UNDERSTANDING DATA

o DATA AND ITS PURPOSE

o COLLECTION AND ORGANIZATION
o DATA PROCESSING
o STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES
 UNDERSTANDING DATA
• DATA IS A COLLECTION OF CHARACTERS, NUMBERS, AND
OTHER SYMBOLS THAT REPRESENTS VALUES OF SOME
SITUATIONS OR VARIABLES.
• DATA REFER TO UNORGANIZED FACTS THAT CAN BE
PROCESSED TO GENERATE MEANINGFUL RESULT OR
INFORMATION.

• IMPORTANCE OF DATA:
❖ FOR PROBLEM-SOLVING
❖ FOR GREATER UNDERSTANDING
❖ FOR IMPROVING PROCESSES
❖ FOR UNDERSTANDING BEHAVIOR
❖ RISK MANAGEMENT
 TYPES OF DATA

❖STRUCTURED DATA
❖DATA WHICH IS ORGANIZED AND CAN BE RECORDED
IN A WELL DEFINED FORMAT IS CALLED STRUCTURED
DATA.
❖EXAMPLE- DATA IN TABULAR FORM.

❖UNSTRUCTURED DATA
❖DATA WHICH ARE NOT IN THE TRADITIONAL ROW AND
COLUMN STRUCTURE IS CALLED UNSTRUCTURED
DATA.
❖EXAMPLE- WEB PAGES, NEWS PAPERS ETC.
DATA COLLECTION AND DATA STORAGE

• DATA COLLECTION MEANS IDENTIFYING

ALREADY AVAILABLE DATA OR COLLECTING
FROM THE APPROPRIATE SOURCES.
• DATA STORAGE IS THE PROCESS OF
STORING DATA ON STORAGE DEVICES SO
THAT DATA CAN BE RETRIEVED LATER.
• HARD DISK, SSD, CD/DVD, PEN DRIVE,
MEMORY CARD, ETC. ARE SOME OF THE
COMMONLY USED STORAGE DEVICES.
 DATA PROCESSING
• DATA PROCESSING CYCLE INVOLVES INPUT AND STORAGE OF
DATA, ITS PROCESSING AND GENERATING OUTPUT.
 STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES FOR DATA PROCESSING

• SUMMARIZATION METHODS ARE APPLIED ON

TABULAR DATA FOR ITS EASY
COMPREHENSION.
• COMMONLY USED STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES
FOR DATA SUMMARIZATION ARE GIVEN BELOW:
❖ MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
❖ MEASURES OF VARIABILITY
 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

• A MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY IS A SINGLE

VALUE THAT GIVES US SOME IDEA ABOUT THE
DATA.
➢ MEAN IS SIMPLY THE AVERAGE OF NUMERIC
VALUES OF AN ATTRIBUTE.
❖ IT IS ALSO CALLED AVERAGE.
➢ MEDIAN IS THE MID VALUE WHEN DATA ARE
SORTED IN ASCENDING /DESCENDING ORDER.
➢ MODE IS THE DATA VALUE THAT APPEARS MOST
NUMBER OF TIMES.
 MEASURES OF VARIABILITY
• THE MEASURES OF VARIABILITY REFER TO THE
SPREAD OR VARIATION OF THE VALUES AROUND
THE MEAN.
➢ RANGE IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE MAXIMUM
AND MINIMUM VALUES.
➢ STANDARD DEVIATION REFERS TO DIFFERENCES
WITHIN THE GROUP OR SET OF DATA OF A VARIABLE.
➢ STANDARD DEVIATION IS THE POSITIVE SQUARE
ROOT OF THE AVERAGE OF SQUARED DIFFERENCE OF
EACH VALUE FROM THE MEAN.
 DATABASE CONCEPTS
o FILE SYSTEMS
o INTRODUCTION TO DATABASE CONCEPTS
o RELATIONAL DATA MODEL
 FILE SYSTEM
• FILE SYSTEM IS A METHOD OF ORGANISING THE
FILES WITH A HARD DISK OR OTHER MEDIUM OF
STORAGE.
• FILE SYSTEM ARRANGES THE FILES AND HELPS IN
RETRIEVING THE FILES, WHEN REQUIRED.
• IT IS COMPATIBLE WITH DIFFERENT FILE TYPES,
SUCH AS MP3, DOC, TXT, MP4,ETC AND THESE ARE
ALSO GROUPED INTO DIRECTORIES.
• LIMITATIONS OF FILE SYSTEM
❖ DATA REDUNDANCY
❖ DATA INCONSISTENCY
❖ DATA SECURITY
❖ DATA INTEGRITY
❖ DATA SHARING
 INTRODUCTION TO DATABASE CONCEPTS
• A DATABASE IS A COLLECTION OF DATA/INFORMATION THAT IS
ORGANIZED SO THAT IT CAN BE EASILY ACCESSED, MANAGED
AND UPDATED.
• IN DATABASE , DATA IS ORGANIZED INTO ROWS, COLUMNS AND
TABLES, AND IT IS INDEXED TO MAKE IT EASIER TO FIND
RELEVANT INFORMATION.
• IT WORKS LIKE A CONTAINER WHICH CONTAINS THE VARIOUS
OBJECT LIKE TABLES, QUERIES, REPORTS ETC. IN ORGANIZED
WAY.
• NEED OF DATABASE:
❖ MANAGES LARGE AMOUNTS OF DATA
❖ ACCURATE
❖ DATA INTEGRITY
❖ EASY TO UPDATE DATA
❖ SECURITY OF DATA
❖ EASY TO RESEARCH DATA
 ADVANTAGES OF DATABASE

• REDUCES DATA REDUNDANCY

• SHARING OF DATA
• DATA INTEGRITY
• DATA SECURITY
• PRIVACY
• BACKUP AND RECOVERY
 DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM(DBMS)

• A DBMS REFERS TO A SOFTWARE THAT IS

RESPONSIBLE FOR STORING, MAINTAINING AND
UTILIZING DATABASE IN AN EFFICIENT WAY.
• A DATABASE ALONG WITH DBMS SOFTWARE IS
CALLED DATABASE SYSTEM.
• EXAMPLE OF DBMS SOFTWARE ARE ORACLE,
MYSQL, MS SQL SERVER, MS ACCESS,
PARADOX, DB2 AND MYSQL ETC.
 RELATIONAL DATA MODEL
• TABLES ARE CALLED RELATIONS THAT STORE DATA FOR
DIFFERENT COLUMNS.
• EACH TABLE CAN HAVE MULTIPLE COLUMNS WHERE
EACH COLUMN NAME SHOULD BE UNIQUE.
• ATTRIBUTE: CHARACTERISTIC OR PARAMETERS FOR
WHICH DATA ARE TO BE STORED IN A RELATION.
• DOMAIN: IT IS A SET OF VALUES FROM WHICH AN
ATTRIBUTE CAN TAKE A VALUE IN EACH ROW.
• DEGREE: THE NUMBER OF ATTRIBUTES IN A RELATION IS
CALLED THE DEGREE OF THE RELATION.
• CARDINALITY: THE NUMBER OF TUPLES IN A RELATION IS
CALLED THE CARDINALITY OF THE RELATION.
• TUPLE: EACH ROW OF DATA IN A RELATION (TABLE) IS
CALLED A TUPLE.
RELATIONAL DATA MODEL
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DATABASE AND FILE SYSTEM
DATABASE FILE SYSTEM
1. DBMS is software for managing the 1. The file system is a way of arranging
database. the files in a storage medium within a
computer.
2. In DBMS there is no redundant data. 2. Redundant data can be present in a file
system.
3. Efficient query processing is there in 3. There is no efficient query processing in
DBMS. the file system.
4. There is more data consistency 4. There is less data consistency in the file
because of the process of normalization. system.
5. DBMS has more security mechanisms 5. File systems provide less security in
as compared to file systems. comparison to DBMS.
6. It has a comparatively higher cost than 6. It is less expensive than DBMS.
a file system.
7. Multiple users can access data at a 7. Only one user can access data at a
time. time.
8. Example- Oracle, SQL Server 8. Example- Cobol, C++
 KEYS IN DATABASE

❖A KEY IS AN ATTRIBUTE OR A SET OF ATTRIBUTES IN

A RELATION THAT IDENTIFIES A TUPLE (RECORD) IN
A RELATION.
❖THE KEYS ARE DEFINED IN A TABLE TO ACCESS OR
SEQUENCE THE STORED DATA QUICKLY AND
SMOOTHLY.
❖THEY ARE ALSO USED TO CREATE RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN DIFFERENT TABLES.
 PRIMARY KEY
➢ A SET OF ONE OR MORE ATTRIBUTE THAT CAN IDENTIFY A
RECORD UNIQUELY IN THE RELATION IS CALLED PRIMARY KEY.
➢ THERE CAN BE ONLY 1 PRIMARY KEY IN A TABLE

➢ IT CAN IDENTIFY ONLY ONE TUPLE AT A TIME.

➢ IT HAS NO DUPLICATE VALUES, IT HAS UNIQUE VALUES.
➢ IT CANNOT BE NULL.
➢ A PRIMARY KEY IS COMPOSED OF ONLY A SINGLE ATTRIBUTE.
➢ BUT IT IS POSSIBLE TO HAVE A PRIMARY KEY COMPOSED OF
MORE THAN ONE ATTRIBUTE
 CANDIDATE KEY
❖ IN A TABLE THERE CAN BE MORE THAN ONE ATTRIBUTE WHICH
CONTAINS UNIQUE VALUES.

❖ THESE COLUMNS ARE KNOWN AS CANDIDATE KEY AS THEY ARE

THE CANDIDATE FOR PRIMARY KEY.

❖ IT CONTAINS UNIQUE VALUE, COMPULSORY ENTRY AND WHERE

MAXIMUM SEARCHING IS DONE ETC.

❖ IT MUST HAVE DISTINCT VALUES.

 ALTERNATE KEY
❖A CANDIDATE KEY WHICH IS NOT A PRIMARY KEY IS AN
ALTERNATE KEY.
❖IT IS A SECONDARY KEY.
❖IT CONTAINS TWO OR MORE FIELDS TO IDENTIFY TWO
OR MORE RECORDS.
 SUPER KEY
▪ THE COLLECTION OF ALL KEYS ENABLING US TO RECOGNIZE EVERY
ROW IN THE TABLE IS A SUPER KEY.

▪ PROPERTIES OF A SUPER KEY

❑ A SUPER KEY MUST ENSURE THAT EACH RECORD IN A TABLE IS
UNIQUE.
❑ THE MINIMAL COLLECTION OF CHARACTERISTICS THAT CAN
GUARANTEE UNIQUENESS SHOULD BE A SUPER KEY.
 FOREIGN KEY
o USED TO CREATE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO TABLES.
o IT IS A NON-KEY ATTRIBUTE WHOSE VALUE IS DERIVED
FROM THE PRIMARY KEY OF ANOTHER TABLE.

o IT COMBINES TWO OR MORE RELATIONS (TABLES) AT A TIME.

 STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE
❖A STANDARD DATABASE LANGUAGE THAT IS USED TO
CREATE, MAINTAIN, AND RETRIEVE THE RELATIONAL
DATABASE.
❖CASE INSENSITIVE .
❖ COMMENTS IN SQL USING “--” (DOUBLE HYPHEN) AT
THE BEGINNING OF ANY LINE.
❖ MODIFYING DATABASE TABLE AND INDEX
STRUCTURES.
❖ADDING, UPDATING AND DELETING ROWS OF DATA.
❖RETRIEVING SUBSETS OF INFORMATION FROM WITHIN
RDBMS.
 FEATURES OF MYSQL
❖OPEN-SOURCE
❖QUICK AND RELIABLE
❖HIGH PERFORMANCE
❖SCALABLE
❖SECURE
❖DATA TYPES
❖PLATFORM INDEPENDENT
❖ALLOWS ROLL-BACK
 DATA TYPES
❖ MEANS THE TYPE OF VALUE AND THE TYPE OF
OPERATION WE CAN PERFORM ON DATA.
❖ FOR EXAMPLE- NUMERIC DATA TYPE STORES NUMBERS
AND CAN PERFORM ARITHMETIC CALCULATIONS.

❖ TO STORE DATE OF BIRTH , DATE AND TIME DATATYPE IS

REQUIRED.

❖ SUPPORTS 3 CATEGORIES OF DATATYPE:

➢ NUMERIC
➢ DATE AND TIME
➢ STRING TYPES
 NUMERIC DATA TYPES
DataType Description
INT A number without decimal. Signed range is from -
2147483648 to 2147483647.
TINYINT range is from 0 to 255.(4 digit)
SMALLINT More than TINYINT. Range is from -32768 to 32767
(5 digit)
MEDIUMINT Integer value upto 9 digits.
BIGINT Very large integer value upto 11 digits.
FLOAT Real numbers i.e. number with decimal. The total
number of digits is specified in size.
DOUBLE Real numbers with more precision with 53 place after
decimal.
DECIMAL Used to store exact numeric value that preserve exact
precision.
 STRING DATA TYPE

DataType Description

CHAR A FIXED length string

VARCHAR A VARIABLE length string

TEXT Holds a string with a maximum length of 65,535 bytes

TINYTEXT Holds a string with a maximum length of 255 characters

MEDIUMTEXT Holds a string with a maximum length of 16,777,215

characters
LONGTEXT Holds a string with a maximum length of 4,294,967,295
characters
 DATE AND TIME DATA TYPE

DataType Description

DATE A date. Format: YYYY-MM-DD.

DATETIME A date and time combination. Format: YYYY-MM-DD

hh:mm:ss.
TIMESTAMP A timestamp. TIMESTAMP values are stored as the
number of seconds
TIME A time. Format: hh:mm:ss.

YEAR A year in four-digit format. Values allowed in four-digit

format: 1901 to 2155, and 0000.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CHAR VS VARCHAR
CHAR VARCHAR
Fixed-length character string Variable-length character string
Used where number of characters Used where number of characters
to enter is fixed. to enter is not fixed.

It takes more memory. It takes less space.

Example Usage - Social security Example Usage - Names, email
numbers, postal codes addresses, descriptions

Fast, no memory allocation every Slow as it takes size according to

time. data so every time memory
allocation is done.
 CREATING A DATABASE USING MYSQL
➢ INSTALL MYSQL.
➢ AFTER INSTALLING MYSQL START STATEMENTS TO CREATE A TABLE.
➢ STATEMENT ARE AS FOLLOWS:
CREATE TABLE TABLE_NAME (
COLUMN1 DATATYPE,
COLUMN2 DATATYPE,
COLUMN3 DATATYPE
);

➢ EXAMPLE IS AS FOLLOWS:
CREATE TABLE STUDENT (
NAME VARCHAR(20),
CLASS VARCHAR(20),
BDAY DATE
);

➢ AFTER THE SCHEMA OF TABLE IS READY, WE CAN START INSERTING RECORDS

BY INSERT COMMAND.
➢ NOW THE TABLE IS READY.
 STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE
❖USED TO COMMUNICATE WITH THE DATABASE.
❖USED TO PERFORM SPECIFIC TASKS, FUNCTIONS,
AND QUERIES OF DATA.
❖PERFORM VARIOUS TASKS LIKE
❖CREATE A TABLE,
❖ADD DATA TO TABLES,
❖DROP THE TABLE,
❖MODIFY THE TABLE,
❖SET PERMISSION FOR USERS.
SQL COMMANDS
 DATABASE DEFINITION LANGUAGE(DDL)
❖ TO CREATE TABLE AND TABLE STRUCTURE-COMMANDS
LIKE CREATE , ALTER , DROP ETC. LIST OF DDL
COMMANDS ARE AS FOLLOWS:
➢ CREATE : CREATE DATABASE OR ITS OBJECTS.
SYNTAX IS AS FOLLOWS:
❑CREATE TABLE TABLE_NAME (COLUMN1
DATA_TYPE, COLUMN2 DATA_TYPE, ...);
➢ ALTER : ALTER THE STRUCTURE OF THE DATABASE.
SYNTAX IS AS FOLLOWS:
❑ALTER TABLE TABLE_NAME ADD COLUMN
COLUMN_NAME DATA_TYPE;
➢ DROP : DELETE OBJECTS FROM THE DATABASE.
SYNTAX IS AS FOLLOWS:
❑DROP TABLE TABLE_NAME;
DATABASE MANIPULATION LANGUAGE(DML)

❖TO MANIPULATE DATA IN A DATABASE. LIST OF DML

COMMANDS:
❑INSERT : INSERT DATA INTO A TABLE. SYNTAX IS AS
FOLLOWS:
o INSERT INTO TABLE_NAME (COLUMN1, COLUMN2, ...)
VALUES (VALUE1, VALUE2, ...);
❑UPDATE : UPDATE EXISTING DATA WITHIN A TABLE. SYNTAX
IS AS FOLLOWS:
o UPDATE TABLE_NAME SET COLUMN1 = VALUE1,
COLUMN2 = VALUE2 WHERE CONDITION;
❑DELETE : DELETE RECORDS FROM A DATABASE TABLE.
SYNTAX IS AS FOLLOWS:
o DELETE FROM TABLE_NAME WHERE CONDITION;
 TRANSACTION CONTROL LANGUAGE(TCL)
o EACH TRANSACTION BEGINS WITH A SPECIFIC TASK
AND ENDS WHEN ALL THE TASKS IN THE GROUP ARE
SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETED.
o IF ANY OF THE TASKS FAIL, THE TRANSACTION FAILS.
o LIST OF TCL COMMANDS:

❖COMMIT : SAVES ALL CHANGES MADE

DURING THE TRANSACTION. SYNTAX IS AS
FOLLOWS:
▪ COMMIT;
❖ROLLBACK: UNDOES ALL CHANGES MADE
DURING THE TRANSACTION. SYNTAX IS AS
FOLLOWS:
▪ ROLLBACK;
 DATABASE QUERY LANGUAGE(DQL)

• USED IN ORDER TO QUERY THE DATA AND

INFORMATION CONTAINED IN SCHEMA OBJECTS.
• THE GOAL OF THE DQL COMMANDS IS TO RETURN A
SCHEMA RELATION ON THE BASIS OF THE QUERY
SUPPLIED TO THEM.
➢ SELECT : IT IS USED TO RETRIEVE DATA FROM THE
DATABASE. SYNTAX IS AS FOLLOWS:
❖SELECT COLUMN1, COLUMN2, ...
FROM TABLE_NAME WHERE CONDITION;
 DATABASE CONTROL LANGUAGE(DCL)
❑ INCLUDES COMMANDS SUCH AS GRANT AND REVOKE WHICH
MAINLY DEAL WITH THE RIGHTS, PERMISSIONS, AND OTHER
CONTROLS OF THE DATABASE SYSTEM.
o GRANT : ASSIGNS NEW PRIVILEGES TO A USER ACCOUNT, ALLOWING
ACCESS TO SPECIFIC DATABASE OBJECTS, ACTIONS, OR FUNCTIONS.
SYNTAX IS AS FOLLOWS:
❖ GRANT PRIVILEGE_NAME ON OBJECT_NAME
TO {USER_NAME |PUBLIC |ROLE_NAME};
❖ EXAMPLE-
❖ GRANT SELECT, INSERT, DELETE ON MYDB TO 'USER1'@'LOCALHOST';
o REVOKE : REMOVES PREVIOUSLY GRANTED PRIVILEGES FROM A
USER ACCOUNT, TAKING AWAY THEIR ACCESS TO CERTAIN DATABASE
OBJECTS OR ACTIONS. SYNTAX IS AS FOLLOWS:
❖ REVOKE [GRANT OPTION FOR] PRIVILEGE_TYPE [(COLUMN_LIST)] ON
[OBJECT_TYPE] OBJECT_NAME FROM USER [CASCADE];
❖ EXAMPLE-
❖ REVOKE INSERT ON MYDB FROM 'USER1'@'LOCALHOST';
 QUERYING AND MANIPULATING
DATA
❖ACCESSING AND MODIFYING DATA IN A DATABASE.
❖QUERYING
➢ THE PROCESS OF REQUESTING DATA FROM A
DATABASE.
➢ THE SELECT STATEMENT IS THE MOST COMMON SQL
STATEMENT FOR QUERYING DATA.
❖ MANIPULATING
➢ THE PROCESS OF ADDING, MODIFYING, OR
REMOVING DATA FROM A DATABASE.
➢ SQL STATEMENTS LIKE INSERT, UPDATE, AND DELETE
ARE USED TO MANIPULATE DATA.
 WHERE CLAUSE
❖THE WHERE CLAUSE IS USED TO FILTER RECORDS.
❖IT IS USED TO EXTRACT ONLY THOSE RECORDS THAT
FULFILL A SPECIFIED CONDITION.
❖THE WHERE CLAUSE IS NOT ONLY USED IN SELECT
STATEMENTS, IT IS ALSO USED IN UPDATE, DELETE,
ETC.
❖SYNTAX:
SELECT COLUMN1, COLUMN2, ...
FROM TABLE_NAME WHERE CONDITION;
 ORDER BY CLAUSE
❖MYSQL ORDER BY CLAUSE IS USED TO SORT THE TABLE DATA IN EITHER
ASCENDING ORDER OR DESCENDING ORDER.
❖BY DEFAULT, DATA IS NOT INSERTED INTO TABLES IN ANY ORDER UNLESS WE
HAVE AN INDEX.
❖ SO, IF WE WANT TO RETRIEVE THE DATA IN ANY PARTICULAR ORDER, WE
HAVE TO SORT IT BY USING MYSQL ORDER BY STATEMENT.
❖ SYNTAX:-
❖SELECT COLUMN_NAMES FROM TABLE_NAME
ORDERBY {COLUMN1}[ASC | DESC]
 SQL COMMANDS
❖ AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS
▪ SUM( )
▪ COUNT( )
▪ MIN( )
▪ MAX( )
▪ AVG( )
❖ GROUP BY CLAUSE
❖ HAVING CLAUSE
 AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS
❖ THE VALUES OF MULTIPLE ROWS ARE GROUPED AS INPUT ON CERTAIN
CRITERIA TO FORM A SINGLE VALUE.
❖ USED TO SUMMARIZE DATA, BY COMBINING MULTIPLE VALUES TO FORM
A SINGLE RESULT.
❖ MIN() - RETURNS THE SMALLEST VALUE WITHIN THE SELECTED
COLUMN
SELECT MIN(COLUMN) AS NAME FROM TABLENAME;
❖ MAX() - RETURNS THE LARGEST VALUE WITHIN THE SELECTED COLUMN
SELECT MAX(COLUMN) AS NAME FROM TABLENAME;
❖ COUNT() - RETURNS THE NUMBER OF ROWS IN A SET
SELECT COUNT(*) AS NAME FROM TABLENAME;
❖ SUM() - RETURNS THE TOTAL SUM OF A NUMERICAL COLUMN
SELECT SUM(COLUMN) AS NAME FROM TABLENAME;
❖ AVG() - RETURNS THE AVERAGE VALUE OF A NUMERICAL COLUMN
SELECT AVG(COLUMN) AS NAME FROM TABLENAME;
 GROUP BY CLAUSE
❖THE GROUP BY STATEMENT GROUPS ROWS THAT HAVE THE
SAME VALUES INTO SUMMARY ROWS
❖THE GROUP BY STATEMENT IS OFTEN USED WITH
AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS
❖USED TO GROUP THE RESULT-SET BY ONE OR MORE
COLUMNS.
❖ SYNTAX:-
SELECT COLUMN_NAME(S)
FROM TABLE_NAME
WHERE CONDITION
GROUP BY COLUMN_NAME(S)
ORDER BY COLUMN_NAME(S);
 HAVING CLAUSE
❖ THE HAVING CLAUSE IS USED IN THE SELECT STATEMENT TO
SPECIFY FILTER CONDITIONS FOR A GROUP OF ROWS OR
AGGREGATES.
❖ THE HAVING CLAUSE IS OFTEN USED WITH THE GROUP BY CLAUSE
TO FILTER GROUPS BASED ON A SPECIFIED CONDITION.
❖ TO FILTER THE GROUPS RETURNED BY GROUPBY CLAUSE, WE USE
A HAVING CLAUSE.
❖ WHERE IS APPLIED BEFORE GROUP BY, HAVING IS APPLIED AFTER
(AND CAN FILTER ON AGGREGATES).
❖ SYNTAX:
SELECT EXPRESSION1, EXPRESSION2, ... EXPRESSION_N,
AGGREGATE_FUNCTION (EXPRESSION)
FROM TABLES [WHERE CONDITIONS]
GROUP BY EXPRESSION1, EXPRESSION2, ... EXPRESSION_N
HAVING CONDITION;
THANK YOU