) EtoF. Kinematics © Chapter 2 Answer =m fame ‘A+ Displacement is 40 m from 0. + Velocity is zero. B+ Displacement is 66 m from 0. + Velocity is uniform. (eC = Displacement is 90 m from 0. + Velocity is zero. DIE + Car tavels in the opposite direction back towards 0. + Displacement decreases ata decreasing rate. + Velocity is iom-uniform and decreasing. {e) EOF + Displacement remains at 28 m from 0. + Velocity is zera. “The velocity-time graph of a car is shown in Figure 2.25. Describe the motion of the cat. Velocity /m/s 5S a as 30 as ag FCT’ Figure 225 0-53 - Velocity increases uniformly from 0 m/sto 15 m/s. + Acceleration isuniform at a =—02-2. = 30 mis? 5-105 + Velocity incteases from 15 m/s to 20 m/s ata decreasing rate. + Acceleration is non-uniform and decreasing. 10-155 + Velocity is uniform and is at amaximum. + Acceleration is zero, 15-205 + Velocity decreases uniformly from 20 m/s to 0 m/s. . sym 2 + Receleration is uniform at o = 0-205 4.0 m/s 20-25 + Both velocity and acceleration are zero.

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