ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT
Public Communication
Public communication is the process of speaking to a group of people for a given period of time.
Public communication contexts include speaking in the classroom (e.g., reporting), in the workplace (e.g.,
presenting the results of the meeting), in the community (e.g., persuading members of the community to
participate in a clean- up drive), and at social events (giving a toast at a wedding celebration).
NATURE OF PUBLIC COMMUNICATION
• Role Stability
While in interpersonal communication it is common for speakers and listeners to switch roles, in public
communication the speaking and listening roles are stable. The speaker remains the speaker and the
audience remains as the listening group
• Formality
The level of language used in public speaking are generally more formal; however, there are
instances where speakers use the conversational or oral style of speaking.
• Distance
There is commonly a physical and psychological distance between the speaker and the audience. Some
speakers have to deliver a speech onstage, relatively far from the audience. Some speakers deliver their
speeches through mass media.
• Planning
The speaker must devote much of his time planning and organizing the speech. Planning involves
choosing the topic, determining the purpose for speaking, and analyzing the audience to be able to
deliver a speech that would accommodate their needs or interests.
• Audience Diversity
Audience analysis is necessary to adjust the handling of the topic, language use, style of speaking, and
delivery, to a wide range of listeners with different backgrounds, interests, and motivations for listening.
• Less Feedback
While the listeners also provide feedback to the speaker in a public speaking situation, this is commonly
expressed through nonverbal gestures and facial expressions.
Principles of Speech Writing
[Link] the Topic 3.3 Interview
3.4 Personal Observation
[Link] the Audience 3.5 Survey Research
2.1 Audience Interest
2.2 Audience Purpose 4. Outlining and Organizing Content
2.3 Demographics - include the size of the 4.1 Outlining
audience, and the gender, age, and background of 4.2 Organizing Content
the listeners. 4.3 Developing the Body
4.4 Writing the Introduction and the Conclusion
3. Researching
3.1 Internet Research
3.2 Library Research
Principles of Speech Writing
VISUAL ASPECTS OF DELIVERY
The visual aspects of speech delivery include:
1. stage presence
2. movement and gestures,
3. facial expression, and
4. rapport with the audience.
AUDITORY ASPECTS OF DELIVERY
[Link]
[Link]
2.1. Deletion or omitting a word or part of a word may be acceptable in some speaking situations but in a formal
context, this may be perceived as carelessness in articulation. Examples include omitting the -ing of verbs in the
present progressive tense (e.g., goin’ instead of going).
2.2. Substitution involves pronouncing a sound of a word incorrectly and replacing it with another sound. For
instance, Filipinos tend to interchange the /p/ and /f/ or the hard /th/ and /d/ sounds
2.3. Addition is mispronouncing words by adding unnecessary sounds.
2.4. Slurring involves an overlap of the ending sound of one word and the beginning sound of the other. Examples
include wanna for want to, doncha for don’t you, etc.
Types of Speeches According to Purpose
• Informative Speech
An informative speech provides detailed information about a certain topic to a particular group of people.
The information presented are based on facts and are supported by credible sources.
• Persuasive Speech
A persuasive speech is given when the speaker wants to modify his or her listener’ s behavior, way of
thinking, point of view, attitudes, beliefs, and values.
• Entertaining Speech
An entertaining speech is presented in a manner that amuses the audience or evokes a strong emotion in
them through the use of humor, drama, or inspiration.
BARRIERS IN DELIVERING EFFECTIVE ENTERTAINING SPEECHES
1. Lack of Preparation
2. Lack of Audience Analysis
3. Inappropriate to the Context
Different Ways of Delivering a Speech
• Impromptu Speech
An impromptu speech is delivered with little or no preparation.
• Extemporaneous Speech
Most commonly used type of speech in various public speaking situations (e.g., lectures, reports,
sermons). This is carefully planned, researched, and rehearsed in advance.
• Manuscript Speech
It is delivered by reading the exact words from a written text prepared and completed before the actual
presentation
• Memorized Speech
It is an extension of a manuscript speech in which unlike the manuscript speech, it is delivered by reciting
a speech committed to memory, without the written manuscript or any form of notes in hand.