Minerva Educations

By- Abhishek Sir: 9958674274 PHYSICS

Our Center’s – NFC & Gurugram
micomsedu@[Link]

CHAPTER – 8

MOTION

MOTION
Motion means movement. The motion of an object is perceived when its position changes
continuously with respect to some stationary object.

DISTANCE
The distance travelled by an object is the length of actual path travelled by the object during
the motion.

DISPLACEMENT
The displacement of an object is the shortest distance travelled between the initial and final
position of the object.
 When final position coincides with the initial position, displacement is 0 but distance is
not equal to 0.
 Both, the distance and displacement are measure in meter or cm or km.
 Distance is a scalar quantity having only. Displacement is a vector quantity having both
magnitude and direction.
 The distance travelled by an object in motion can never be zero or negative. The
displacement can be positive, zero or negative.

INTEXT QUESTIONS PAGE NO. 100

1. A farmer moves along the boundary of a square field of side 10 m in 40 s. What will be the
magnitude of displacement of the farmer at the end of 2 minutes 20 seconds?
Ans. The farmer takes 40 s to cover 4 × 10 = 40 m.
40
In 2 min and 20 s (140 s), he will cover a distance = 140  140m
40
140
Therefore, the farmer completes  3.5 rounds (3 complete rounds and a half round) of
40

the field in 2 min and 20 s.

That means, after 2 min 20 s, the farmer will be at the opposite end of the starting point.
Now, there can be two extreme cases.
Case I: Starting point is a corner point of the field.
In this case, the farmer will be at the diagonally opposite corner of the field after 2 min 20
s.
Therefore, the displacement will be equal to the diagonal of the field.
Hence, the displacement will be 102 102  14.1m

Case II: Starting point is the middle point of any side of the field.
In this case the farmer will be at the middle point of the opposite side of the field after 2
min 20 s.
 Therefore, the displacement will be equal to the side of the field, i.e., 10 m.
For any other starting point, the displacement will be between 14.1 m and 10 m.
2. Which of the following is true for displacement?
(a) It cannot be zero.
(b) Its magnitude is greater than the distance travelled by the object.
Ans. (a) Not true. Displacement can become zero when the initial and final position of the
object is the same.

(b) Not true. Displacement is the shortest measurable distance between the initial and final
positions of an object. It cannot be greater than the magnitude of the distance travelled by
an object. However, sometimes, it may be equal to the distance travelled by the object.

UNIFORM MOTION
A body is said to have a uniform motion if it travels equal distances in equal intervals of time,
no matter how small these intervals may be.
Eg. A vehicle running at a constant speed of 10m/sec ,will cover equal distances of 10metres
every second, so its motion will be uniform.

NON-UNIFORM MOTION
A body is said to have a non- uniform motion if it travels unequal distances in equal intervals
of time, no matter how small these intervals may be.
Eg. A freely ball from a certain height covers unequal distances in equal intervals of time, so
its motion is non uniform.
Non uniform motion is also called accelerated motion.

SPEED

Speed of a body is defined as the distance travelled by the body in unit time.
distance travelled(s)
Speed (v) 
time taken(t)
Speed is a scalar quantity.

Uniform Speed: When a body travels equal distances in equal intervals of time, the speed of
the body is said to be uniform.

Non-uniform Speed: When a body travels unequal distances in equal intervals of time, the
speed of the body is said to be non-uniform.

VELOCITY

Velocity of a body is the distance travelled by the body in unit time in a given direction.
distance travelled in a given direction displacement
Velocity  
time taken time
Velocity is a vector quantity.
Uniform Velocity: When a body travels equal distances in equal intervals of time in a
particular direction, the velocity of the body is said to be uniform.

Non-uniform Velocity: When a body travels unequal distances in equal intervals of time in a
particular direction, the velocity of the body is said to be non-uniform.

Both speed and velocity are measured in m/s or cm/s or km/hr

AVERAGE VELOCITY

Average Velocity: When velocity of a body is changing at a uniform rate, average velocity is
Initial velocity(u) + final velocity(v)
given by v av 
2
INTEXT QUESTIONS PAGE NO. 102

1. Distinguish between speed and velocity.

Ans.
Speed Velocity
Speed is the distance travelled by an object Velocity is the displacement of an object in
in a given interval of time. It does not have a given interval of time. It has a unique
any direction. direction.
The speed of an object can never be The velocity of an object can be negative,
negative. At the most, it can become zero. positive, or equal to zero. This is because
This is because distance travelled can never displacement can take any of these three
be negative. values.
2. Under what condition(s) is the magnitude of average velocity of an object equal to its
average speed?
Total distance covered
Ans. Average speed  and
Total time taken

Displacement
Average velocity 
Total time taken
If the total distance covered by an object is the same as its displacement, then its average
speed would be equal to its average velocity.
3. What does the odometer of an automobile measure?
Ans. The odometer of an automobile measures the distance covered by an automobile.
4. What does the path of an object look like when it is in uniform motion?
Ans. An object having uniform motion has a straight line path.
5. During an experiment, a signal from a spaceship reached the ground station in five minutes.
What was the distance of the spaceship from the ground station? The signal travels at the
speed of light, that is, 3 × 108 m s−1.
Ans. Time taken by the signal to reach the ground station from the spaceship
= 5 min = 5 × 60 = 300 s
Speed of the signal = 3 × 108 m/s
Distance travelled
Speed 
Time taken
∴Distance travelled = Speed × Time taken = 3 × 108 × 300 = 9 × 1010 m
Hence, the distance of the spaceship from the ground station is 9 × 1010 m.

ACCELERATION

Acceleration of a body is defined as the rate of change of velocity of the body with time. It is
vu
given by formula: a
t
It is measured in m/s or cm/s2 or km/hr2. Acceleration is a vector quantity.
2

If the velocity of the body increases with time, the acceleration is positive, and the kind of motion
is called accelerated motion. If the velocity of the body decreases with time, the acceleration is
negative (retardation), and the motion is called decelerated motion.
Uniform Acceleration: When velocity of the body changes by equal amounts in equal intervals
of time in a particular direction, the acceleration of the body is said to be uniform.
Non-uniform Acceleration: When velocity of the body changes by unequal amounts in equal
intervals of time in a particular direction, the acceleration of the body is said to be non- uniform.
INTEXT QUESTIONS PAGE NO. 103

1. When will you say a body is in (i) uniform acceleration? (ii) non-uniform acceleration?
Ans. (i) A body is said to have uniform acceleration if it travels in a straight path in such a
way that its velocity changes at a uniform rate, i.e., the velocity of a body increases or
decreases by equal amounts in an equal interval of time.
(ii) A body is said to have non-uniform acceleration if it travels in a straight path in such a
way that its velocity changes at a non-uniform rate, i.e., the velocity of a body increases or
decreases in unequal amounts in an equal interval of time.
2. A bus decreases its speed from 80 km h−1 to 60 km h−1 in 5 s. Find the acceleration of the
bus.
5
Ans. Initial speed of the bus, u = 80 km/h = 80   22.22m / s
18
5
Final speed of the bus, v = 60 km/h = 60  16.66m / s
18

Time take to decrease the speed, t = 5 s

v  u 16.66  22.22
Acceleration, a    1.12m / s2
t 5
Here, the negative sign of acceleration indicates that the velocity of the car is decreasing.
3. A train starting from a railway station and moving with uniform acceleration attains a
speed 40 km h−1 in 10 minutes. Find its acceleration.
Ans. Initial velocity of the train, u = 0 (since the train is initially at rest)
5
Final velocity of the train, v = 40 km/h = 40  11.11m / s
18
vu 11.11 0
Acceleration, a    0.0185m / s2
t 5
Time taken, t = 10 min = 10 × 60 = 600 s
Hence, the acceleration of the train is 0.0185 m/s2.

NUMERICALS

1. A particle is moving in a circle of diameter 5m. Calculate the distance covered and the
displacement when it competes 3 revolutions.

2. A body thrown vertically upwards reaches a maximum height ‘h’. It then returns to ground.
Calculate the distance travelled and the displacement.

3. A body travels a distance of 15m from A to B and then moves a distance of 20m at right
angles to AB. Calculate the total distance travelled and the displacement.

4. An object is moving in a circle of radius ‘r’. Calculate the distance and displacement
(i) when it completes half the circle
(ii) when it completes one full circle.

5. An object travels 16m in 4s and then another 16m in 2s. What is the average speed of the
object?
6. Vishnu swims in a 90m long pool. He covers 180m in one minute by swimming from one end
to the other and back along the same straight path. Find the average speed and average
velocity of Vishnu.

7. In along distance race, the athletics were expected to take four rounds of the track such that
the line of finish was same as the line of start. Suppose the length of the track was 200m.
(a) What is the total distance to be covered by the athletics?
(b) What is the displacement of the athletics when they touch the finish line?
(c) Is the motion of the athletics uniform or non-uniform?
(d) Is the displacement of an athletic and the distance covered by him at the end of the
race equal?

8. Starting from a stationary position, Bhuvan paddles his bicycle to attain a velocity of 6m/s in
30s. Then he applies brakes such that the velocity of bicycle comes down to 4m/s in the next
5s. Calculate the acceleration of the bicycle in both the cases.

9. Amit is moving in his car with a velocity of 45km/hr. How much distance will he cover
(a) in one minute and
(b) in one second.

10. The odometer of a car reads 2000 km at the start of a trip and 2400km at the end of the trip.
If the trip took 8 hr, calculate the average speed of the car in km/hr and m/s.

11. An electric train is moving with a velocity of 120km/hr. How much distance will it move in
30s?

12. A body is moving with a velocity of 15m/s. If the motion is uniform, what will be the velocity
after 10s?

13. A train travels some distance with a speed of 30km/hr and returns with a speed of 45km/hr.
Calculate the average speed of the train.

14. A train 100m long moving on a straight level track passes a pole in 5s. Find
(a) the speed of the train

(b) the time it will take to cross a bridge 500m long.

15. A car travels along a straight line for first half time with speed 40km/hr and the second half
time with speed 60km/hr. Find the average speed of the car.

16. A body starts rolling over a horizontal surface with an initial velocity of 0.5m/s. Due to
friction, its velocity decreases at the rate of 0.05m/s 2. How much time will it take for the body
to stop?

17. A car traveling at 36km/hr speeds upto 70km/hr in 5 seconds. What is its acceleration? If the
same car stops in 20s, what is the retardation?

18. A scooter acquires a velocity of 36km/hr in 10seconds just after the start. It takes 20 seconds
to stop. Calculate the acceleration in the two cases.
19. On a 120km track, a train travels the first 30 km at a uniform speed of 30 km/hr. How fast
must the train travel the next 90 km so as to average 60 km/hr for the entire trip?

20. A train travels at 60 km/hr for 0.52 hr; at 30 km/hr for the next 0.24 hr and at 70 km/hr for
the next 0.71 hr. What is the average speed of the train?

GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF MOTION

A graph represents the relation between two variable quantities in pictorial form. It is plotted
between two variable quantities. The quantity that is varied our choice is called independent
variable. The other quantity, which varies as a result of this change, is called dependent variable.
For example, in distance-time graph, time is independent variable and distance is dependent
variable. Similarly, in velocity-time graph, time is independent variable and velocity is dependent
variable.

DISTANCE-TIME GRAPH

The distance-time graph represents the change in the position of a body with time. In this graph,
we take time along the x-axis and the distance along the y-axis. The distance-time graph under
different conditions are shown below.

1. When the body is at rest

The position of the body does not change with time. Its distance from the origin continues to
be same at all instants of time. Therefore, we obtain a straight line parallel to x-axis(time axis)
(see the below figure)

2. When the body is in uniform motion

When an object travels equal distances in equal intervals of time, it moves with uniform
speed. This shows that the distance travelled by the object is directly
proportional to time taken. Thus, for uniform speed, a graph of distance
travelled against time is a straight line, as shown in below figure. The
portion OB of the graph shows that the distance is increasing at a uniform
rate.
On the graph, AC denotes the time interval ( t2 – t1) while BC corresponds to
the distance ( s2 – s1). We can see from the graph that as the object moves
from the point A to B, it covers a distance ( s2 – s1) in time ( t2 – t1). The speed, v
of the object, therefore can be represented as
distance travelled
speed 
time taken
s2  s1
 v
t2  t1
3. When the body is in non-uniform motion
When a body moves with non-uniform speed it covers unequal distance in equal intervals of
time. The distance-time graph for a body which is moving with non-uniform speed is not a
straight line. It is a curve. The speed of the object will change with respect to time.

VELOCITY-TIME GRAPH
The geometrical relationship between the velocity of an object and the time taken by the object
is called the velocity-time graph.

The velocity-time graph of an object can be drown by taking the time taken along the X-axis and
the velocity along the Y-axis. The ratio of the velocity and the time taken will give the acceleration
of the object. Therefore, the slope of the velocity-time graph gives the acceleration
of the given object. That is, by using this graph one can find the acceleration of an object. The
velocity-time graph under different conditions are shown below.

1. When the body is moving with uniform velocity

If the object moves at uniform velocity, the height of its velocity-time graph will not change
with time. It will be a straight line parallel to the x-axis. We know that the product of velocity
and time give displacement of an object moving with uniform velocity. The area enclosed by
velocity-time graph and the time axis will be equal to the magnitude of the displacement.

To know the distance moved by the car between time t1 and t2 using the above figure, draw
perpendiculars from the points corresponding to the time t1 and t2 on the graph. The velocity
of v km/h is represented by the height AC or BD and the time (t2 – t1) is represented by the
length AB. So, the distance s moved by the car in time (t2 – t1) can be expressed as
s = AC × CD = v(t2 – t1) = Area of the rectangle ABDC (shaded portion)

2. When the body is moving with uniform acceleration

In this case, the velocity-time graph for the motion of the car is shown in below figure. The
nature of the graph shows that velocity changes by equal amounts in equal intervals of time.
Thus, for all uniformly accelerated motion, the velocity-time graph is a straight line.
 The area under the velocity-time graph gives the distance (magnitude of displacement) moved
by the car in a given interval of time. If the car would have been moving with uniform velocity,
the distance travelled by it would be represented by the area ABCD under the graph. Since the
magnitude of the velocity of the car is changing due to acceleration, the distance s travelled
by the car will be given by the area ABCDE under the velocity-time graph.
That is,
s = area ABCDE = area of the rectangle ABCD + area of the triangle ADE
1
 AB  BC  ( AD  DE)
2
3. When the body is moving with a variable acceleration
In the case of non -uniformly accelerated motion, velocity -time graphs can have any
shape. In below Fig. (a) shows a velocity -time graph that represents the motion of a n
object whose velocity is decreasing with time while Figure (b) shows the velocity -time
graph representing the non -uniform variation of velocity of the object with time.
INTEXT QUESTIONS PAGE NO. 107
1. What is the nature of the distance−time graphs for uniform and non-uniform motion of an
object?
Ans. The distance−time graph for uniform motion of an object is a straight line (as shown
in the following figure).

The distance−time graph for non-uniform motion of an object is a curved line (as shown in
the given figure).
2. What can you say about the motion of an object whose distance−time graph is a straight
line parallel to the time axis?
Ans. When an object is at rest, its distance−time graph is a straight line parallel to the time
axis.

A straight line parallel to the x-axis in a distance−-time graph indicates that with a change
in time, there is no change in the position of the object. Thus, the object is at rest.
3. What can you say about the motion of an object if its speed−time graph is a straight line
parallel to the time axis?
Ans. Object is moving uniformly.

A straight line parallel to the time axis in a speed−time graph indicates that with a
change in time, there is no change in the speed of the object. This indicates the uniform
motion of the object.
4. What is the quantity which is measured by the area occupied below the velocity−time
graph?
Ans. Distance
 The graph shows the velocity−time graph of a uniformly moving body.
Let the velocity of the body at time (t) be v.
Area of the shaded region = length × breath
Where, Length = t, Breath = v
Area = vt = velocity × time …(i)
Distance
We know, Velocity 
Time
∴ Distance = Velocity × Time…(ii)
From equations (i) and (ii), Area = Distance
Hence, the area occupied below the velocity−time graph measures the distance covered
by the body.

NUMERICALS
1. The right-sided figure is the distance-time graph of an object. Do you think it represents a
real situation? If so, why? If not, why not?

2. The graph in below figure shows the positions of a body at different times. Calculate the
speed of the body as it moves from (i) A to B (ii) B to C and (iii) C to D.
3. The velocity time graph of an ascending passenger lift is given below. What is the acceleration
of the lift: (i) during the first two seconds (ii) between 2nd and 10th second (iii) during the last
two seconds.

4. A body is moving uniformly with a velocity of 5m/s. Find graphically the distance travelled
by it in 5 seconds.
5. Study the speed-time graph of a body shown in below figure and answer the following
questions:
(a) What type of motion is represented by OA?
(b) What type of motion is represented by AB?
(c) What type of motion is represented by BC?
(d) Calculate the acceleration of the body.
(e) Calculate the retardation of the body.
(f) Calculate the distance travelled by the body from A to B.
6. In the above question, calculate (i) distance travelled from O to A (ii) distance travelled
from B to C. (iii) total distance travelled by the body in 16 sec.

7. A car is moving on a straight road with uniform acceleration. The following table gives the
speed of the car at various instants of time:
Time(t) 0 10 20 30 40 50
Speed(m/s) 5 10 15 20 25 30

Draw the speed time graph choosing a convenient scale. Determine from it (i) the
acceleration of the car (ii) the distance travelled by the car in 50 sec.

8. The graph in below figure shows the positions of a body at different times. Calculate the
speed of the body as it moves from (i) A to B (ii) B to C and (iii) C to D.

9. A car is moving on a straight road with uniform acceleration. The speed of the car varies
with time as follows:
Time(t) 0 2 4 6 8 10
Speed(m/s) 4 8 12 16 20 24
 Draw the speed time graph choosing a convenient scale. Determine from it (i) the
acceleration of the car (ii) the distance travelled by the car in 10 sec.

10. The graph given below is the velocity-time graph for a moving body. Find (i) velocity of the
body at point C (ii) acceleration acting on the body between A and B (iii) acceleration acting
on the body between B and C.

EQUATIONS OF MOTION BY GRAPHICAL METHOD

When an object moves along a straight line with uniform acceleration, it is possible to relate its
velocity, acceleration during motion and the distance covered by it in a certain time interval by
a set of equations known as the equations of motion. There are three such equations. These are:
v = u + at -----------------(1)
1
s  ut  at 2 ------------- (2)
2

2a s = v2 – u2 ------------ (3)
where u is the initial velocity of the object which moves with uniform acceleration a for time t, v
is the final velocity, and s is the distance travelled by the object in time t. Eq. (1) describes the
velocity-time relation and Eq. (2) represents the position-time relation. Eq. (3), which represents
the relation between the position and the velocity, can be obtained from Eqs. (1) and
(2) by eliminating t. These three equations can be derived by graphical method.

EQUATION FOR VELOCITY-TIME RELATION

In the graph, AC gives the initial velocity (u). BE gives the final velocity (v). CE represents the
time taken t. DF gives the change in velocity.

Change in velocity
Acceleration=
Time
DF OF  OD
a 
CE OE  OC
But OE – OC = t
vu
a
t
 v – u = at …… (i)
 v = u + at ……(I)

EQUATION FOR POSITION-VELOCITY RELATION

Let ‘s’ be the displacement of the body in a time t.
In the graph, Displacement = Area CABE
s = Area of the rectangle CAGE + Area of the triangle ABG.
1
s = AC x CE + (AG x GB)
2

Here AC = u
CE = t
AG = t
GB = v – u = at [from(i)]
1
s = ut + x t x at
2

1
s = ut + at2 ....................... (II)
2

EQUATION FOR POSITION-TIME RELATION

In the graph, Displacement = Area of the trapezium CABE
1
s = (AC+EB) x CE
2
Here AC = u, EB = v, CE = t
uv
s  t............ (ii)
2
vu
From (i), we have t 
a
Substituting the value of t,
 According to the third equation of motion:
v2 = u2 + 2 as
(0)2 = (5)2 + 2(−10) s
52
s  1.25m
20
Hence, the stone attains a height of 1.25 m in 0.5 s.

UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION

An athlete runs along the circumference of a circular path. This type of motion is known as
circular motion. The movement of an object in a circular path is called circular motion.

When an object moves in a circular path with a constant velocity, its motion is called uniform
circular motion. In uniform circular motion, the magnitude of the velocity is constant at all points
and the direction of the velocity changes continuously.

We know that the circumference of a circle of radius r is given by 2 r . If the athlete takes t
seconds to go once around the circular path of radius r, the velocity v is given by
2 r
v
t

NUMERICALS

1. A car increases its speed from 20 km/h to 50 km/h in 10 seconds. What is its
acceleration?

2. A ship is moving at a speed of 56km/h. One second later, it is moving at 58km/h.

What is its acceleration?

3. A scooter acquires a velocity of 36km/h in 10 seconds just after the start. Calculate
the acceleration of the scoter.

4. A racing car has uniform acceleration of 4m/s2. What distance will it cover in 10
seconds after start?

5. A car acquires a velocity of 72km/h in 10 seconds starting from rest. Find (a) the
acceleration (b) the average velocity (c) the distance travelled in this time.

6. A body is accelerating at a constant rate of 10m/s2. If the body starts from rest, how
much distance will it cover in 2 seconds?

7. An object undergoes an acceleration of 8m/s2 starting from rest. Find the distance
travelled in 1 second.
8. A moving train is brought to rest within 20 seconds by applying brakes. Find the
initial velocity, if the retardation due to brakes is 2m/s2.

9. A car accelerates uniformly from 18km/h to 36 km/h in 5 seconds. Calculate (i)

acceleration and (ii) the distance covered by the car in that time.

10. A body starts to slide over a horizontal surface with an initial velocity of 0.5 m/s. Due
to friction, its velocity decreases at the rate of 0.05 m/s2. How much time will it take
for the body to stop?
11. A train starting from the rest moves with a uniform acceleration of 0.2 m/s2 for 5
minutes. Calculate the speed acquired and the distance travelled in this time.
12. A bus was moving with a speed of 54 km/h. On applying brakes, it stopped in 8
seconds. Calculate the acceleration and the distance travelled before stopping.
13. A motor cycle moving with a speed of 5 m/s is subjected to an acceleration of 0.2
m/s2. Calculate the speed of the motor cycle after 10 seconds and the distance travelled
in this time.
14. The brakes applied to a car produce an acceleration of 6 m/s2 in the opposite direction
to the motion. If the car takes 2 seconds to stop after the application of brakes,
calculate the distance it travels during this time.
15. A train starting from rest attains a velocity of 72 km/h in 5 minutes. Assuming that
the acceleration is uniform, find (i) the acceleration and (ii) the distance travelled by
the train for attaining this velocity.
16. Calculate the speed of the tip of second’s hand of a watch of length 1.5 cm.
17. A cyclist goes once round a circular track of diameter 105m in 5 minutes. Calculate
his speed.
18. A cyclist moving on a circular track of radius 50m complete revolution in 4 minutes.
What is his (i) average speed (ii) average velocity in one full revolution?
19. The length of minutes hand of a clock in 5 cm. Calculate its speed.
20. A car starts from rest and moves along the x-axis with constant acceleration 5m/s2 for
8 seconds. If it then continues with constant velocity, what distance will the car cover
in 12 seconds since it started from the rest?
21. An object is dropped from rest at a height of 150m and simultaneously another object
is dropped from rest at a height 100m. What is the difference in their heights after 2
seconds if both the objects drop with same acceleration? How does the difference in
heights vary with time?
22. Obtain a relation for the distance travelled by an object moving with a uniform
acceleration in the interval between 4th and 5th seconds.
23. Two stones are thrown vertically upwards simultaneously with their initial velocities
u1 and u2 respectively. Prove that the heights reached by them would be in the ratio
of u12:u22 (Assume upward acceleration is – g and downward acceleration to be +g).
24. An object starting from rest travels 20m in first 2 seconds and 160m in next 4 seconds. What
will be the velocity after 7 seconds from the start?

25. An electron moving with a velocity of 5 x 104 m/s enters into a uniform electric field and
acquires a uniform acceleration of 104 m/s2 in the direction of its initial motion. (i) Calculate
the time in which the electron would acquire a velocity double of its initial velocity. (ii) How
much distance the electron would cover in this time?

EXERCISE QUESTIONS PAGE NO. 112

1. An athlete completes one round of a circular track of diameter 200 m in 40 s. What will be
the distance covered and the displacement at the end of 2 minutes 20 s?
Ans. Diameter of a circular track, d = 200 m
d
Radius of the track, r =  100m
2
Circumference = 2πr = 2π (100) = 200π m
In 40 s, the given athlete covers a distance of 200π m.
200
In 1 s, the given athlete covers a distance = m
40
The athlete runs for 2 minutes 20 s = 140 s
200  22
∴Total distance covered in 140s  140  2200m
40  7
The athlete covers one round of the circular track in 40 s. This means that after every 40 s, the
athlete comes back to his original position. Hence, in 140 s he had completed 3 rounds of the
circular track and is taking the fourth round.
He takes 3 rounds in 40 × 3 = 120 s. Thus, after 120 s his displacement is zero.
Then, the net displacement of the athlete is in 20 s only. In this interval of time, he moves at
the opposite end of the initial position. Since displacement is equal to the shortest distance
between the initial and final position of the athlete, displacement of the athlete will be equal to
the diameter of the circular track.
∴ Displacement of the athlete = 200 m
Distance covered by the athlete in 2 min 20 s is 2200 m and his displacement is
200 m.
2. Joseph jogs from one end A to the other end B of a straight 300 m road in 2 minutes 50
seconds and then turns around and jogs 100 m back to point C in another 1 minute. What
are Joseph’s average speeds and velocities in jogging (a) from A to B and (b) from A to C?
Ans. (a) From end A to end B

Distance covered by Joseph while jogging from A to B = 300 m

Time taken to cover that distance = 2 min 50 seconds = 170 s
Total distance covered
Average speed 
Total time taken
Total distance covered = 300 m
Total time taken = 170 s
Displacement = shortest distance between A and B = 300 m
Time interval = 170 s
300
Average speed   1.765m / s
170
 Displacement
Average velocity  Total time taken

Displacement = shortest distance between A and B = 300 m

Time interval = 170 s
300
Average velocity   1.765m / s
170
The average speed and average velocity of Joseph from A to B are the same and equal to
1.765 m/s.
(b) From end A to end C

Total distance covered

Average speed 
Total time taken

Total distance covered = Distance from A to B + Distance from B to C

= 300 + 100 = 400 m
Total time taken = Time taken to travel from A to B + Time taken to travel from B to C =
170 + 60 = 230 s
400
Average speed   1.739m / s
230
Displacement
Average velocity 
Total time taken
Displacement from A to C = AC = AB − BC = 300 − 100 = 200 m
Time interval = time taken to travel from A to B + time taken to travel from B to C
= 170 + 60 = 230 s
200
Average velocity   0.87m / s
230
The average speed of Joseph from A to C is 1.739 m/s and his average velocity is 0.87 m/s.
3. Abdul, while driving to school, computes the average speed for his trip to be 20 km/h. On
his return trip along the same route, there is less traffic and the average speed is 40 km/h.
What is the average speed for Abdul’s trip?
Ans. Case I: While driving to school
Average speed of Abdul’s trip = 20 km/h
Total distance covered
Average speed 
Total time taken
Total distance = Distance travelled to reach school = d
Let total time taken = t1
d d ..........
20   t  (i)
1
t1 20
Case II: While returning from school
Total distance = Distance travelled while returning from school = d
Now,total time taken = t2
d d ...........
40   t1  (ii)
t2 40
 Total distance covered in the trip
Average Speed for Abdul's trip =
Total time taken

Where,
Total distance covered in the trip = d + d = 2d
Total time taken, t = Time taken to go to school + Time taken to return to school
= t1 + t2
2d
Average speed =
t1 +t2
From equations (i) and (ii),
2d 2 80
Average speed =    26.67m / s
d d 2 1 3
+
20 40 40

Hence, the average speed for Abdul’s trip is 26.67 m/s.

4. A motorboat starting from rest on a lake accelerates in a straight line at a constant rate of
3.0 m/s2 for 8.0 s. How far does the boat travel during this time?
Ans. Initial velocity, u = 0 (since the motor boat is initially at rest)
Acceleration of the motorboat, a = 3 m/s2
Time taken, t = 8 s
According to the second equation of motion:
1
s  ut  at 2
2
Distance covered by the motorboat, s
1
s  0   3 82  96m
2
Hence, the boat travels a distance of 96 m.

5. A driver of a car travelling at 52 km/h applies the brakes and accelerates uniformly in the
opposite direction. The car stops in 5 s. Another driver going at 3 km/h in another car
applies his brakes slowly and stops in 10 s. On the same graph paper, plot the speed versus
time graphs for the two cars. Which of the two cars travelled farther after the brakes were
applied?
Ans. Case A:
Initial speed of the car, u1 = 52 km/h = 14.4 m/s
Time taken to stop the car, t1 = 5 s
Final speed of the car becomes zero after 5 s of application of brakes.
Case B:
Initial speed of the car, u2 = 3 km/h = 0.833 m/s □ 0.83 m/s
Time taken to stop the car, t2 = 10 s
Final speed of the car becomes zero after 10 s of application of brakes.
Plot of the two cars on a speed−time graph is shown in the following figure:

Distance covered by each car is equal to the area under the speed−time graph.
Distance covered in case A,
1 1
S   OP  OR  14.4  5  36m
1
2 2
Distance covered in case B,
1 1
S   OS  OQ   0.8310  4.15m
 2
2 2
Area of ΔOPR > Area of ΔOSQ

Thus, the distance covered in case A is greater than the distance covered in case B.
Hence, the car travelling with a speed of 52 km/h travels farther after brakes were applied.

6. Fig 8.11 shows the distance-time graph of three objects A,B and C. Study the graph and
answer the following questions:

(a) Which of the three is travelling the fastest?

(b) Are all three ever at the same point on the road?
(c) How far has C travelled when B passes A?
(d) How far has B travelled by the time it passes C?

Distance
Ans. Speed 
Time
y-axis Distance
Slope of the graph= 
 x-axis Time
∴Speed = slope of the graph
Since slope of object B is greater than objects A and C, it is travelling the fastest.
 (b) All three objects A, B and C never meet at a single point. Thus, they were never at the
same point on road.
(c) On the distance axis:

7 small boxes = 4 km
4
∴1 small box  km
7
Initially, object C is 4 blocks away from the origin.
16
∴Initial distance of object C from origin km
7
Distance of object C from origin when B passes A = 8 km
16 56 16 40
Distance covered by C  8     5.714km
7 7 7
Hence, C has travelled a distance of 5.714 km when B passes A.
(d)
4 36
Distance covered by B at the time it passes C for 9 boxes   9   5.143km
7 7
Hence, B has travelled a distance of 5.143 km when B passes A.

7. A ball is gently dropped from a height of 20 m. If its velocity increases uniformly at the
rate of 10 m/s2, with what velocity will it strike the ground? After what time will it strike
the ground?
Ans. Distance covered by the ball, s = 20 m
Acceleration, a = 10 m/s2
Initially, velocity, u = 0 (since the ball was initially at rest)
Final velocity of the ball with which it strikes the ground, v
According to the third equation of motion:
v2 = u2 + 2 as
v2 = 0 + 2 (10) (20)
v = 20 m/s
According to the first equation of motion:
v = u + at
Where,
Time, t taken by the ball to strike the ground is,
20 = 0 + 10 (t)
 t=2s
Hence, the ball strikes the ground after 2 s with a velocity of 20 m/s.

8. The speed-time graph for a car is shown is Fig. 8.12.

(a) Find how far does the car travel in the first 4 seconds. Shade the area on the graph
that represents the distance travelled by the car during the period.
(b) Which part of the graph represents uniform motion of the car?

(a)
1
The shaded area which is equal to  4  6  12m represents the distance travelled by the car in
2

the first 4 s.

(b) The part of the graph in red colour between time 6 s to 10 s represents uniform motion of
the car.

9. State which of the following situations are possible and give an example for each of these:
(a) an object with a constant acceleration but with zero velocity (b) an object moving in a
certain direction with an acceleration in the perpendicular direction.
Ans. (a) Possible
When a ball is thrown up at maximum height, it has zero velocity, although it will have
constant acceleration due to gravity, which is equal to 9.8 m/s2.
(b) Possible
When a car is moving in a circular track, its acceleration is perpendicular to its direction.
10. An artificial satellite is moving in a circular orbit of radius 42250 km. Calculate its speed if
it takes 24 hours to revolve around the earth?
Ans. Radius of the circular orbit, r = 42250 km
Time taken to revolve around the earth, t = 24 h
Speed of a circular moving object,
2 r
v
t
2  3.14  42250
v
24
 v  1.105104 km / h  3.069km / s
Hence, the speed of the artificial satellite is 3.069 km/s.