grammar

Grammar: - is the key of a language.

.‫ کیلی ده د یوی ژبی‬- :‫ګرامر‬

Letter

1 definition: - symbol which has sound is called

letter.
‫هر سمبول چی اواز ولری حرف بلل کیګی‬
Every letters which represents a sound is called
letter.
Example: - ABC…...

Alphabet = ‫حروف‬

the collection of letters in each language is called

alphabets there are two kinds of alphabet in
English language.
 Capital letters = ‫غټ حروف‬
These letters also called uppercase letters.
(ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ)
Small letters = ‫کوچنی حروف‬

These letters called lowercase letters, the

pronunciation of the capital and small letters is
same. (abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz)

Vowel letters: (AEIOU) ‫غږ لرونکی‬

Semi vowel letters: (WY) ‫نیمه غږ لرونکی‬
Consonant letters: ‫بی غږه‬
They are 19 consonant letters in English language.
(BCDFGHJKLMNQRSTVXZ)
‫ دانی بی غږه توری لرو‬۱۹
Word = ‫لغات‬

Some letters which are used in order has mean

and pronounce is called word.
Example: - book, study, try …
‫ کوشش‬, ‫مطالعه‬, ‫ کتاب‬- :‫مثال‬
Sentence = ‫جمله‬

Some words which used in order and has logical

meaning is called sentence.
Example: - It is really useful book …
NOUN = ‫نوم‬

NOUN IS taken from old Greek Word (Noman)

which word means name.
‫( کوم چی‬Noman) ‫نوم اخیستل شوی له پخوانی یونانی لغات‬
.‫معنا یی ده نوم‬
noun is the name of person, place, thing, animals,
quality, quantity, title and idea.
‫ کچی‬,‫ کیفیت‬,‫ حیوان‬,‫ شی‬,‫ ځای‬,‫ له شخص‬,‫نوم عبارت دی‬
.‫او نظر‬, ‫موضوع‬,
1 person: - Ahmad, Tamim, Ali…………
....... ‫الی‬، ‫ تمیم‬، ‫ احمد‬- :‫شخص‬
2 places: - school, course, park …………
………‫پارک‬, ‫کورس‬, ‫ مکتب‬-:‫ځای‬
3 things: - pen, book, note book………...
……….‫کتابچه‬, ‫کتاب‬, ‫ قلم‬-:‫شی‬
4 animals: - dog, cat, cow………
……..‫غوا‬, ‫پیشو‬, ‫ سپی‬- :‫حیوانات‬
5 qualities: - lazy, smart, honest ……….
……… ‫ صادق‬,‫ چاالکه‬,‫ تمبل‬- :‫کیفیت‬
6 quantity: - more, less, kilo………….
………‫ کیلو‬,‫ کم‬,‫ زیات‬- :‫کچه‬
7 title: - teacher, doctor, student……….
……‫ شاګرد‬,‫ داکتر‬,‫ استاد‬- :‫موضوع‬
8 idea: - love, hat, beautiful ………...
………‫ شایسته‬,‫ نفرت‬,‫ مینه‬- :‫نظر‬
second definition of noun: - is a word or group of
words that names anything we see, we touch, we
feel, we eat, we drink and we smile is called noun.
See: - Tv, picture, video
Touch: - desk, phone, car
Eat: - bread, rice, cake……..
Drink: - water, tea, coffee……
Smile: - spray, perfume…….
Feel: - hot, could, warm……….

Third definition of noun: - noun is the name of all

creature of allah.

Roots of noun

noun is generally divided in to four parts

‫نوم عموما تقسیم شوی په څلور برخو‬
1. Types of noun
 2. Gender of noun
3. Case of noun
4. Number of nouns

Types of nouns ‫د نوم ډولونه‬

types of nouns are generally divided in to 8 parts.

‫د نوم ډولونه عموما په اتو برخو ویشل شوی دی‬
1. Proper noun
2. Common noun
3. Collective noun
4. Compound noun
5. Concrete noun
6. Material noun
7. Abstract noun
8. Possessive noun

Proper noun: - are those nouns which are used

to refer proper person, proper place, proper
things.
 ‫ هغه نوم ده کوم چی استفاده کیږی لپاره دی‬- :‫خاص نوم‬
‫خاص شخص خاص ځای او خاص شی‬

Note: - proper nouns are always written by

capital letters.
‫ د خاص نوم اول توری باید غټ وی‬- :‫نوت‬
Proper person: - Ahmad, Ali,
Zahra………
Proper place: - Kabul, Afghanistan, Paris………...
Proper things: - red pen, I phone …………

Common noun: - is used for common

person, common place, common things.
‫ استفاده کیږی لپاره دی عادی شخص عادی ځای‬-:‫عام نوم‬
.‫اوعادی شی‬
Common person: - boy, girl, man, woman………….
1. Common place: - park, city, school……...
2. Common things: - pen, phone, book…….
Collective noun: - is a noun which is singular and
plural in meaning.
‫ دا یو نوم ده کوم چی مفرد ده خو مثبت ده په معنا‬- :‫جمعی نوم‬
.‫کی‬
Example: - army, family…….

Note: - collective noun can take both plural and

singular verb but represent different meaning.
‫جمعی نوم کولی شی چی دواړه مثبت او منفی کمکی فعلونه واخلی‬
‫خو بیا مختلفه معنا ورکوی‬
When collective noun takes singular verb, it means
all of them
‫کله چی جمعی نوم مفرد کمکی فعل واخلی دا په دی معنا چی تول‬
Example: - Afghanistan cricket team is in
Afghanistan.

1. When collective noun takes plural verb, it means

some of, a part not all.
‫کله چی جمعی نوم واخلی مثبت کمکی فعل دا په دی معنا چی یوسه‬
‫نه ټول‬
Example: - my family are living her.
Example: - our national army are in Afghanistan.

Concrete noun :- are those noun which have

physical existence or shape.
‫هغه نوم ده کوم چی ښایی فزیکی و جود یا شکل‬
Example: - desk, table, pen…….

Material noun: - is a noun which refer substance

which is made on plastic or wood.
‫ماده یی نوم هغه نوم ده کوم چی مراجعه کوی ماده ته او کوم‬
‫چی جور شوی وی له پالستیک یا لرګی نه‬
4: - abstract noun :- are those noun which doesn’t
have physical existence .
‫دا هاغه نوم ده کوم چی نه لری فزیکی ماده‬
Example: - love, sad, happy…………...

4: - possessive noun: - are those nouns which

shows position or ownership by adding (‘s, s’)
 ‫د ملکیت نوم دا هاغه نوم ده کوم چی ښایی موقیعت او مالکیت‬
(‘s) is used for singular verb
‫دا استفاده کیګی د مفرد کمکی فعلونو لپاره‬
Example: - Ahmad’s car is red.
(s’) is used for plural verb.
‫دا استفاده کیګی لپاره دی مثبت کمکی فعلونو‬
Example: - teachers’ bags are in the classroom.

Gender of noun

Gander is taken from Arabic word (geeus)

which mean state or six.
Gender of noun divided in to four parts.
1: - masculine gender
2: - feminine gender
3: - common gender
4: - neuter gender
 Masculine gender of noun
‫مردانه جنس نوم‬

Masculine gender: - is a gender of noun that refer

for male being.
‫دا هغه نوم ده چی استفاده کیګی لپاره دی مردانه طبقی‬
Example: - Ahmad, Ali, ikram…….

Feminine gender
‫ښځینه جنس نوم‬

Feminine gender: - is a gender of noun that refer

for female being.
‫دا هاغه نوم ده چی استفاده کیګی د ښځینه طبقی لپاره‬
Example: - Zahra, shakila………….
 common gender
‫مردانه ښځینه جنس‬
common gender: - is a gender of a noun that refer
for both male and female being.
‫دا هغه نوم ده چی استفاده کیګی لپاره دی دواړو ښځینه او‬
‫مردانه طبقی لپاره‬
Example: - teacher, student, doctor………...

Neuter gender
‫خنثا جنس‬
Neuter gender: - is a gender of noun that refer
nether for male and female being.
‫دا هغه خنثا جنس نوم ده چی نه استفاده کیګی لپاره د ښځینه او‬
‫مردانه طبقی‬
Example: - book, desk, car………
Note: - those gender that refer to power and hard
shape and etc are using as a male gender.
‫هغه جنس چی قوی او سخت وی هغه دی مردانه طبقی کی شامل‬
‫دی‬
Example: - sun, allah, windy………
Example: - allah is one he can see everything.
Example: - sun is shining he will hide behind the
clouds.
Note: - those gender that refer to beauties, love,
weakness and etc that refer to female gender.
‫هغه جنسونه چی شایسته مینه کمزوری وی هغه د ښځینه طبقی‬
‫کی شامل دی‬
Example: - moon, sky, stare……….
Example: - the moon is looking good tonight and
she has a nice beauty
Causes of noun
‫د نوم علت‬
Cause of noun in English grammar divided in to five
(5) parts.
‫ برخو‬۵ ‫د نوم علت په انګلیسی ژبه کی تقسیم شوی ده په‬
• Subjective cause
• Objective cause
• Complement cause
• Possessive cause
 • Vocative cause
1. Vocative cause of noun: - in this cause noun
articulated or addressed by speaker
Note: - vocative cause is also called adressive
cause.
Example: - I saw your student in Mazar.
2. Subjective cause: - subjective cause is also call
direct cause or nominative cause in this cause
we use noun before verb to function as a
subjective of a sentence.
Example: - Ahmad is a boy.
3. Objective cause of noun: - is also call
accusative noun in this cause we use noun
after verb to function as an objective of the
sentence.
Example: - they write a letter.
Example: - Ikram sultan is going to call Fahim.
4: - Complement of preposition Couse: - in this
cause noun is proceeded by preposition to
complete in the sentences.
Example: - I called Ahmad for party.
Example: - Ikram cooking dinner for gusts.
Possessive cause of noun: - is use for two ways.
1. Possessive: - (s’,’s)
Example: - Ahmad’s car is red.
Possessive adjective+noun
[Link]
2. Your
3. Our
4. There
5. His
6. Her
7. Its
Example: - that is my car.
Example: - that is our neighbor.

Pronoun
Pronoun is composed of two words.
‫ضمیر تر کیب شوی له دوه لغاتونو‬
1. pro: - means previous ‫قدیمی‬
2. noun: - means name ‫نوم‬

so basically, pronoun means previous name.

‫ معنا قدیمی نوم‬pronoun ‫نو عموما‬
Example: - ikram has red car and he will buy
other one.

Pronoun is used instead of noun to prevent from

its repetition in the sentences.

Types of pronouns
‫دولونه دی ضمیر‬
1. subjective pronoun
2. objective pronoun
3. possessive pronoun
4. demonstrative pronoun
5. intensive pronoun
6. relative pronoun
7. interrogative pronoun
 8. reflexive pronoun
9. distributive pronoun
10. indefinite pronoun
11. reciprocal pronoun

subjective pronoun

subjective pronoun is used instead of subject

before the verb in the sentences.
Example: - ikram is a boy.
Example: - ikram is a student.
Example: - We are in the class
Subject: - is the dover of an action.

In English grammar pronoun refer for three (3)

people.
‫په انګلیسی ګرامر کی ضمیر د دریو کسانو لپاره استعمالیږی‬
First person: - I and we
‫اول نفر چی ته خپله یی‬
Second person: - you
‫دوهم نفر چاسره چی غګیګی‬
Third person: - they, he, she, it
‫دریم نفرد چا په اړه چی غګیګی‬

Object pronoun

Object pronoun is used instead of object me,

you, us, them, him, her, it.
Example: - I am writing a letter \ I am writing
it.
Example: - ikram called ali \ ikram called him.
Object: - is receiver of an action.
‫ اخیستونکی د یو عمل ده‬Object

We have two types object

1. direct object
2. indirect object
direct object: - which receiver the action
directly.
‫کوم چی اخلی یو عمل مستقیم‬
Example: - I called him.
Example: - Ahmad beats him.
• it can be the complement of sentences.
Indirect: - which receive the action.
Example: - ikram mat her in the park.

Possessive pronoun

It used before or after main verb to show

position or
Ownership.
‫استفاده کیګی مخکی له یو اصلی فعل چی وشایی موقیعت یا‬
‫ملکیت‬
Subjective pronoun: - I, he, she, it, we, you,
they. Objective pronoun: - me, him, her, it, us,
you, them.
Possessive pronoun: - mine, his, hers, its,
ours, yours, there.

Demonstrative pronoun

Demonstrative pronoun is used instead of

noun to point out some person, place, things.

We have 5 demonstrative pronouns

1. this
2. that
3. these
4. those
5. such
1: - this: - is used to point out singular near
things.
Example: - This is my car.
2: - That: - is used to point out singular far
things.
Example: - that is a fan.
3: - These: - is the plural from of this it used
for plural near things.
Example: - these are phones.
4: - Those : - is the plural from of that it
used for plural far things.
Example: - those are men.

Indefinite pronoun
Indefinite pronoun is used to point
indefinite person, indefinite place,
indefinite things.
Someone something
somewhere
Anyone anything any
where
No one nothing no
where
Example: - she met someone in the yard.
Example: - we got nothing here.
Example: - I met sultan somewhere.
Note: - somebody, anybody, and nobody is
in formal way of indefinite pronoun.
2 note: - those indefinite pronoun that used
with compound(some)are used in positive
and question atatment.
Example: - I saw someone else here.
3 notes: - those indefinite pronouns that
start with compound(any)are used in
negative and interrogative sentences.

Example: - do you want anything else.

Example: - they don’t want anything.
4 note: - when indefinite pronoun start with
compound (no)use in positive sentences but
given negative sentences.
Example: - they go nowhere in Kabul.
Example: - she doesn’t want nothing.

Distributive pronoun

Are those pronouns which replace nouns

individually.
Some distributive pronouns are each, every,
either, neither…….
Example: - ikram has two brothers each one
is handsome.
 Example: - ahmad has five car every of
them is black.
Note: - we used distributive pronoun
(each)for two not more than two things.
Example: - ikram has two phone each of
them made in Japan.
Note: - we used distributive pronoun
(every)for two or more than two things.
Example: - gaze has 3 son every is bigger
than me.

Reflexive pronoun

Reflexive pronoun: - are those pronouns that the

subject and object are the same person or things in
the sentences.
Reflexive pronoun are made in to parts
1: - possessive abject, objective pronoun
 2: - suffix of selves, self
Himself, herself, itself, myself, yourself,
yourselves,
yourselves, their selves.

Example: - he took himself to office.

Example: - we took ourselves photo.

Intensive pronoun

Intensive pronoun are those which are used

to bring emphasize noun ore pronoun.
Example: - he himself cook dinner.
note: - intensive pronoun is also called
inpetive pronoun.
2 note: - when myself, herself, itself…….. used
after main verb they function as reflexive
pronoun.

Example: - I hurt myself.

Example: - she called herself.
3 note: - when himself, herself, itself……. Is
used before verb function as intensive
pronoun.
Example: - they themselves play cricket.
Example: - we ourselves teaching English.

Interrogative pronoun
Are those which are used to interrogative or
ask about noun.
Note: - what, who, where, which, when,
whom …….
Example: - who is Basant?
Example: - what do you want?
Example: - where you will go?

Relative pronoun
1. definition: - Are those which are used to
combine noun and pronoun with defended
clause.
2. Are those pronouns which are used to
combine defended clause with indifended.

What, how, who, that, where

Example: - I help someone who help me.

Relative pronoun is divided in two parts.

1. Simple relative pronoun
2. Compound relative pronoun
1. Simple relative pronoun: - are those
pronouns which composed of one single
word.
How, who, where, what, when
 2. Compound relative pronoun: - are those
pronouns which composed of one simple
relative pronoun and one word(ever).
For example: - whatever, whoever, whenever.
Example: - who should I met?
Whoever you want.

Reciprocal pronoun
Is a pronoun which are used when two or more
than two people preform an action.
=) they are used to show mutual action.
Example: - talk with each other.
Example: - ikram and ahmad are playing cricket
together.

Adjective
Adjective is a word ore group of words which are
used to describe quality, color, size, age, region.
Quality: - good, bad, awful…….
Size: - small, little, big……..
Color: - white, black, green……
Region: - Afghan, Iranian, Pakistani…..
Adjective: - is a word ore group of words that
modify noun or pronoun.
Example: - ikram is tall.

Roots of noun
Adjective is divided in to three parts.
1: - types of adjectives
2: - cause of adjective
3: - degree of adjective

1: - types of adjectives: - is divided in to ten

parts.
1. Proper adjective
2. Descriptive adjective
3. Possessive adjective
4. Distributive adjective
5. Demonstrative adjective
 6. Adjective of quality
7. Exclamatory adjective
8. Foxing adjective
9. Number of adjectives
Interrogative adjective

1: - proper adjective

are those adjectives which are farmed proper

noun proper adjective.
Afghanistan Afghan
Pakistan Pakistani

Note: - the first letter of proper adjective should

be capital.
Descriptive adjective

are those adjectives that describe noun or

pronoun both positively or
negatively.
 Descriptive adjective is generally divided into
two parts.
1. Positive descriptive adjective
2. Negative descriptive adjective
1 positive descriptive adjective: - are those
adjectives which modify noun or pronoun
positively.
Example: - good, fast, well, beautiful….
Example: - ikram is fast.
Example: - they ran fast.
Example: - we are good students.
Negative descriptive adjective: - are those
adjectives which modify noun or pronoun
negatively.
Example: - bad, ugly, slow, lazy……
Example: - ali is bad boy.
Example: - they play cricket very bad.
Possessive adjective
are those adjectives which followed by noun or
pronoun to show position or ownership.
Possessive adjective are 7: -
My, our, his, hers, yours, there, its
Example: - my brother is a student.
Example: - he is our teacher.
Distributive adjective

are those adjectives which are used to modify

noun or pronoun individually.
Distributive adjective are (each, every,
Example: - Arabic is interesting language than
another language.
Demonstrative adjective: -is taken from old Latin
word(demonstare) which means to point.
Demonstrative adjective: - are those adjectives
which are used to point or show some person place
things.
Demonstrative pronoun
this, that, these, those, such
Example: - this car mine.
Example: - that house is ours.
Adjective of quality: - are those adjectives which
are used to show the quantity of either countable
and noncountable noun.
For example: - few, a few, much, many, little, a
little
Example: - they have much money.
Example: - they want a few bananas.
Note: - few and a few are used for countable nouns
and little a little are used for uncountable nouns.
Example: - she has few books.
Example: - they want a few bananas.
Example: - they want little sugar.
Foxing adjective: - are those types of adjectives
which are used to emphasize noun or pronoun.
Foxing adjective are, very, own
Example: - ahmad is my own brother.
Example: - knowledge is very important.
Example: - this car is my own.
Explementary adjective

are those adjectives which are used to show

sudden emotion and surprise about noun or
pronoun.
Explementary adjective: - what, such, how
Example: - what a car.
Example: - Such a nice day
Example: - how a beautiful day.
Adjective of number

are those adjectives which are used to order or

commend noun and pronoun.
Adjective of number generally divided in to two
parts.
1. Ordinal 2. Coordinal
1= Ordinal adjective of number: - are those
adjectives which are used to order on a noun.
Example: - first, second, third………
Example: - who has first number.
Example: - I got third position.
Example: - they got tenth position.
2= coordinal adjective of number: - are those
adjectives which are used to count noun or
pronoun.
Example: - one, two, three, four……
Example: - I want five apples.
Interrogative adjective: - are those adjectives
which are used to ask about noun or pronoun.
Example: - what color do you like.
‫ راغی نو جمله سوالیه‬noun ‫ نه‬wh question ‫که ورسته له‬
.‫ده‬
Cause of adjective
In English grammar we have four cause of
adjective.
1. Attributive cause of adjective
2. Predicative cause of adjective
3. Abridging cause of adjective
4. Post positive cause of adjective
Attributive cause of adjective

Are those cause of adjective which are used before

noun.
Example: - I saw an old man.
Example: - old man was standing in front of the
house.

Predicative cause of adjective

Is a cause of adjective which are used after

linking verb.
 .‫ نه اخلی‬Ing ‫هغه دی چی‬Linking verb
Example: - ahmad is lazy boy.

abridging cause of adjective

is a cause of adjective which are used between

linking verb and noun.
Example: - ikram is intelligent student.
Example: - ikram is handsome boy.

Post positive causes of adjective

Are those cause of adjective which are used after

indefinite pronoun.
Example: - I saw someone ugly.
Example: - ikram fight with someone tall.

Degree of adjective
We have generally three types degree of adjective.
[Link] degree of adjective.
2. comparative cause of adjective.
3. superlative cause of adjective
1. positive degree of adjective

is a degree of adjective which doesn’t have any

comparison or doesn’t take suffix and prefix.
Example: - ali is lazy.

[Link] degree of adjective

Is degree of adjective which compered one thing to

another thing one person to another person one
place to another place.
Example: - public students more intelligent than
special speaking.
 [Link] degree of adjective

is a degree of adjective which compered one thing

with a group of things one person with a group of
persons one place with a group of places.
Example: - ikram is most beautiful student in the
class.
Example: - ali is the tallest person in the class.

Tenses

Tense is derived from a Latin word “Tempus”,

which means time .so we must say that the
modification of an action is called tense.
Present tense is divided into four kinds

1: simple present tense

2: present continues tense
3: present perfect tense
4: present perfect continues tense

Past tense is also divided into four kinds

1: Simple past tense
2: past continues tense
3: past perfect tense
4: past perfect continues tense

Future tense is also divided into four kinds

1: simple future tense
2: future continues tense
3: future perfect tense
4: future perfect continues tense

simple present tense

We can say habitual, regular, daily and fact actions

in simple present tense.
Example: - Bilal smokes segregate.(Habitual action)

✔I go to Kabul every year. (Regular action)

🤳 ikram washes his face every day. (Daily action)

Present progressive tens

is used to show duration of an action which is in

progressive at the moment of speaking.
Structure: -subject+ to be verb (is, am, are) v Ing
+complete
Example: - ahmad is going to school.
Example: - they are speaking English.
1 usage: - is used to show gradual change in
particular situation.
Example: - ikram is getting old day by day.
Example: - the population of Afghanistan
increasing year by year.
2 usage: - it show adding time expression.
Example: - I am going to school next day.
3 usage: - is going to show short temporary action.
Example: - I am walking in the park.
4 usage: - with just, already, still, right now show
emphatical.
Example: - ahmad is still watching tv.
Example: - they are going to picnic right now.
5 usage: - is used to show physical felling.
Example: - how are you doing.

Present prefect progressive tense

is used to show duration of an action which was in

progress in the past comes to present may or may
not go to past.
Structure: -
Singular: - subject +has + been +v Ing + complaint.
Plural: - subject+ have+ been+ v Ing+ complaint.
Example: - I have been teaching English since 2015.
Since: - is used for long distance.
1 usage: - is used to show duration of short
temporary action.
Example: - I have been driving the car.
2 usage: - with phrase how long is used to ask
about from past to present.
Example: - how long have you been living in Kabul.
Answer: - I have been living in Kabul in Kabul since
2022.

Simple past tense

Is used to show an action which started and ended

in a specific time in the past.
Structure: - subject+ was/were+ complaint.
Example: - I was a boy.
Example: - they were policeman.
2 structure: -subject+ v2+ complaint.
Example: - I met my friend.
Example: - she cooked the dinner.
1 usage: - is used to show past habit which not
exist by using used to.
Example: - I used to smoke cigarette.
Example: - I used to wake up at seven o’clock.
2 usage: - is used to show past being or state.
Example: - I was sick.
Example: - ikram was student.
3 usage: - is used to show past position or
ownership.
Example: - I had a book.
4 usage: - is used to show past performance of an
action.
Example: - they did their work.
5 usage: - is used to show an action which
happened before another action.
Note: - by using when.
Example: - Ikram taught the class when I came to
class.
Example: - when she called me, I was in the class.
6 usage: - is used to show conditional clause.
(if+ simple past) give present meaning
Example: - if I were you, I would earn a lot of
money.
7 usage: - in wish clause simple past give present
meaning.
Example: - I wish I became a doctor.

Past progressive tense

is used to show duration which was progressive at

some specific time in the past.
Structure: - subject+ was/were+ v Ing+ complete.
Example: - I was washing car last day.
Example: - they were coming to Kabul yesterday.
1 usage: - is used to show duration of an action
that one action before another action.
We can use when and while.
Example: - I was watching tv while she coming to
class.
.‫ استفاده کیګی‬while ‫ کی وی نو بیا‬Ing ‫کله چی دواړه جملی‬
‫ کی‬verb2 ‫ کی وی او دوهمه جمله‬Ing ‫او کله چی اوله جمله‬
.‫ استفاده کیګی‬when ‫وی نو بیا‬
2 usage: - is used to show regular action or habitual
action which is no longer exist in the present we
used from adverb of frequency.
Example: - I am usually watching tv.
Example: - she was always coming to course.
Example: - sometime ikram was cooking dinner.
3 usage: - in wish sentences past progressive tense
show unreal desire.
Example: - I wish I were teaching English.
4 usage: - show an action which was in progress in
past but not complete in the past.
Example: - ikram was writing a book.

Past prefect tense

is used to show an action which was complete

before another action.
Structure: - subject+ had+ v3+ complete.
Example: - I had cooked the lunch before I ate it.
Example: - she finished her exam before new year.
1 usage: - is used to show general sentences
complete of an action.
Example: - I had finished my school.
2 usage: - is used to show an activity intended,
planed, thought, planed to perform but didn’t
happen.
Example: - I had intended to go to Mazar but it
rained
Simple future tense
Is used to show an action which will happen in the
future.
1 structure: - subject+ will/shall+ verb + complete.
Example: - I will go to Mazar.
2 structure: - subject+ to be verb+ going to+ verb+
complete.
Example: - I am going to go to Mazar.
1 usage: - can be express by simple present tense.
Example: - if you study hard, you will get the first
position.
Example: - if she cooks the dinner they will come to
party.
2 usage: - can be express by present progressive
tense by adding time expression (next day, next
week, next year……)
Example: - she is driving the car next week.

Future progressive tense

it shows duration of an action which will be in
progressive for some time in the future.
Structure: - subject+ shall/will+ be going+ verb Ing+
complete.
Example: - I will be writing a book next month.
Example: - she will be coming to Kabul next day.
Example: - ahmad is going to ikram next day.
1 usage: - is used to express future plans or
expectation.
Example: - I will be meeting the manager on Friday.
Example: - the airplane will be landing at 7 am.
2 usage: - is used to show past probability.
Example: - don’t speak aloud maybe ikram will be
sleeping at home.
Example: - speak slowly maybe student will be
studying English.

Future prefect tense

Is used to show an action which will happen before
another action in the future.
Structure: - subject+ shall/will /be going to + have+
verb3+ complete.
Example: - I will have gone to Mazar before they
invite me.
Example: - they will have been to Mazar before
they came to Kabul.
1 usage: - is used to show an action which will
happen before a specific time in the future.
Example: - she will have finished her school before
2015.
Example: - they will have met ikram before 12: 00.

Future prefect progressive

tense
is used to show duration of an action which will
happen before a specific time or action.
Structure: - subject+ shall/will/be going to+ have
+been +v Ing + complete.
Example: - I will have been writing a letter before
they call me.

Part of speech

Is taken from two words part means partition, or

part, or section and speech mean talk articulation
conversation.
Basically, parts of speech mean partition of
particulation
Part of speech: - the real indicator of a word is
called part of speech.
2 definition: - the combination of grammatical
words that represent a complete sense or meaning
is called part of speech.
We have eight (8) kinds part of speech.
 1. Noun
2. Pronoun
3. Adjective
4. Adverb
5. Conjunction
6. Interjection
7. Preposition
8. Verb
Part of speech system articully divided in to two
parts.
1. Open system 2. Close system
Open system: - is a system that can take suffix and
prefix.
Noun adjective adverb verb
Manager beautiful simple go
Ex manager more beautiful simply goes
Close system: - is a system which doesn’t take
suffix and prefix.
Pronoun (He, she, it …….)
Conjunction (but, so, because……)
Interjection (wow, hmm, um……)
Preposition (in, on, in front of, behind……)
 Language

It is a method through which we communicate

each other and we can also say that the language is
a mean of understanding. Language: the
collection of words, sentences and stories to
communicate.

Word
Some letters which are used in order has mean and
pronounce is called word.
Example: - book, study, try ….
‫‪Start‬‬ ‫سټارټ‬ ‫شروع‬
‫کول‬
‫‪Game‬‬ ‫ګیم‬ ‫ګیم‬
‫‪Last‬‬ ‫السټ‬ ‫اخیری‬
‫‪Doll‬‬ ‫ډال‬ ‫نانزهکه‬
‫‪Name‬‬ ‫نیم‬ ‫نوم‬
‫‪Fast‬‬ ‫فسټ‬ ‫تیز‬
‫‪Easy‬‬ ‫ایزی‬ ‫اسان‬
‫‪Finish‬‬ ‫فینیش‬ ‫ختمول‬
‫‪Write‬‬ ‫رایټ‬ ‫لیکل‬
‫‪Cook‬‬ ‫کوک‬
‫‪Play‬‬ ‫پلی‬
‫‪Read‬‬ ‫ریډ‬
‫‪Love‬‬ ‫لف‬
‫‪Sad‬‬ ‫سډ‬
‫‪Eye‬‬ ‫ایی‬
‫‪Ear‬‬ ‫ایر‬
‫‪Because‬‬ ‫بیکاس‬
‫‪Blanket‬‬ ‫بلنکیټ‬
‫‪Pillow‬‬ ‫پیلو‬
‫‪End‬‬ ‫اینډ‬
And ‫انډ‬
So ‫سو‬
Why ‫وای‬
What ‫واټ‬
When ‫وین‬