Microwave Res Onators , INTRODUCTION tors are tunable ciro,,; ve resonal AECUItS Used ne vemeters and filters, At the tuned i a Microw, i ge energies Stored in the electric field Ney 7 vera in the induct 01 5 ‘ates Where "Geld (or in the inductor), W., are equal an Ie Capacitor a ; veal The total energy js therefore tyj the circuit im ain the resonator. The Parameters whic} de st yor are 2, Quality factor Q which is a defined by _ 2m x maxi lum energy stored _ energy dissipated per cic =f,/3 dB bandwidth 3. Input impedance of the resonator Specifying the matching with the inpuy output circuits values of Q up to about 10, m such transmission sections. At higher frequencies transmission line resonantors do not give very high Q ‘0 skin effect and radiation loss in braided cables. Therefore, most of the Aictowave Tesonators are constructed with rectangular or circular metallic cavi- es, Which leer: have a natural resonant frequency and behaves like a LCR si ie © and magnetic energies stored in the volume of the cavity gi “quival ent C and L, while the walls, having a finite conductivity, give rise toRRS >» | the equivalent resistance R des for power joss which Prot width is inversely proportional to the Q factor _ The following sections Meacribe the analysis of microw, on performances and applications: We my yy, 7.2 COAXIAL RESONATORS ‘ There are three basic configurations of coaxial resonant cq coaxial cavi 3) halfwave coaxial cavity; and (3) coaxiat ae! ; ing capacitance as shown in Fig. 7.1 along with their equiva! wit ‘aley . () alent circuits: (a) quartenvare Fig. 7-2 Coaxial cavities and equive cavity (b) halfwave cavity © capacitive end cavity (ad) resonance condition ++* ae od to determine the resonant length of these cavities js bast tance of the oscillatory system becomes Zero at a ie., B, + By = 0, where, B, and B, are the susceptances of the tions transmission lines looking towards left and right, respectively, from a reference plane on the line. By taking the reference plane at right-hand of these cavities, with reference to Fig. 7.1 (d), the resonant t length /i8° as follows. The general meth on that the total suscep i ideyarterwave Coa yt resonant condition, xial Cavity a qytan Bl= infinite or 26x avi is essentially equivateny wn ~ 10 Para palfwave Coaxial lel 13, resonant condition Cavity oe por jqytan BI=O or, I= (2y isis equivalent to series reso ~)ar capacitive End Co 12 esonant condition ial Cavity Po 1 ag qoaneti2.3s-. :Zoisthe characterise nee itance betwe Impedance cisthe gap capaci etween the centre of the coaxial li (fof Fig. 7-1(€). The dimensions «and Fodor andthe —— poses are rest yy the generation of the next hi Coaxial cavities in TEM oh ae f the aoe since the diameters 0 1 coaxial cavities is vit, Q varies with b/a and attains a iuninanf aie ec Loppers ave radiation from the open end of the quarterwave danhpeeerat coaxial resonators are preferred over quarterw: e Pace ‘rave resonant waverneters. ee The coaxial cavity can be tuned either by changi sti ee ging the capaciti means of a capacitive ridge at a fixed length Lor ie changing cnet ee variable shorting plunger at a fixed value of gap length d. 7.3 WAVEGUIDE CAVITY RESONATORS of a section of a med by shorting two ends Z HI y ois ae e iY oe 8 tan =-l/jo,c 7) Bl=-ljo,C or, = Zem( 1 } a3) Waveguide cavity resonators are for ; ide cavity Fig. 7.2 waveguia “cular cavity262) Microwave Engineering ‘ waveguide as shown in Fig. 7.2. The field components inside the cay, computed from the wave equations which satisfy the bound ¥ cond zero tangential E field at all conducting walls. Within the cavity, vation nd TMyy, modes exits, Very high Q-factors and accompanying nt i can ined wit tors. External circuits are ¢u"* widths can be obtained with these resonators. : coup, cavity through transmission line probes or loops (OF aper nie cay can be very large at resonance compared to the input value because te energy oscillates between the electric and magnetic fields. 7.3.1 Rectangular Cavity i Because of the metallic surfaces at the boundaries, the field distributions standing wave patterns in all the three directions. The following types of field components can exist in a rectangular avi TEmnp Mode Field H, = Ho cos (mmx/a) cos(nz-y/b) sin (prz/d); 0% - 18H, 7 Aydz =—Hok? (paid)(n/b) cos (mmx/a) sin (nzylb) cos (pxvay a5 10H, Uae aro: =~ Hike (pmidnnib) sin (max/a) cos (ny/b) cos (pra) ¢) i ae a @uUHy dH, =I ae = -j 2HHo (=) sin (=) cos (2) sin (2) an ke E, = ~j HH Hz i= = eas . 11 (Eon MEE tn "2 in (242) (19) a qibere, ot = 0, 1, 2,3, wi wm 0, 1412, 3, sus and p m 1, 2, 3, 4, am tlt simultaneously # 0, Here, k, is the cut-off wave number given by ke = (mala)? + (nib)? TMnnp Mode Fleid E,= Ey sin(mmx/a) sin (ny/b) cos pre/d) b,x fn2 Hy Kk? dydz 7.0 a2522) F ae eo nC) cn e -Ep m8) EF) (= _ (ny). (pe (FT aok a) m4 in( PE) 1.13) —jme be Fe We ke ox _ joe Eo (| gi max 1 z . ime (Msn BEY {PEE ay a in| —— Jost 8a 7.14) _ ime ke OF Bee Bartle jobs (™2).i (2) (2 ( eels sin cos| —— dha Mb a ral eaea (7.15) senate decie des and p=0, 1,2, im#0"70 tere, kis given by the same Eq. 7.10. OF TMyyyp MOA, the resonant frequency is given by For either TE nmp f= ae + (nib) + (pld)* He (7.16) © 2 {pe The dominant mode of such a resonator depends on the dimensions of the avity. For Ny 7 (mla)? + (n/b)? 45,5 ’ t ae (nib) + (plat fl and given as follows: Modes TE\, — TEg, iT TM 19 T™y,) Ty" Frequency 4.80 671 7.08 oy (GHz) 7.69 i K 7.3.2 Circular Cavity ™~ Electromagnetic field analysis shows that due to @-symmetric g lar cylindrical cavity, field solutions possess harmonic solution ing waves in the radial and z-directions. The field components inside ye" described in terms of Ey and TM, Modes as follows; Cag Mode Field H, = Ho Jp, (X nm pla) cos n sin (px z/d) 2 4 Hy=- n(22)(2)(2-} Jn (Xam Pla) Sit. $005 pri y= 1 2( 2] J, (hm la) cos np cos(przid) 4 Xhm TE nnp E,=0 a Eg = JH OU (aly) Jn nm Pla) cos n sin (pr Yd) a E,, = iH OM (nh) (AX yp)” Jy mmla) Sin ng sin (praia) Oi where, n =0, I, 2,... is the number of periodicity in 9, m= 1, 2, 3... is thems of zeros of the field in p directions and p = 1, 2, 3,... is the number of hilt in the z direction. Here, ky =’ y,/a and x’, is the mth root of equation Lilie O such that x’,; = 1.841, x’y, = 3.054, x’g, = 3.832, x/12 = 5.331, et Mode Field TMamp 5 E,, = Eo Jy, (Xpm Pla) cos ng cos (px vd) ‘ E, qd . i ) e Bee (11 p\.al Xp)? Jy (Xm pla) sin ng sin ng sin (p24 a?P Microwave Resonetors _ q — PB alam) J (nm P/A) £08 n6 sin (pw id bod (7.28) ‘ fr 1.2 ge alten) J rmP¥A) £08 16 co (psd) 7.26) bn Ey (alm) Jn CmnP!@) sit nd cos (pred) an yt 0 Dy oe nee SMP = 0.1.2, and ky = rea. = M420 Gq) = 0,80 that %oy = 2.405, x1, = 3.839 pe tev fom we ‘ othe resonant frequencies for these eae eae = 5.520, on a 1 Vie, a sno TE awl = Fe [uey Vm 1) + (Paid) H, (7.28) 1 ViGig,/a)?+ (para) TMamybs = Yn Icuey (mm/ay” + (paldy?} ; 4, (7.29) 1 and Xym APE ‘mth roots of the equation Ji () = 0 and J,(x) = ay The dominant mode in circular cavity will depend on popes asf ons of the cavity. The smallest root out of xo, and x/, generates the dominant si ode. ; eG LATMoy) _ or ‘Wecan write, FTE\y) J. +(ealdyy (7.30) ford < 2a, F <1, the TMgio mode is dominant. For d > 2a, F > 1, the TE,,, ade is dominant. Another mode TEo,, is important for its high Q. The field cuafiguration for these modes are shown in Fig. 7.4. 2 2 Xnm He KB +k = (=) +(2) = 0, Jue =aJc 731) Equations 7.28 and 7.29 show that 7M and TE modes of the same order n, m, phave identical frequencies but have different field patterns. Such modes are known as degenerate modes. Equations 7.28 and 7.29 can also be written as 2 eb pic ¥ apy? =|| 22 (3) -+| 5 732) I me d ME Were x, = Xam fOr TMyyy, MOde aNd Faq = X'yu OF TEgyp MOde. The above = is used to draw a straight line mode chart as shown in Fig. 7.5 which is ig, in cavity design. It shows the range of frequencies and the ratio of ene meneth, in which only a single mode can be resonated if there is no y. awn rem. = TMo10 PE y ie ‘Fig. 7.4 Circular cavity field configurations (left-hand side is the cross-section through PP’)