CHAPTER 4:

EARTH PRESSURE ON
RETAINING STRUCTURES

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Department of Civil Engineering

 OBJECTIVES
1. Familiarize the types of earth pressures
2. Compute at-rest, passive, and active
earth pressure acting on retaining
structures

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Department of Civil Engineering

 Lateral Earth
Pressure
-the pressure that the soil exerts
in the horizontal direction
Types of Lateral Earth
Pressure
1. Active Soil Pressure
2. Passive Soil Pressure
3. Rest Earth Soil Pressure
Active Soil Pressure
- a lateral pressure exerted by the soil that causes a
slight movement of the wall away from the retained
soil materials
- pressure exerted by soil against the wall
Passive Soil Pressure
- a lateral pressure exerted by the soil by moving the
wall slightly towards the retained soil materials
- resistance offered by the soil to an object pushing
against it
Rest Earth Soil Pressure
- a lateral pressure exerted when there is no movement
of the wall
Rankine Earth Pressure Theory
- Maximum-normal Stress Theory
- developed in 1857 by William John Macquorn Rankine
- Stress field solution that predicts active and passive
earth pressure
Rankine Earth Pressure Theory
- assumes that the soil is cohesionless, the wall is
frictionless, the soil-wall interface is vertical, the
failure surface on which the soil moves is planar, and
the resultant force is angled parallel to the backfill
surface
Rankine Earth Pressure Theory
- assumes that failure will occur when the maximum
principal stress at any point reaches a value equal to
the tensile stress in a simple tension specimen at
failure
Active Soil Pressure
𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝛃 = 𝟎
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝜷 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝛃 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 ∅
𝐤 𝐚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛃 𝟏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏∅
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝜷 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝛃 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 ∅ 𝐤𝐚 =
𝟏 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏∅
Passive Soil Pressure
𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝛃 = 𝟎
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝜷 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝛃 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 ∅
𝐤 𝐩 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛃 𝟏 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏∅
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝜷 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝛃 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 ∅ 𝐤𝐩 =
𝟏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏∅
Rest Earth Soil Pressure
𝐤 𝐨 = 𝟏 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧∅
Pressure diagram for 1 layer of soil
SOIL SURCHARGE WATER COHESION

𝐏𝐬 = 𝐤𝛄′𝐡 𝐏𝐪 = 𝐤𝐪 𝐏𝐰 = 𝜸𝒘 𝒉𝒘 ACTIVE PASSIVE

𝐏𝐜 = −𝟐𝐜 𝒌 𝐏𝐜 = 𝟐𝐜 𝒌
Situation 1. A retaining wall 5.8 m high supports soil that has the following properties:
Unit weight = 17.3 kN/m3
Angle of internal friction = 26°
Cohesion = 14.5 kPa
Determine the following:
a. Normal pressure acting at the back of the wall assuming no tensile crack occurs in the
soil
b. Location of tensile crack measured from the surface of horizontal backfill.
c. Active pressure acting on the wall if tensile crack occurs in the soil.

𝛄 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟑 𝒌𝑵ൗ 𝟑
𝒎
∅ = 𝟐𝟔°

𝐜 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟓 𝐤𝐏𝐚 𝟓. 𝟖𝐦
a. Normal pressure acting at the back of the wall assuming no
tensile crack occurs in the soil. ′
Soil
𝐏𝐬 = 𝐤𝛄 𝐡
Active Cohesion
𝐏𝐬 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟗𝟎(𝟏𝟕. 𝟑𝟎)(𝟓. 𝟖)
𝛄 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟑 𝒌𝑵ൗ 𝟑
𝒎 𝐏𝐬 = 𝟑𝟗. 𝟏𝟕𝟗 𝐤𝐏𝐚
∅ = 𝟐𝟔°
𝟓. 𝟖𝐦 𝐏𝐜 = −𝟐𝐜 𝒌
𝐜 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟓 𝐤𝐏𝐚
𝐏𝐜 = −𝟐(𝟏𝟒. 𝟓) 𝟎. 𝟑𝟗𝟎
𝐏𝐜 = −𝟏𝟖. 𝟏𝟐𝟏 𝐤𝐏𝐚
𝐏𝐬 𝐏𝐜
𝟏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏∅ 𝐅 = 𝐅𝐬 − 𝐅𝐜
𝐤𝐚 = 𝟏
𝟏 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏∅ 𝐅 = 𝐏𝐬 𝐡 𝟏 − 𝐏𝐜 𝐡 (𝟏)
𝟐
𝟏 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝟔 𝟏
𝐤𝐚 = 𝐅= 𝟑𝟗. 𝟏𝟕𝟗 𝟓. 𝟖 𝟏 − 𝟏𝟖. 𝟏𝟐𝟏 𝟓. 𝟖 (𝟏)
𝟏 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝟔 𝟐
𝐤 𝐚 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟗𝟎 𝐅 = 𝟖. 𝟓𝟏𝟔 𝐤𝐍
b. Location of tensile crack measured from the surface of
horizontal backfill.
𝐏𝐜 𝑷𝒄 𝑷𝒔 − 𝑷𝒄
=
𝒚𝟏 𝟓. 𝟖 − 𝒚𝟏
𝒚𝟏
𝟏𝟖. 𝟏𝟐𝟏 𝟑𝟗. 𝟏𝟕𝟗 − 𝟏𝟖. 𝟏𝟐𝟏
=
𝒚𝟏 𝟓. 𝟖 − 𝒚𝟏
𝟓. 𝟖 − 𝒚𝟏
𝐲𝟏 = 𝟐. 𝟔𝟖𝟑 𝐦

𝐏𝐬 𝐏𝐜 𝐏𝐬 − 𝐏𝐜 𝐏𝐬 = 𝐏𝐜
𝐤𝛄′ 𝒉 = 𝟐𝐜 𝒌
𝟎. 𝟑𝟗𝟎(𝟏𝟕. 𝟑)𝒉 = 𝟐(𝟏𝟒. 𝟓) 𝟎. 𝟑𝟗𝟎
𝐡 = 𝟐. 𝟔𝟖𝟑 𝐦
c. Active pressure acting on the wall if tensile crack occurs in the
soil.
𝐏𝐜 𝐅 = 𝐅𝐬 − 𝐅𝐜
𝟏
𝒚𝟏 𝐅 = 𝐏𝐬 𝐡 𝟏 − 𝐏𝐜 𝐡 (𝟏)
𝟐

𝟏
𝐅= (𝟑𝟗. 𝟏𝟕𝟗 − 𝟏𝟖. 𝟏𝟐𝟏) 𝟑. 𝟏𝟏𝟕 (𝟏)
𝟐
𝟓. 𝟖 − 𝒚𝟏
𝐅 = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟖𝟐𝟐 𝐤𝐍
𝐏𝐬 𝐏𝐜 𝐏𝐬 − 𝐏𝐜
Situation 2. A vertical retaining wall 6 m high is supporting a horizontal backfill having a unit weight of
16.5 kN/m3 and a saturated unit weight of 19 kN/m3. Angle of internal friction of the backfill is 30°.
Ground water table is located 3 m below the ground surface.
a. Determine the at rest lateral earth force per meter length of the wall.
b. Determine the location of the resultant force.

𝛄 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟓 𝒌𝑵ൗ 𝟑
𝒎
∅ = 𝟑𝟎°
𝟑. 𝟎 𝐦

𝛄 = 𝟏𝟗 𝒌𝑵ൗ 𝟑
𝒎
𝟑. 𝟎 𝐦 ∅ = 𝟑𝟎°
 𝛄 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟓 𝒌𝑵ൗ 𝟑 𝟏
𝒎 𝐅𝟏 = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟕𝟓 𝟑 (𝟏)
𝟐
∅ = 𝟑𝟎°
𝟑. 𝟎 𝐦
𝐅𝟏 = 𝟑𝟕. 𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝐤𝐍
𝐅𝟐 = (𝟐𝟒. 𝟕𝟓)(𝟑)(𝟏)
𝐅𝟏
𝑷𝟏 𝐅𝟐 = 𝟕𝟒. 𝟐𝟓 𝐤𝐍
𝟏
𝐅𝟑 = (𝟏𝟑. 𝟕𝟖𝟓)(𝟑)(𝟏)
𝛄 = 𝟏𝟗 𝒌𝑵ൗ 𝟑 𝟐
𝒎 𝐅𝟑 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟔𝟕𝟕𝟓 𝐤𝐍
𝟑. 𝟎 𝐦 ∅ = 𝟑𝟎° 𝐅𝟐
𝟏
𝐅𝟒 = (𝟐𝟗. 𝟒𝟑)(𝟑)(𝟏)
𝐅𝟑 𝐅𝟒 𝟐
𝐅𝟒 = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟏𝟒𝟓 𝐤𝐍

𝑷𝟐 𝑷𝟑 𝑷𝟒 𝐅𝐭 = 𝐅𝟏 + 𝐅𝟐 + 𝐅𝟑 + 𝐅𝟒
𝐤 𝐨 = 𝟏 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧∅
𝐏𝟏 = 𝐤𝛄′ 𝒉 𝐏𝟑 = 𝐤𝛄′ 𝒉 𝐅𝐭 = 𝟑𝟕. 𝟏𝟐𝟓 + 𝟕𝟒. 𝟐𝟓
𝐤 𝐨 = 𝟏 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝟎
+𝟐𝟎. 𝟔𝟕𝟕𝟓 + 𝟒𝟒. 𝟏𝟒𝟓
𝐏𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎(𝟏𝟔. 𝟓)(𝟑) 𝐏𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎(𝟏𝟗 − 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏)(𝟑)
𝐤 𝐨 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎
𝐏𝟏 = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟕𝟓 𝐤𝐏𝐚 𝐅𝐭 = 𝟏𝟕𝟔. 𝟏𝟕𝟕𝟓 𝐤𝐍
𝐏𝟑 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟕𝟖𝟓 𝐤𝐏𝐚
𝐏𝟐 = 𝐏𝟏 𝐏𝟒 = 𝛄𝐰 𝐡𝐰
𝐏𝟐 = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟕𝟓 𝐤𝐏𝐚 𝐏𝟒 = 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏(𝟑) a. Determine the at rest lateral earth
𝐏𝟒 = 𝟐𝟗. 𝟒𝟑 𝐤𝐏𝐚 force per meter length of the wall.
 𝛄 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟓 𝒌𝑵ൗ 𝟑
𝒎
∅ = 𝟑𝟎°
𝟑. 𝟎 𝐦

𝛄 = 𝟏𝟗 𝒌𝑵ൗ 𝟑
𝒎
𝟑. 𝟎 𝐦 ∅ = 𝟑𝟎°

b. Determine the location of the resultant force.

𝐏𝐚 𝐲 = 𝑷𝟏 𝒚𝟏 + 𝑷𝟐 𝒚𝟐 + 𝑷𝟑 𝒚𝟑 + 𝑷𝟒 𝒚𝟒
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
𝟏𝟕𝟔. 𝟏𝟕𝟕𝟓𝐲 = 𝟑𝟕. 𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝟑 + + 𝟕𝟒. 𝟐𝟓 + 𝟐𝟎. 𝟔𝟕𝟕𝟓 + 𝟒𝟒. 𝟏𝟒𝟓( )
𝟑 𝟐 𝟑 𝟑
𝐲 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟒𝟑 𝐦
 CHAPTER 5:
RETAINING WALLS

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Department of Civil Engineering

 OBJECTIVES
1. Familiarize the different types of
retaining walls
2. Design different types of retaining walls
in accordance with the NSCP

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Department of Civil Engineering

 Retaining Wall
- a structure designed to hold back soil and
prevent erosion, typically used in sloped areas.
Its main functions include:
• Preventing soil erosion
• Creating usable space
• Managing water drainage
 Types of Retaining
Wall
1. Gravity retaining walls
2. Semigravity retaining walls
3. Cantilever retaining walls
4. Counterfort retaining walls
 Gravity Retaining Walls
- Constructed with plain concrete or stone masonry
- Depend on their own weight and any soil resting on the masonry for stability
- This type of construction is not economical for high walls
 Semigravity Retaining Walls
- A small amount of steel may be used for the construction of gravity walls,
minimizing the size of wall sections
 Cantilever Retaining Walls
- Made of reinforced concrete that consists of a thin stem and a base slab
- This type of wall is economical to a height of about 8 m
 Counterfort Retaining Walls
- Similar to cantilever walls however, they have thin, vertical concrete slabs
known as counterforts that tie the wall and the base slab together.
- The purpose of the counterforts is to reduce the shear and the bending
moments.
 STRUCTURAL STABILITY OF WALLS
𝐖

ഥ
𝒙

𝐅𝐡

ഥ
𝒚
TOE HEEL
𝝁𝑾 𝑪𝒃
1. Factor of Safety Against Overturning (𝐅𝐒𝐎𝐓 )

𝐑𝐌 𝑹𝑴 = 𝑾ഥ𝒙
𝐅𝐒𝐎𝐓 =
𝐎𝐌 ഥ
𝑶𝑴 = 𝑭𝑯 𝒚

> 1.5 for granular soil

𝑾ഥ𝒙
𝐅𝐒𝐎𝐓 = > 2.0 for cohesive soil
ഥ
𝑭𝑯 𝒚
> 5.0
 2. Factor of Safety Against Sliding(𝐅𝐒𝑺𝑳 )
Where:
𝝁𝑾
𝐅𝐒𝑺𝑳 = > 𝟏. 𝟓 𝑾 = ෍ 𝑭𝒚
𝑭𝑯
𝑭𝑯 = ෍ 𝑭𝒙

𝝁 = 𝒄𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒇𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

𝟏 𝟐
𝝁= 𝒕𝒂𝒏( 𝒕𝒐 )∅
𝟑 𝟑
2. Factor of Safety Against Sliding(𝐅𝐒𝑺𝑳 )
for cohesive soils

𝝁𝑾 + 𝑪𝒃
𝐅𝐒𝑺𝑳 = > 𝟐. 𝟎
𝑭𝑯

Where:
𝒄 = 𝒔𝒐𝒊𝒍 𝒄𝒐𝒉𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝒃 = 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒘𝒊𝒅𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒊𝒍
Investigate the stability of the given structure as shown.
0.50 m 0.50 m 0.30 m 0.60 m
𝜸𝒔 = 𝟏𝟖 𝒌𝑵ൗ 𝟑
𝒎
∅ = 𝟑𝟑°
𝒄=𝟎
𝜸𝒄 = 𝟐𝟓 𝒌𝑵ൗ 𝟑
𝒎
4.40 m

𝐑𝐌
𝐅𝐒𝐎𝐓 =
𝐎𝐌

0.60 m
𝝁𝑾
𝐅𝐒𝑺𝑳 =
A
𝑭𝑯
 𝜸𝒔 = 𝟏𝟖 𝒌𝑵ൗ 𝟑
𝒎
∅ = 𝟑𝟑°
𝒄=𝟎
𝜸𝒄 = 𝟐𝟓 𝒌𝑵ൗ 𝟑
𝒎
𝟏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏∅
W2 𝒌𝒂 =
𝟏 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏∅
𝟏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝟑
𝒌𝒂 =
W1 𝟏 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝟑

W3 𝒌𝒂 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟗𝟒𝟖

W4 𝐏𝐀 = 𝐤𝛄′ 𝐡
𝐏𝐀 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟗𝟒𝟖(𝟏𝟖)(𝟓. 𝟎)
𝐅𝐇 𝐏𝐀 = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟓𝟑𝟐 𝐤𝐏𝐚

𝐏𝐀
 Distance
Forces 1m strip (kN) from A RM OM 𝑭𝒙 𝑭𝒚
(m)
 Distance
Forces 1m strip (kN) from A RM OM 𝑭𝒙 𝑭𝒚
(m)

FH = 12(26.532)(5) = 66.33 kN
𝟓
𝟏𝟏𝟎. 𝟓𝟓 𝟔𝟔. 𝟑𝟑
𝟑

𝟎. 𝟔
W1 = 18(0.6) 4.4 = 47.52 kN 𝟏. 𝟑 +
𝟐
= 𝟏. 𝟔 𝟕𝟔. 𝟎𝟑𝟐 𝟒𝟕. 𝟓𝟐

𝟎. 𝟑
𝟏. 𝟎 + = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟓
W2 = 25(0.3) 4.4 = 33 kN 𝟐 𝟑𝟕. 𝟗𝟓 𝟑𝟑

1 𝟐
𝟎. 𝟓 + (𝟎. 𝟓) =
𝟓
W3 = 0.5 4.4 25 = 27.50 kN 𝟑 𝟔 𝟐𝟐. 𝟗𝟐 𝟐𝟕. 𝟓𝟎
2
𝟏. 𝟗
= 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓
W4 = 25(1.9)(0.6) = 28.50 kN 𝟐 𝟐𝟕. 𝟎𝟕𝟓 𝟐𝟖. 𝟓𝟎

𝟏𝟔𝟑. 𝟗𝟕 𝟏𝟏𝟎. 𝟓𝟓 𝟔𝟔. 𝟑𝟎 𝟏𝟑𝟔. 𝟓𝟐

𝐂𝐇𝐄𝐂𝐊 𝐅𝐎𝐑 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐅𝐀𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑 𝐎𝐅 𝐒𝐀𝐅𝐄𝐓𝐘 𝐀𝐆𝐀𝐈𝐍𝐒𝐓 𝐎𝐕𝐄𝐑 𝐓𝐔𝐑𝐍𝐈𝐍𝐆

𝐑𝐌
𝐅𝐒𝐎𝐓 =
𝐎𝐌
𝟏𝟔𝟑. 𝟗𝟕
𝐅𝐒𝐎𝐓 =
𝟏𝟏𝟎. 𝟓𝟓
𝐅𝐒𝐎𝐓 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟖𝟑 < 𝟏. 𝟓𝟎 ∴ 𝑵𝑶𝑻 𝑶𝑲𝑨𝒀! 𝐈𝐧𝐜𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐛𝐚𝐬𝐞 𝐰𝐢𝐝𝐭𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐰𝐚𝐥𝐥

𝐂𝐇𝐄𝐂𝐊 𝐅𝐎𝐑 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐅𝐀𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑 𝐎𝐅 𝐒𝐀𝐅𝐄𝐓𝐘 𝐀𝐆𝐀𝐈𝐍𝐒𝐓 𝐒𝐋𝐈𝐃𝐈𝐍𝐆

𝟏
𝛍𝐖 𝛍 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( (𝟑𝟑))
𝐅𝐒𝐒𝐋 = 𝟑
𝐅𝐇 𝛍 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟗
𝟎. 𝟏𝟗(𝟏𝟑𝟔. 𝟓𝟐)
𝐅𝐒𝐒𝐋 =
𝟔𝟓. 𝟐𝟓
𝐅𝐒𝐒𝐋 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟏 < 𝟏. 𝟓𝟎 ∴ 𝑵𝑶𝑻 𝑶𝑲𝑨𝒀! 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐯𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝐬𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐫 𝐤𝐞𝐲
Situation 2: A gravity wall is shown. Design the base B, with the following soil properties:
𝒌𝑵
𝜸𝒔 = 𝟏𝟔 𝟑
𝒎
∅ = 𝟑𝟑°
𝐜=𝟎 x 0.40 m
𝒌𝑵 𝟏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏∅
𝜸𝒄 = 𝟐𝟓 𝟑 𝒌𝒂 =
𝒎 𝟏 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏∅
𝑭𝑺𝑶𝑻 = 𝟏. 𝟓 𝟏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝟑
𝑭𝑺𝑺𝑳 = 𝟐. 𝟎 W1
𝒌𝒂 =
𝟏 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝟑
W2 𝒌𝒂 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟗𝟒𝟖
3.50 m
𝐏𝐀 = 𝐤𝛄′ 𝐡
𝐅𝐇 𝐏𝐀 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟗𝟒𝟖(𝟏𝟔)(𝟑. 𝟓𝟎)
𝐏𝐀 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟓𝟎𝟗 𝐤𝐏𝐚

A
B 𝐏𝐀
 Distance
Forces 1m strip (kN) from A RM OM 𝑭𝒙 𝑭𝒚
(m)
 Distance
Forces 1m strip (kN) from A RM OM 𝐅𝐱 𝐅𝐲
(m)

FH = 12(16.509)(3.5) = 28.89 kN 3.5ൗ

3 33.706 28.89

W1 = 25 0.4 3.5 = 35 kN x + 0.4

2 35x + 7 35

2
W2 = 12(x)(3.5)(25) = 43.75x x
175 2
6
x 43.75x
3

175 2
6 x
TOTAL + 35x + 7 33.706 28.89 43.75𝑥 + 35
 𝐑𝐌 𝟏
𝐅𝐒𝐎𝐓 = 𝛍 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( (𝟑𝟑))
𝐎𝐌 𝟑
𝟏𝟕𝟓 𝟐 𝛍 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟗
𝟔 𝒙 + 𝟑𝟓𝒙 + 𝟕
𝟏. 𝟓𝟎 = 𝛍𝐖
𝟑𝟑. 𝟕𝟎𝟔 𝐅𝐒𝐒𝐋 =
𝐱 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟔 𝐦 𝐅𝐇
𝐱 = −𝟏. 𝟗𝟔 𝐦 𝟎. 𝟏𝟗(𝟒𝟑. 𝟕𝟓𝒙 + 𝟑𝟓 )
𝟐. 𝟎 =
𝟐𝟖. 𝟖𝟗
𝒙 = 𝟓. 𝟗𝟗 𝐦
𝐁 = 𝟓. 𝟗𝟗 + 𝟎. 𝟒
𝐁 = 𝟔. 𝟑𝟗 𝐦 ≈ 𝟔. 𝟒𝟎 𝐦
Remedial Measure
• Most retaining walls falls mostly under sliding. The main
factor is that the height of embedment which is great
enough to create a strong active horizontal force due to
earth pressure, tends the wall to slide. As a result, studies
have shown that this sliding situation dictates that the
coefficient of friction between the base and the underlying
soil is insufficient compared to the horizontal force created
by the lateral earth pressure.
 PROBABLE MEASURES
1. Increase Base Width
• For walls having a stem of medium height ( up to 4.5 m) an
increase in the base of width at the heel favors a more
economical design, thereby increasing the contact area
between the wall and the soil at the base

stem

∆𝐁

𝐁
2. Provision of Shear Key
• Where the height of the stem is great enough that even if the
base is increased seems unsuccessful and economical, a
provision for shear key is most appropriate and favorable
design
Location of the Shear Key
• In the early times, location of the shear key were uncertain as to
where it would be located to arrive at a very successful and
efficient design.
• However, it has been a good practice to place it just below the
stem for reason that the steel reinforcement of the stem will be
extended down and will also become the reinforcement of the
key.
 𝐅𝐚

Pp1
𝐏 𝒚
Pp2
Shear Key

Required length/ Depth of Key

Determine the required depth of key for a FS=2.0 of the given wall.
𝚺𝐅𝐲 = 𝟑𝟒𝟔. 𝟔𝟕 𝐤𝐍

𝜸𝒔 = 𝟏𝟖𝒌𝑵ൗ𝒎𝟑

∅ = 𝟑𝟎°
𝐜=𝟎

𝟏
𝐅𝐇 = 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝐤𝐍
𝟎. 𝟖𝟎 𝐦

𝟎. 𝟔𝟎 𝐦
𝟐
𝐲

𝟑
𝐒𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐫 𝐊𝐞𝐲
For the passive pressure at the toe 𝟏 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏∅
𝐏𝐏 = 𝐤𝛄𝐡 𝒌𝒑 =
𝐏𝐏𝟏 𝟏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏∅
𝐏𝐏𝟏 = 𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝟎
𝐏𝐏𝟐 = 𝟑(𝟏𝟖)(𝟎. 𝟖 + 𝟎. 𝟔) 𝒌𝒑 =
𝟏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝟎
𝟎. 𝟖𝟎 𝐦
𝐏𝐏𝟐 = 𝟕𝟓. 𝟔 𝐤𝐏𝐚 𝒌𝒑 = 𝟑

𝐏𝐏𝟑 = 𝐏𝐏𝟐 + 𝐤𝐲𝐡

𝟎. 𝟔𝟎 𝐦 𝐏𝐏𝟑 = 𝟕𝟓. 𝟔 + 𝟑(𝟏𝟖)(𝐲)
𝐏𝐏𝟐 𝐏𝐏𝟑 = 𝟕𝟓. 𝟔 + 𝟓𝟒𝐲
𝐅𝐏 𝐲
𝟏
𝐅𝐏 = (𝟕𝟓. 𝟔 + 𝟕𝟓. 𝟔 + 𝟓𝟒𝒚)(𝒚)
𝟐
𝐏𝐏𝟑 𝐅𝐏 = 𝟕𝟓. 𝟔𝒚 + 𝟐𝟕𝒚𝟐
 𝚺𝑭 → 𝟏
𝑭. 𝑺𝑺𝑳 = 𝝁 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏( ∅)
𝚺𝑭 ← 𝟑
𝟏
𝝁𝑾 + 𝑭𝑷 𝝁 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏( × 𝟑𝟎)
𝑭. 𝑺𝑺𝑳 = 𝟑
𝑭𝑯 𝝁 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕𝟔
𝟎. 𝟏𝟕𝟔 𝟑𝟒𝟔. 𝟔𝟕 + 𝟕𝟓. 𝟔𝒚 + 𝟐𝟕𝒚𝟐
𝟐. 𝟎 =
𝟏𝟎𝟖
𝐲 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟕 𝐦
𝐲 = −𝟒. 𝟏𝟕 𝐦

𝐲 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟕 𝐦 , 𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐫 𝐤𝐞𝐲

 Pressure Distribution at the Base
𝐑 𝐲 = 𝚺𝐅𝐲 𝐑
Vertical Soil Pressure

𝚺𝐅𝐇
Location of R

𝐑𝐌 − 𝐎𝐌
𝐱ത =
𝐑𝐲

𝐟𝐦𝐢𝐧 𝐁
𝐞= − 𝐱ത
𝟐
𝐟𝐦𝐚𝐱
ഥ
𝒙 𝒆
𝑩 𝑩
𝟐 𝟐
𝑩 𝑩 𝑩
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
 𝐒𝐮𝐛𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠:
For maximum and minimum soil pressure
𝐁 𝐁
From combined stress formula, 𝐑𝐲 𝐑 𝐲 (𝐞)( 𝟐 ) 𝐑 𝐲 𝐑 𝐲 (𝐞)( 𝟐 )
𝐅𝐦𝐚𝐱 = + 𝐅𝐦𝐢𝐧 = −
𝐏 𝐌𝐜 𝐁 𝐁𝟑 𝐁 𝐁𝟑
𝐅𝐦𝐚𝐱 = + 𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐
𝐀 𝐈
𝐏 𝐌𝐜 𝐑 𝐲 𝐑 𝐲 (𝐞) 𝐑 𝐲 𝐑 𝐲 (𝐞)
𝐅𝐦𝐢𝐧 = − 𝐅𝐦𝐚𝐱 = + 𝐅𝐦𝐢𝐧 = −
𝐀 𝐈 𝐁 𝐁𝟐 𝐁 𝐁𝟐
𝟔 𝟔
𝐖𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞:
𝐑 𝐲 𝟔𝐑 𝐲 (𝐞) 𝐑 𝐲 𝟔𝐑 𝐲 (𝐞)
𝐏 = 𝐑𝐲 𝐅𝐦𝐚𝐱 = + 𝐅𝐦𝐢𝐧 = −
𝐀 = 𝐁𝐚𝐬𝐞 𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 𝐁 𝐁𝟐 𝐁 𝐁𝟐
𝐀 = 𝐁 𝟏𝐦 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐩
𝐌=𝐏×𝐞 𝐑𝐲 𝟔𝐞 𝐑𝐲 𝟔𝐞
𝐌 = 𝐑𝐲 × 𝐞 𝐅𝐦𝐚𝐱 = [𝟏 + ] 𝐅𝐦𝐢𝐧 = [𝟏 − ]
𝐁 𝐁 𝐁 𝐁
𝐁
𝐜=
𝟐
𝟏(𝐁 𝟑 ) NOTE: It is recommended that R must be located within the middle third of the
𝐈=
𝟏𝟐 base so that fmax will occur at the toe and fmin at the heel or even on
pressure.
Check for the structure against settlement if the allowable soil pressure is 𝐪𝐚𝐥𝐥 = 𝟏𝟒𝟎 𝐤𝐏𝐚
𝐅𝐲 = 𝟑𝟒𝟔. 𝟔𝟕 𝐤𝐍
𝐁 𝐑𝐌 − 𝐎𝐌
𝐞 = − 𝐱ത 𝐱ത =
𝟐 𝐑𝐲
𝟒 𝟖𝟒𝟓. 𝟕𝟑 − 𝟐𝟏𝟔
𝐞 = − 𝟏. 𝟖𝟐 𝐱ത =
𝟐 𝟑𝟒𝟔. 𝟔𝟕
𝐅𝐇 = 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝐤𝐍 𝐞 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟖 𝐦 𝐱ത = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟐 𝐦
𝐑𝐲 𝟔𝐞
𝐅𝐦𝐚𝐱 = [𝟏 + ]
𝐁 𝐁
𝟑𝟒𝟔. 𝟔𝟕 𝟔(𝟎. 𝟏𝟖)
𝟒. 𝟎 𝐦 𝐅𝐦𝐚𝐱 = [𝟏 + ]
𝟒 𝟒

𝐑𝐌 = 𝟖𝟒𝟓. 𝟕𝟑 𝐤𝐍. 𝐦 𝐅𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 𝟏𝟏𝟎. 𝟓𝟐 𝐤𝐏𝐚 < 𝟏𝟒𝟎 𝒌𝑷𝒂 ∴ 𝑺𝑨𝑭𝑬!

𝐎𝐌 = 𝟐𝟏𝟔 𝐤𝐍. 𝐦 𝐑𝐲 𝟔𝐞
𝐅𝐦𝐢𝐧 = [𝟏 − ]
𝐑𝐲 𝟔𝐞 𝐁 𝐁
𝐅𝐦𝐚𝐱 = [𝟏 + ] 𝟑𝟒𝟔. 𝟔𝟕 𝟔(𝟎. 𝟏𝟖)
𝐁 𝐁 𝐅𝐦𝐢𝐧 = [𝟏 − ]
𝐑𝐲 𝟒 𝟒
𝟔𝐞
𝐅𝐦𝐢𝐧 = [𝟏 − ] 𝐅𝐦𝐢𝐧 = 𝟔𝟐. 𝟖𝟏 𝐤𝐏𝐚 < 𝟏𝟒𝟎 𝒌𝑷𝒂 ∴ 𝑺𝑨𝑭𝑬!
𝐁 𝐁
 STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF RETAINING WALLS
ULTIMATE STRESS DESIGN METHOD
Required Strength:
1. When DL, LL, Earth Pressure (H) is included in the design:
𝐔 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝐃𝐋 + 𝟏. 𝟔𝐋𝐋 + 𝟏. 𝟔𝐇
2. Where DL & LL reduce the effect of the required strength shall be:
𝐔 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝐃𝐋 + 𝟏. 𝟔𝐋𝐋
3. For any combination of DL, LL, H required strength U shall be at least:
𝐔 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝐃𝐋 + 𝟏. 𝟔𝐋𝐋

NOTE: Lateral Earth Pressure will be considered to be live loads.

I. Design of Rebars at Stem II. Design of Rebars at Toe

Wud = ultimate active

lateral earth pressure
b = 1m strip
Vu Mu

d
As

Vu

Mu

𝐟𝐲
𝐌𝐮 = ∅𝛒𝐛𝐝𝟐 𝐟𝐲 [𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟓𝟗𝛒 ′ ]
As b = 1m strip 𝐟𝐜
d 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝛒
𝛒𝐦𝐢𝐧 < 𝛒 < 𝛒𝐦𝐚𝐱

𝐀𝐬 = 𝛒𝐛𝐝
III. Design of Rebars at Heel
surcharge

𝐖𝐮 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝐃𝐋 + 𝟏. 𝟕𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐞
DL= weight of heel slab + weight of soil above the heel

Wu
𝐟𝐲
b = 1m strip 𝐌𝐮 = ∅𝛒𝐛𝐝𝟐 𝐟𝐲 [𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟓𝟗𝛒 ′ ]
Mu
𝐟𝐜
Vu
As
d

Heel Slab
IV. Temperature and Shrinkage Reinforcement

The usual requirements for the amount of temperature and shrinkage

reinforcement stated in the provision of the NSCP and ACI Code are also applied for
retaining walls

𝐀𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦𝐩 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝐛𝐭

V. Bond Stress Development Length Requirements

1. Make a preliminary design of the retaining wall (initial dimension are assumed)
2. Check the stability against sliding and overturning.
3. Convert the loads to ultimate values.
4. Design the necessary steel reinforcement.
5. Draw detailed section of the wall.
Check the stability and design the steel reinforcement of the given retaining wall.
Design Data:
𝟎. . 𝟐𝟓 𝐦
𝜸𝒔 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟓 𝒌𝑵Τ𝒎𝟑
𝜸𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒄 = 𝟐𝟑. 𝟓 𝒌𝑵Τ𝒎𝟑
∅ = 𝟑𝟎°
𝑭′𝒄 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟕 𝒎𝑷𝒂 W6 W1 W7
𝑭𝒚 = 𝟒𝟏𝟒 𝒎𝑷𝒂
𝒒𝒂𝒍𝒍 = 𝟗𝟓 𝒌𝑷𝒂 W5 W2
𝒌𝒑 = 𝟑. 𝟎 𝟒. 𝟏𝟎 𝐦
𝒌𝒂 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑
𝟎. 𝟕𝟎 𝐦
W3 𝐅𝐀

𝟎. 𝟔 𝐦 W4

𝐅𝐏 𝟎. 𝟖𝟎 𝐦

𝟏. 𝟔 𝐦 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎 𝐦 𝟏. 𝟔 𝐦

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Department of Civil Engineering

 𝐏𝐀 = 𝐤 𝐚 𝛄′𝐬 𝐡 𝐏𝐏𝟏 = 𝐤 𝐩 𝛄′𝐬 𝐡
𝐏𝐀 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑(𝟏𝟖. 𝟓)(𝟒. 𝟕𝟎) 𝐏𝐏𝟏 = 𝟑(𝟏𝟖. 𝟓)(𝟏. 𝟑𝟎)
𝐏𝐀 = 𝟐𝟖. 𝟗𝟖 𝐤𝐏𝐚 𝐏𝐏𝟏 = 𝟕𝟐. 𝟏𝟓 𝐤𝐏𝐚
𝟏 𝐏𝐏𝟐 = 𝐤 𝐩 𝛄′𝐬 𝐡 𝟎. 𝟕𝟎 𝐦
𝐅𝐀 = (𝐏𝐀 )(𝐡)(𝟏)
𝟐
𝟏 𝐏𝐏𝟐 = 𝟑(𝟏𝟖. 𝟓)(𝟐. 𝟏)
𝐅𝐀 = (𝟐𝟖. 𝟗𝟖)(𝟒. 𝟕)(𝟏) 𝐏𝐏𝟐 = 𝟏𝟏𝟔. 𝟓𝟓 𝐤𝐏𝐚
𝟐
𝟏
𝐅𝐀 = 𝟔𝟖. 𝟏𝟏 𝐤𝐍 𝐅𝐏 = 𝟐 ( 𝐏𝐏𝟏 + 𝐏𝐏𝟐 )(𝐡)(𝟏) Pp1
𝟎. 𝟔𝟎 𝐦

𝟏
𝐅𝐏 = (𝟕𝟐. 𝟏𝟓 + 𝟏𝟏𝟔. 𝟓𝟓)(𝟎. 𝟖𝟎)(𝟏) 𝟎. 𝟖𝟎 𝐦
𝟐
𝐅𝐏 = 𝟕𝟓. 𝟒𝟖 𝐤𝐍
Pp2
𝟒. 𝟓𝟓 𝐦

𝐅𝐀

𝐏𝐀
STABILITY REQUIREMENTS

FORCES (kN) Distance to Toe (m) RM OM Fy

𝟎. 𝟐𝟓
𝐖𝟏 = 𝟐𝟑. 𝟓 𝟒. 𝟏 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟎𝟖𝟕𝟓 𝟏. 𝟔 + 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 + = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟕𝟓 𝟒𝟕. 𝟓𝟕 𝟐𝟒. 𝟎𝟖𝟕𝟓
𝟐
𝟐
𝐖𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟓 𝟐𝟑. 𝟓 𝟒. 𝟏 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟎𝟒𝟑𝟕𝟓 𝟏. 𝟔 + 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓( ) = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟕 𝟐𝟏. 𝟐𝟖 𝟏𝟐. 𝟎𝟒𝟑𝟕𝟓
𝟑
𝟏. 𝟔 + 𝟎. 𝟓 + 𝟏. 𝟔
𝐖𝟑 = 𝟐𝟑. 𝟓 𝟎. 𝟔 𝟑. 𝟕 = 𝟓𝟐. 𝟏𝟕 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟓 𝟗𝟔. 𝟓𝟏 𝟓𝟐. 𝟏𝟕
𝟐
𝟎. 𝟓
𝐖𝟒 = 𝟐𝟑. 𝟓 𝟎. 𝟖 𝟎. 𝟓 = 𝟗. 𝟒 𝟏. 𝟔 + = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟓 𝟏𝟕. 𝟑𝟗 𝟗. 𝟒
𝟐
𝟏. 𝟔
𝐖𝟓 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟓 𝟎. 𝟕𝟎 𝟏. 𝟔 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟕𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟎 𝟏𝟔. 𝟓𝟖 𝟐𝟎. 𝟕𝟐
𝟐
𝟎. 𝟎𝟒
𝐖𝟔 = 𝟎. 𝟓 𝟏𝟖. 𝟓 𝟎. 𝟕 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟕𝟔𝟒 𝟏. 𝟔 + = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟏 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓 𝟎. 𝟐𝟕𝟔𝟒
𝟑
𝟏. 𝟔
𝐖𝟕 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟓 𝟒. 𝟏 𝟏. 𝟔 = 𝟏𝟐𝟏. 𝟑𝟔 𝟏. 𝟔 + 𝟎. 𝟓 + = 𝟐. 𝟗 𝟑𝟓𝟏. 𝟗𝟒 𝟏𝟐𝟏. 𝟑𝟔
𝟐
𝟏 𝟒. 𝟕 𝟒𝟕
𝐅𝐀 = (𝟐𝟖. 𝟗𝟖) 𝟒. 𝟕𝟎 𝟏 = 𝟔𝟖. 𝟏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎𝟔. 𝟕𝟏
𝟐 𝟑 𝟑𝟎

𝟓𝟓𝟏. 𝟕𝟐 𝟏𝟎𝟔. 𝟕𝟏 𝟐𝟒𝟎. 𝟎𝟔

 𝐑𝐌 𝛍𝚺𝐅𝐲 + 𝐅𝐩 𝟏
𝐅𝐒𝐎𝐓 = 𝝁 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏( ∅)
𝐎𝐌 𝐅𝐒𝐒𝐋 = 𝟑
𝐅𝐇 𝟏
𝝁 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏( × 𝟑𝟎)
𝟓𝟓𝟏. 𝟕𝟐 𝟑
𝐅𝐒𝐎𝐓 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕𝟔 𝟐𝟒𝟎. 𝟎𝟔 + 𝟕𝟓. 𝟒𝟖 𝝁 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕𝟔
𝟏𝟎𝟔. 𝟕𝟏 𝐅𝐒𝐒𝐋 =
𝟔𝟖. 𝟏𝟏
𝐅𝐒𝐎𝐓 = 𝟓. 𝟏𝟕 > 𝟏. 𝟓 ∴ 𝑺𝒂𝒇𝒆! 𝐅𝐒𝐒𝐋 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟑 > 𝟏. 𝟓 ∴ 𝑺𝒂𝒇𝒆!

Pressure Distribution at the Base

𝐑𝐌 − 𝐎𝐌 𝐑𝐲 𝟔𝐞
𝐱ത = 𝐅𝐦𝐚𝐱 = [𝟏 + ]
𝐑𝐲 𝐁 𝐁
𝟓𝟓𝟏. 𝟕𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎𝟔. 𝟕𝟏 𝟐𝟒𝟎. 𝟎𝟔
𝐱ത = 𝐅𝐦𝐚𝐱 =
𝟐𝟒𝟎. 𝟎𝟔 𝟑. 𝟕
𝐱ത = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟓𝟒 𝐦 , 𝐚𝐥𝐦𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞; 𝐞 = 𝟎 𝐅𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 𝟔𝟒. 𝟖𝟖 𝐤𝐏𝐚 < 𝒒𝒂𝒍𝒍 = 𝟗𝟓 𝒌𝑷𝒂 ∴ 𝑺𝒂𝒇𝒆!

If the retaining wall has passed the stability features and pressure distribution, then we can now
proceed in computing the reinforcement requirements of the retaining wall.
 Design of Steel Reinforcement
𝐌𝐮 = 𝟏𝟐(𝟒𝟎.𝟒𝟓𝟑)(𝟒.𝟏)(𝟒.𝟏
𝟑)

I. Stem and Key 𝐌𝐮 = 𝟏𝟏𝟑.𝟑𝟒 𝐤𝐍.𝐦

𝐟𝐲
𝐌𝐮 = ∅𝛒𝐛𝐝𝟐 𝐟𝐲 [𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟓𝟗𝛒 ′ ]
𝐟𝐜
𝐛 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝐦𝐦
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐏𝐚 = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟐𝟖𝟑 𝐤𝐏𝐚 𝐝 = 𝟓𝟎𝟎 − 𝟕𝟓 = 𝟒𝟐𝟓 𝐦𝐦
𝟒. 𝟏𝟎 𝐦
𝟏. 𝟔 𝑷𝒂 = 𝟏. 𝟔(𝟐𝟓. 𝟐𝟖𝟑) 𝐅𝐲 = 𝟒𝟏𝟒 𝐦𝐏𝐚
𝟏. 𝟔 𝑷𝒂 = 𝟒𝟎. 𝟒𝟓𝟑 𝐤𝐏𝐚 𝐅′𝐜 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟕 𝐦𝐏𝐚
𝟒𝟏𝟒
𝟏𝟏𝟑. 𝟑𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎𝛒(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎) 𝟒𝟐𝟓 𝟐 (𝟒𝟏𝟒) [𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟓𝟗𝛒 ]
𝟐𝟎. 𝟕
Vu 𝝆 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟕𝟏
𝟏. 𝟒 𝟏. 𝟒
𝝆 < 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 ∴ 𝐮𝐬𝐞 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 ! 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 = = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟑𝟖
𝒇𝒚 𝟒𝟏𝟒
Mu 𝐀𝐬 = 𝛒𝐛𝐝
𝐀𝐬 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟑𝟖(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)(𝟒𝟐𝟓)
b = 1m strip 𝐀𝐬 = 𝟏𝟒𝟑𝟕. 𝟐𝟎 𝐦𝐦𝟐
𝑺𝟏𝟔 = 𝟏𝟑𝟗. 𝟗𝟎 𝒎𝒎
𝑨𝒃 (𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎) 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝝅(𝟏𝟔𝟐 ) (𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)
𝑺𝟏𝟔 = 𝑺𝟏𝟔 = 𝑺𝟏𝟔 = 𝟏𝟑𝟎 𝒎𝒎
d 𝑨𝒔 𝟏𝟒𝟑𝟕. 𝟐𝟎
∴ 𝐔𝐬𝐞 𝟏𝟔 𝐦𝐦∅ 𝐚𝐭 𝟏𝟑𝟎 𝐦𝐦 𝐎. 𝐂
II. At Toe b = 1m strip

𝟏. 𝟑𝟒 𝐦 𝐀𝐬 = 𝛒𝐛𝐝
d
𝐀𝐬 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟑𝟖(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)(𝟓𝟐𝟓)
Vu Mu
𝐀𝐬 = 𝟏𝟕𝟕𝟓. 𝟑𝟔 𝐦𝐦𝟐

𝐟𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 𝟔𝟒. 𝟖𝟖 𝐤𝐏𝐚 𝑨𝒃 (𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)

𝑺𝟏𝟔 =
𝑨𝒔
𝑴𝒖 = 𝟔𝟒. 𝟖𝟖(𝟏. 𝟔)(𝟏.𝟔
𝟐
)(𝟏. 𝟔)
𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝝅(𝟏𝟔𝟐 ) (𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)
𝑴𝒖 = 𝟏𝟑𝟐. 𝟖𝟖 𝐤𝐍. 𝐦 𝑺𝟏𝟔 =
𝒇
𝟏𝟕𝟕𝟓. 𝟑𝟔
𝑴𝒖 = ∅𝝆𝒃𝒅𝟐 𝒇𝒚 [𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟓𝟗𝝆(𝒇′𝒚 )]
𝒄
𝐒𝟏𝟔 = 𝟏𝟏𝟑. 𝟐𝟓 𝐦𝐦
𝐛 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝐦𝐦
𝐝 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎 − 𝟕𝟓 = 𝟓𝟐𝟓 𝐦𝐦 𝐒𝟏𝟔 = 𝟏𝟏𝟎 𝐦𝐦
𝐅𝐲 = 𝟒𝟏𝟒 𝐦𝐏𝐚
𝐅′𝐜 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟕 𝐦𝐏𝐚 ∴ 𝐔𝐬𝐞 𝟏𝟔 𝐦𝐦∅ 𝐚𝐭 𝟏𝟏𝟎 𝐦𝐦 𝐎. 𝐂
𝟒𝟏𝟒
𝟗𝟓. 𝟑𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎𝛒(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎) 𝟔𝟐𝟓 𝟐 (𝟒𝟏𝟒) [𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟓𝟗𝛒 ]
𝟐𝟎. 𝟕
𝟏. 𝟒 𝟏. 𝟒
𝛒 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟑𝟏 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 = = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟑𝟖
𝒇𝒚 𝟒𝟏𝟒

𝝆 < 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 ∴ 𝐮𝐬𝐞 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 !

III. At Heel
b = 1m strip

d 𝐀𝐬 = 𝛒𝐛𝐝
Mu 𝐀𝐬 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟑𝟖(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)(𝟓𝟐𝟓)
𝐀𝐬 = 𝟏𝟕𝟕𝟓. 𝟑𝟔 𝐦𝐦𝟐
𝐟𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 𝟔𝟒. 𝟖𝟖 𝐤𝐏𝐚
Vu
𝟏. 𝟔𝟎 𝐦 𝑨𝒃 (𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)
𝑺𝟏𝟔 =
𝑨𝒔
𝑾𝒖 = 𝟏. 𝟔 𝟏𝟖. 𝟓 𝟒. 𝟏 𝟏 + 𝟏. 𝟔(𝟐𝟑. 𝟓)(𝟎. 𝟔)(𝟏)
𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝝅(𝟏𝟔𝟐 ) (𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)
𝑾𝒖 = 𝟏𝟒𝟑. 𝟗𝟐 𝒌𝑵/𝒎 𝑺𝟏𝟔 =
𝟏𝟕𝟕𝟓. 𝟑𝟔
𝑾𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝟏𝟒𝟑. 𝟗𝟐 − 𝟔𝟒. 𝟖𝟖 𝟏. 𝟔 = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟏𝟏 𝒌𝑵/𝒎
𝐒𝟏𝟔 = 𝟏𝟏𝟑. 𝟐𝟓 𝐦𝐦
𝑴𝒖 = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟏𝟏(𝟏. 𝟔𝟎)(𝟏.𝟔𝟎
𝟐
)
𝐒𝟏𝟔 = 𝟏𝟏𝟎 𝐦𝐦
𝑴𝒖 = 𝟓𝟏. 𝟑𝟒 𝐤𝐍. 𝐦
𝟐 𝒇
𝟒𝟏𝟒
𝟑𝟐. 𝟑𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎𝝆(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)(𝟓𝟐𝟓𝟐 )(𝟒𝟏𝟒)[𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟓𝟗𝝆(𝟐𝟎.𝟕 )] ∴ 𝐔𝐬𝐞 𝟏𝟔 𝐦𝐦∅ 𝐚𝐭 𝟏𝟏𝟎 𝐦𝐦 𝐎. 𝐂
𝑴𝒖 = ∅𝝆𝒃𝒅 𝒇𝒚 [𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟓𝟗𝝆(𝒇′𝒚 )]
𝒄

𝐛 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝐦𝐦
𝛒 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟎
𝐝 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎 − 𝟕𝟓 = 𝟓𝟐𝟓 𝐦𝐦 𝟏. 𝟒 𝟏. 𝟒
𝐅𝐲 = 𝟒𝟏𝟒 𝐦𝐏𝐚 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 = = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟑𝟖
𝒇𝒚 𝟒𝟏𝟒
𝐅′𝐜 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟕 𝐦𝐏𝐚
𝝆 < 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 ∴ 𝐮𝐬𝐞 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 !
Temperature and Shrinkage Reinforcements

At Stem At Toe

𝐀𝐬𝐭 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝐛𝐭 𝐀𝐬𝐭 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝐛𝐭

𝐛 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐛 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝐭 = 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝐭 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝐀𝐬𝐭 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)(𝟓𝟎𝟎) 𝐀𝐬𝐭 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)(𝟔𝟎𝟎)
𝐀𝐬𝐭 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐦𝐦𝟐 𝐀𝐬𝐭 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝐦𝐦𝟐
𝑨𝒃 (𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎) 𝑨𝒃 (𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)
𝑺𝟏𝟐 = 𝑺𝟏𝟐 =
𝑨𝒔 𝑨𝒔
𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝝅(𝟏𝟐𝟐 ) (𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎) 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝝅(𝟏𝟐𝟐 ) (𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)
𝑺𝟏𝟐 = 𝑺𝟏𝟐 =
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎
𝐒𝟏𝟐 = 𝟏𝟏𝟑. 𝟏𝟎 𝐦𝐦 𝐒𝟏𝟐 = 𝟗𝟒. 𝟐𝟓 𝐦𝐦
𝐒𝟏𝟐 = 𝟏𝟏𝟎 𝐦𝐦 𝐒𝟏𝟐 = 𝟗𝟎 𝐦𝐦
∴ 𝐔𝐬𝐞 𝟏𝟐 𝐦𝐦∅ 𝐚𝐭 𝟏𝟏𝟎 𝐦𝐦 𝐎. 𝐂 ∴ 𝐔𝐬𝐞 𝟏𝟐 𝐦𝐦∅ 𝐚𝐭 𝟗𝟎 𝐦𝐦 𝐎. 𝐂 Heel is the same with the toe
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