COUNTERS
SUSHIL S KARVEKAR
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
WALCHAND COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING SANGLI
COUNTERS
• To count events in response to pulses applied to the input of
counter
• Applications in frequency divider circuits to obtain waveforms with
specific frequencies
• Types
• Asynchronous Counters (Series Counters)
• Synchronous Counters(Parallel Counters)
• Other classification
• Up counters
• Down Counters
MODULUS OF A COUNTER
• Number of states the counter passes before returning to the starting state
• Number of distinct states the counter can store including zero
• Number of input pulses that cause the counter to reset to its initial count
• Eg: A 2-bit counter has 4 states, hence it is Mod-4 counter
• A 3-bit counter has 2^3 states, hence it is Mod-8 counter
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SYNCHRONOUS AND
ASYNCHRONOUS COUNTERS
ASYNCHRONOUS 2-BIT UP COUNTER
Using Negative Edge-triggered clock Using Positive Edge-triggered clock
ASYNCHRONOUS 2-BIT UP COUNTER
Using Negative Edge-triggered clock Using Positive Edge-triggered clock
ASYNCHRONOUS 2-BIT DOWN COUNTER
Using Negative
Edge triggered
clock pulses
Using positive Edge
triggered clock
pulses
ASYNCHRONOUS 2-BIT UP-DOWN COUNTER
IMPLEMENTATION OF MOD-6 COUNTER
Using Negative
Edge triggered
clock pulses
IMPLEMENTATION OF MOD-6 COUNTER
IMPLEMENTATION OF MOD-10/DECADE COUNTER
IMPLEMENTATION OF MOD-10/DECADE COUNTER
CASCADING COUNTERS
If a Mod-M counter is cascaded with Mod-N counter, the resultant counter has modulus of M.N
DRAWBACKS OF ASYNCHRONOUS COUNTERS
• Slower: As they are serial counters, the output of the flip-flop
changes only when clock pulse from preceding flip-flop is received
• Propagation Delay: Propagation delay gets accumulated as the
states of flip-flops change eventually resulting in missing of states
when clock frequency is higher.
SYNCHRONOUS COUNTERS
• Synchronous counters are also referred as parallel
counters
• Faster as compared to Asynchronous counters
• Propagation of Synchronous counter is propagation delay
of one FF plus the propagation delay of all the gates
involved
• Can be preset to any desired state either synchronously or
asynchronously
DESIGN STEPS FOR SYNCHRONOUS COUNTERS
Choice of Flip-flops Obtain Minimal
Draw State Diagram expression of
Determine Number of and write Excitation
showing all the excitation using K-
flip flops required Table showing present
possible states maps
state and next state
Draw Logic Diagram
based on the
obtained minimal
expression
RING COUNTERS
RING COUNTERS
TIMING DIAGRAM
TWISTED RING COUNTER
TWISTED RING COUNTER
TWISTED RING COUNTER
DESIGN OF SYNCHRONOUS 3-BIT UP COUNTER
DESIGN OF SYNCHRONOUS 3-BIT UP COUNTER