كليــة الهندســة جامعــة طنطا
TUNNELS & UNDERGROUND
CONSTRUCTION
INTRODUCTION
METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION
Prof. Marawan Shahien
Spring 2021
Content
Tunnels
To transport something from point A to B
A B
Ground Surface (Terrain – Urban Development – Hydraulic Requirements – Hiding Info)
Tunnels
A B
Ground Surface
Tunnels
Transporting goods, water, gas, oil, traffic, trains, Metro, Pedestrians, arms
A B
Ground Surface
Underground Chambers
To store something in underground space
Ground Surface
Underground Chambers
To store something in underground space
Surface Access
Ground Surface
Underground
Chamber
store all things you can imagine
Metro Station
Parking cars
Underground Chambers Water
Gas
Oil
Goods
Shelters
Surface Access Tombs (Pharoes)
Ground Surface
2 to 3 basements
Underground
Chamber
store something
Construction Methods
Cut & Cover Technique
Ground Surface
Dewatering
if required
Cut & Cover Technique
Excavate Ground Surface
“Cut”
Safe Side Slopes
Cut & Cover Technique
Ground Surface
Cut & Cover Technique
Ground Surface
Backfill
Cover
Cut & Cover Technique
What if?
Agriculture Land Ground Surface
Cut & Cover Technique
What if?
Agriculture Land Ground Surface
What if?
Cut & Cover Technique
Building Ground Surface Building
Utilities
What if?
Cut & Cover Technique
Building Ground Surface Building
Utilities
Cut & Cover Technique
Building Ground Surface Building
Utilities
Dewatering with precautions
Cut & Cover Technique
Install Walls (embedded)
Building Ground Surface Building
Utilities
Cut & Cover Technique
Excavate - Cut Building
Building
Utilities
Cut & Cover Technique
Provide Supports Building
Building
Utilities
Cut & Cover Technique
Further Excavate Building
Building
Utilities
Cut & Cover Technique
Building Provide Second Level of Support Building
Utilities
Cut & Cover Technique
Further Excavate – Cut
Provide Third Level of Support
Building Building
Utilities
Cut & Cover Technique
Further Excavate – Cut
Provide Fourth Level of Support
Building Building
Utilities
Cut & Cover Technique
Construct
Building Building
Utilities
Cut & Cover Technique
Remove Supports
Backfill - Cover
Building Building
Utilities
Cut & Cover Technique
Removal of Walls depends?
Building Building
Utilities
? ?
Cut & Cover Technique
Cut & Cover Technique
Cut & Cover Technique
Cut & Cover Technique
Cut & Cover Technique
Cover & Cut Technique
The “Cover and Cut” method for construction of tunnel
portals is preferred to any other similar technique when:
Extended open excavation is obstructed by existing
installations / facilities
Cover & Cut Technique
Stage I: Preliminary excavation and grading is performed.
The ground level is adjusted in a way to permit access
and movement of equipment for pile drilling and slab
construction.
Cover & Cut Technique
Stage II: One row of piles on either side of the
tunnel section are drilled and cast-in-place. Spacing of
piles is usually equal to 2D, where D is the pile diameter.
Cover & Cut Technique
Stage III: The head beams and the covering slabs are
constructed.
Cover & Cut Technique
Stage IV: The “underneath” excavation is performed
absolutely protected by the piles / slab concrete shell.
Fiber – shotcrete is spread over the rock surface at inter-
spaces between piles.
Cover & Cut Technique
Stage V: The inner lining of the tunnel is constructed.
Cover & Cut Technique
Stage VI: Backfilling operations are usually carried out
Top down - construction
Pipe-Jacking
Pipe Jacking Method
➢ Is a technique to form mostly small
diameter tunnel by pushing (prefabricated)
pipes through the ground
➢ From A drive( starting) shaft
To The reception ( exit) shaft
Pipe prefabricated concrete
pipes ( in common)
Jacking by hydraulic jacks
Construction Sequence in Pipe Jacking
Method
1. Installing and Sinking Starting and Exit
shafts.
2. Installing The tunnel boring machine (TBM).
3. Pushing pipes from Starting shaft to Exit
shaft .
4. Grouting around Tunnel Lining pipes .
Pipe Jacking
Ground Surface
Pipe Jacking
Drill a Shaft
Drill a Shaft
Receiving Chamber
Pushing Chamber
Ground Surface
Pipe Jacking
Drill a Shaft
Drill a Shaft
Receiving Chamber
Pushing Chamber
Ground Surface
Pushing and receiving Chambers could be installed by walls and
support instead of Shaft Installation of Sinking
2-Installing The tunnel boring machine
(TBM).
2-Installing The tunnel boring machine
(TBM).
Pipe Jacking
Ground Surface
Insert
Machine
Pipe prefabricated concrete
pipes ( in common)
Jacking by hydraulic jacks
Pipe Jacking
Insert of
Lining Ground Surface
Components
Exit of
Excavated
Material
Other excavation means can be
used instead of TBM
Prefabricated Pipes
Concrete Pad Hydraulic Jacks
3-Pushing pipes from Starting shaft to Exit
shaft .
Pipe Jacking
Ground Surface
Prefabricated Pipes
Concrete Pad Hydraulic Jacks
Pipe Jacking
Ground Surface
Pipe Jacking
Ground Surface
Pipe Jacking
Ground Surface
Exit
Machine
Pipe Jacking
Ground Surface
Tunnel Boring Machines
Ground Surface
Tunnel Boring Machines
Drill a Shaft Drill a Shaft
Ground Surface
Tunnel Boring Machines
Ground Surface
Insert
Machine
Tunnel Boring Machines
Insert of
Lining Ground Surface
Components
Exit of
Excavated
Material
Tunnel Boring Machines
Ground Surface
Tunnel
Linning
Concrete
Sections
Tunnel Boring Machines
Ground Surface
Tunnel
Linning
Concrete
Sections
Tunnel Boring Machines
Ground Surface
Tunnel Boring Machines
Drill a Shaft Drill a Shaft
Ground Surface
Exit
Machine
PORT SAID ROAD TUNNEL
TUNNEL LINING
• The tunnel shall be lined with precast concrete segments.
SHAPE OF SEGMENTS
Tunnel Boring Machines
Tunnel Boring Machines
Compressed Air Machine
??any other
Tunnel Boring Machines
Tunnel Boring Machines
Other Techniques
▪ Horizontal Drilling
▪ Microtunnelling
▪ Drill and Blast
▪ New Austrian Tunneling Method
(NATM)
▪ Immersed Tunnels
▪ ??any other
Thank You