Alternating Current Most of the electric powen generates! amo weal in the world da in’ the form of oHemeding cummemnt (a.C.): This is because- CG) Altern ecti voltege can | easily amd efficient se Sian vous one mand transfosmers Gi) o. Biicenating can be a and distribu Foe ie a economically the oer Joes of e clo Alternating Cussend Cac.) The om Heteeard, ° Pelee eg! Curent (a-C.) Changes Continuoksl me Ord Arection as versec| porredielaliy Tt is vepresentec| by . [ae tesiowt] ov [ts neous | Here I us Instantancous volue of Curent omol Te G4 the peak vrolue or maxitaum volue of a.c. vo Bb callect Pomgulou spreguonces of &c Where ae us = 2f hs F (frequncy) Where JA the Aime period of Ac. Tt Gs equal do the irs taken by the sto through Syanlechions. c i“ Ono revolutionAlso Ff Gs the ray of ac. Lt is equod 4o the number. ef Com} 2 es ob, variah ons gone though by ae in second. by the Uternocing emf. may be represented “ Im @-C. Circuits, two additional circuit elomernds axe urseol. The are inductor (L> ond epaciter CC): Thus Cursent and voltoge in ac Ci¥euit art Cmdtrolled by three Circuit etiments R, L omc C- ¥ Tha voltoge across & Pure inductor Lis gren by - = t at ~ at Udire AT/bt 4b rok of Chomge Of Corder. The above eguation shows that an Inductor affects the voltage. ov. uhin cored I Chomges wth time * For OM Loleal Capacitor of Copacitana ¢ > cv As re 2a 2 - dev “ar aA . sew) oh act Js rate of Change of potential. The equotion shows that a Capoeitor abpects” the Curent erly When Vv Chomges with dimemean or Mveroge vaue oF Seen current — It ws eae, a& that value of steacy Cursor misc urould Sencl the same ee on Ae (te. Tay Cc the ac, Hr stme Civeuit, In the same me + * The mean or average value of, Arc: over one Complete cycle 4s texd: frtage, vahue ofp G0: oven one. Omg Weoge value of ac. over any half cycle. R R to. | ob ~~) — I= IeSinwt het am atternecting cussent be represented by - Th the strength cusdunt Ja atsunid sto remain Constomt a smal time At, ten small amount of crange Aet in a smal Aime ot ds - ay = Lat het % be the Avtal charge sent by ac: in the fist holt cyte Co Ye) q o Ae vy ae Todt on, Gf = [ tesincst okt ° + = Te [- Seat |” [ot= 2 7 = Fe [Cost - Coao* | =-Ze [Cost -— cos?) ©q@ > Ze @ Tw ‘‘epresents the mean ey avernge valut o ad. cron the ist halk uyde then - b =z] — © from esucction D ond @) we get Te xD = 222 = 23o_ 2 w BuyT Hence. mem oF av e value of ae. over positive hot cle +637 times the peek value of ac or ben “Sa Ca7% °b the pee Gates °b ; Note - eee Te Geely dc. ammeter ond ac: Voltmeter mesure atlterhotin joge - ve Zero reoclin: Useel iy ac. Cirut Bees. average value o, Sa utexnading quant | yortoge. over A Hell cy le Us zZex. Root Mean Square Value of Alternating Current TH us olefinecl a8 thet vodue of Steady cumond > which wold genvede the same “amoumt” o} heat in &« sven vesistarica i) & Given time , a i done bi ac 5 When posecl Sthrough the same renslansh. for the “same dime . R R AL Tas, I = IeSinwtHe ys vowae te wus seensen opp ramen ac. oy virtual value of ac. Tt 4 ® yms oY Iv- Let an alternating currant Js representeol oe [eee] —O Lat +hig Current flooo through a yesistanca R. Ina smal time alt, the amoumt of heat producecl in resistance R ds - dH = I?Rat a In ome oe e (th O +7), the tote] amount ch heat ene Thre. realsfonce R is- SPR 3 a ae or He {@ Sintot) Rat Ae aie [Gast a ie FEB [ (Lat - fOr aot aut ] ‘ T Ho = ToR t -Sin2awe = za iC 2 = sor = Sin 20T 7 2 7 singer] (: et=2m ) = Coen = So OH a Qe Th rms. vedue or virtuad volue oh ac. is representect b Im 9 then, the ameou of heat roduces! in same wesisdance R in the same ime T would be - H= Ine RT ©)So fem £4 (3) ome (4) - eo Ieet Henea the rms. volue or virtuod vodue or effective Value of G:C: Jy 0-707 dimes the Peak value of a.c. or we Gm soy ToT % of the peak value of ac. Note- . ~~ AHernadting Current | voltage ahe measured by ac. ammeter Y voltmeter! rea} ively - : Thure imchruments axe Cat! hot ive nuebuments and measure vittuol ey rms, values of aierneli dg Curkunts/ Volthges - @ A Ment bulb js rated isow for az0v AC Supply BE of cote. Calculate (a) the vesistance of He buth G) the ms Cwrent Prrough He bub. Ss Given thet - PFIsOW , Ve 220V (9° Resistance of the bulb R = = 220X220 ee 4 R ae = $22-7 — = O6e vA () Ims-= Vers cz Rg 322-7A.C. Circut Contoainmg Kesistance Only Let Q Source of adteaneding emf. is Comnectes! to Q pure resistance Suprese the ater nading emf, Supplied is repreentec| E = E,Sinwt —@® het ZT be the Cuwant in the Circuit at an, instant £+ The potential A phere ca cleveloped| Gcxnss R will be —IR- THA must be equold to e.m.f. abpliedl at that instant - IR = © = Es Sinwt ou Ios = Sinwt = Te simwt =e) Lohere Jo = Ev/a C Maximum Volue of Current) * me behaviow of R in atc. omd a-c. Circuits is the some+ R Can vecluce aC. as well os ac. equally sbhschvelee uotion D, ond @ we can see gad ina in ap ac. civelot Comtaming R , the voltage omd Current are In the “some 2 Phasor Diagram - A xotating vector thet represents a quantity varying, sinusoral vsth time as Call a phosorals in phasor ou TAM > peor Vouues =D auternest cuwsent (1.) and nating em Ff. od are repress by canvws Cattedt phasors. GiD They ore imclined 4o horizental axis at Lwt omd xStote im the omticlockwise ivecton- The Length the ann represents the maximum value of the Cushing be. Ie ond Eo: Gi) TRe projection oh ne omy ON any axis represents “the instantaneous value off quombty - Gv) The. phosor Aifperennce between the tuo outterneding quomtities is represented by the angle behween the +wo vectors EL omd Te. Cv) Tm the ao. Civeut Conteimimg R only > Current and voltage az. ‘Mm the same phase ie. the Phowe Cmole betweon Osteanating voltage and Coord ough R Gs 2270.A.C. Civcust Confouning Inductance only Let om Source of em. it Comnectec| Ao OO creudt Covttetming a pure neluctamee L onty- Suppose the atternaking e.m.f. Supplied ua very by - rh | E = &Simut Tt AT/att Ub the wate of chomm|e of Current thi ee ae vers tees (Races oo ern ee mductoy “Gt the Same instont is € oy The negotive Si imclicodes +thect induce! e-m.f. oppose chemge of Cwrrent. oe Te ee the tom oh, eae oe Crreunt, vol je mi om ite Ho the ndibesal voltage : ] ae e e-C Lat) = Eo Sincot or adr = Ee Sinwt dt By inde grating both sides we get - Sar = Eo Jsinet ott c TS ° (eget = TEo Costot ee w ol - - E : - xm: Eo Sin (EZ -wt) os T= Es Sin(wt-2TRe Current (ZL) will be maximum (Te) , ohen Sin (WOt-M2) = Maximum = Lf So Henco So we tind thet in an oe. Circuit Containing, Lomly , atternodi coment I legs behind the otter nating VolteGe Eby a phere on of 20 Or we Cart Say ‘One fpwtth of A periddl. Phasor Diagram . : In the phasor liogram of M0. Circuit Conteuning L Current Legs behind the emf. by Se, So the phosor represerthng To Us homeo} cl&kwise Threngh 30° fen the lireeton of Ee: The jectorns of these Soom y anis give inathntonesua valbes E ee *\ E&] T= Tp sin (ar-00")| ©] X90" Here LsL represents the effective resistance ohpened by Inductance L. Ths 48 Callea meductance reactonee Jamd us olenoteol bg xL- Se XL fel = ange de elect th Orc. Sup)F ln oc Civewts a = Oo So AL=0o So that a Pure imouctance offers cero resistonte to ad.c. It means a Pure inclu Cannot reduce oc. S1 unit op imoluctive veactomce wy ohm.(2) Av = lL = henry __ Volt = ohm.) See. © Sec. KOMP] Ee, Ql A 4amMH Inductor ua cmnected so 220Vv, SD He ac. Suppl Detemme the rms. vuuc Cunrent in the Circuit. Sel Given that L= 44m = 444x153 Se Ie f= SOHe So xX, = WL = 27fL XL = 2xaiuxsoxuuxie? = 1383 chmon) Trms =Erms = _220 2 Is A xe 13.83 eee Get Physics Chemistry Biology & Science Notes fiieince Click Here for E-books