De Jesus Adrian Jose R.
AB-Political Science
Case #1
a group of students wanted to study the political affiliation to local businesses in surigao city,if
you are a group member design this following proposal
1. Research Questions
2. Sampling method(justify your sample size and sampling method
[Link] gathering technique, including the tool to measure the desired construct or variable in
the study
Research Questions:
Q1: To what extent does political affiliation influence the success and operation of local
businesses in Surigao City?
Q2: How do business owners in Surigao City perceive the impact of political affiliations
on customer preferences and sales?
Q3: What are the specific political factors (e.g., local government policies, political
parties, and political leaders) that affect local business decisions in Surigao City?
Q4: Do customers’ political affiliations influence their choice to patronize certain local
businesses in Surigao City?
Sampling Method:
Sampling Method: Stratified random sampling
Justification of Sample Size: We will target a sample size of 150 local business owners and 200
customers from Surigao City. This size ensures that we have enough diversity in responses to
identify trends while also keeping the sample manageable. Given the population of Surigao City
and the business landscape, this sample size should yield a representative view of the general
population.
Business Owners: From a list of registered local businesses, we will first categorize them
by industry (e.g., retail, food, services) to ensure a variety of sectors are represented.
Within each industry, a random sample will be selected.
Customers: A random sample of customers from various locations (markets, malls, public
spaces) in Surigao City will be approached to represent a variety of political views and
demographic backgrounds.
Sampling Justification: Stratified random sampling is ideal in this case because it allows us to
ensure that key subgroups (different business sectors and customer types) are adequately
De Jesus Adrian Jose R.
AB-Political Science
represented. It also reduces sampling bias and ensures that various types of local businesses
and customer experiences are captured.
Data Gathering Technique and Tool to Measure Variables:
Data Gathering Technique: Mixed-method approach (Survey and Semi-structured Interviews)
Quantitative Data (Survey): We will use a structured questionnaire to gather quantitative
data from both business owners and customers. The survey will consist of Likert scale
items, yes/no questions, and demographic questions. The survey will measure variables
such as:
Political Affiliation: Self-reported political party affiliation and voting behavior.
Perception of Political Influence: A series of items measuring how much influence
political affiliation has on business operations and customer decisions.
Customer Behavior: A Likert scale to assess the extent to which political
affiliations impact customer choice (e.g., “I avoid businesses based on their
political affiliation”).
Tool: A structured online or paper survey using a Likert scale and multiple-choice questions. This
will provide measurable data on perceptions, affiliations, and behaviors.
Example items:
“Do you believe that political affiliation affects a local business’s reputation?”
(Yes/No)
“On a scale of 1-5, how important is a business owner’s political affiliation when
choosing whether to buy from them?”
“Do you think that political party affiliation influences customer loyalty in Surigao
City?”
Qualitative Data (Semi-structured Interviews): Semi-structured interviews will be
conducted with a smaller sample of business owners and customers (around 10-15
people each). This will allow for a deeper understanding of personal experiences,
insights, and narratives that quantitative data may not capture.
De Jesus Adrian Jose R.
AB-Political Science
Interview Guide Questions for Business Owners:
“How do you think your political affiliation impacts your business?”
“Have you noticed a change in customer loyalty during political campaigns or
elections?”
“How do local political policies affect your operations or sales?”
Interview Guide Questions for Customers:
“Does a business’s political affiliation influence your decision to shop there? If yes,
how?”
“Do you feel that your political beliefs align with certain businesses in Surigao City? Why
or why not?”
Data Analysis:
Quantitative data from the surveys will be analyzed using statistical methods (e.g.,
frequency analysis, correlation).
Qualitative data from interviews will be transcribed and analyzed using thematic analysis
to identify patterns, themes, and deeper insights.
By using a mixed-method approach, the study will gather both broad, statistically reliable data
(quantitative) and nuanced, detailed insights (qualitative), providing a comprehensive
understanding of the relationship between political affiliation and local businesses in Surigao
City.
Case #2
1. Probability Function to Model the Given Data:
The data provided refers to a situation where we have motorists passing by a national highway
and we are interested in the number of motorists who do not wear helmets, which suggests a
binomial probability distribution.
Justification for the Binomial Distribution:
The binomial distribution is appropriate in this case because:
There are two possible outcomes for each motorist: either they are wearing a helmet
(success), or they are not wearing a helmet (failure).
De Jesus Adrian Jose R.
AB-Political Science
Each trial (motorist passing by) is independent of the others. The decision of one
motorist to wear a helmet or not does not affect another motorist.
There is a fixed number of trials (45 motorists passing by), which is the total number of
observations.
We know the probability of success (wearing a helmet), which can be estimated from
the data.
Let’s denote the probability that a motorist is not wearing a helmet as pp, and the probability
that a motorist is wearing a helmet as 1−p1 - p.
Thus, the binomial probability function that can model this situation is:
Where:
n = 45 (total number of motorists),
kk is the number of motorists who are not wearing helmets (which we are interested in),
pp is the probability of not wearing a helmet (based on the data),
1−p1 - p is the probability of wearing a helmet.
2. Constructing a Sample Case or Word Problem:
Problem: A group of 45 motorists are passing by a section of the national highway out of
Surigao City. In a survey, it was found that 15% of motorists do not wear the prescribed helmet.
If 45 motorists pass by, what is the probability that exactly 10 motorists will not wear a helmet?
Solution Approach: We can model this situation using the binomial distribution.
Here, we have:
n=45n = 45 (total motorists passing by),
p=0.15p = 0.15 (probability that a motorist does not wear a helmet),
k=10k = 10 (we want to know the probability that 10 motorists will not wear a helmet).
The probability is given by the binomial formula:
De Jesus Adrian Jose R.
AB-Political Science
This can be solved using a calculator or software for binomial probabilities.
3. Discussion of the Solution and Implications:
Solution:
Implications:
Low Helmet Compliance: If the probability of 10 motorists not wearing helmets is
relatively high, this suggests that helmet non-compliance is common, which raises
concerns for road safety in Surigao City.
Safety and Regulation: If the probability of non-compliance is high, this indicates a need
for stricter enforcement of helmet laws, possibly through increased monitoring or
penalties to reduce the risk of road accidents.
Public Awareness: The problem implies that public awareness campaigns or helmet
promotions might be necessary to improve compliance. If many motorists are seen not
wearing helmets, this could point to a gap in understanding the importance of road
safety.
Further Research: If the observed probability is significantly different from expected
values (e.g., due to insufficient enforcement), further research could be done to evaluate
the effectiveness of current laws, enforcement, and education campaigns. This could
include studying the correlation between ticketing for violations and helmet use, or
whether certain demographics are more likely to not wear helmets.
De Jesus Adrian Jose R.
AB-Political Science