ART APPRECIATION

GEC
-ART

Fundamental Principles of the Humanities

L1 Introduction
• Human nature is inherently good.
• Individuals are free and are capable of making choices.
Art Appreciation
• Human potential for growth and development is
Notes: virtually unlimited.
Art appreciation aimed to further strengthen the youth’s • Self-concept plays an important role in growth and
awareness and deep appreciation of the arts and development.
swerves as sequel to the Contemporary Arts course that • Individuals have an urge for self-actualization.
was taken in SHS. • Reality is defined by each person.
• Individuals have a responsibility to both themselves and
Humanities and the Arts
to others.

Notes:
Humanism is associated with beliefs about freedom and
that human beings are capable of making significant
• Da Vinci’s personal choices within the constraints imposed by
Vitruvian Man heredity, personal history and environment (merriam-
(1490) [Link]/dictionary/humanism).

Principles of huanitie stress the importance of the

individual and the specific human needs.

Nature of Arts
Notes:
“Man is the measure of all things,” (Protagoras) • Comes from the Aryan root “ar,” which means to join, o
Man has never ceased to amaze philosophers, scholars put together. The Latin term “sars, artis,” mean
and scientists for over 2 millennia, and still the everything that is artificially made or composed by man.
amazement never stops. • Refers to the skillful arrangement or composition of
some common but significant qualities of nature such
From the Stone Age to the never ending software as sound, colors, lines, movements, words, stone, and
upgrades in technology, man continues to evolve in wood, to express feelings, thoughts, imaginations, and
knowledge thus leaving an indelible mark of his legacy. dreams in an amazing, meaningful and enjoyable way
(Adams, 2002).
Why Study Humanities?
• Came from the Latin word “humanus” which means, Notes:
human, cultured and refined. Art constitutes one of the oldest and most important
• Contains the records of man’s quest for answers to the means of expression developed by man.
fundamental questions he often asks about himself and Humanities, through arts deals with man’s internal
the world he lives in. world.
• Studies how people process and document the their
experience as their way of understanding and recording Art is subjective, it is man’s expression of himself.
their world. It provides enjoyment and stimulation, particularly when
people try to understand them.
Notes:
To be human, is to show characteristics of rationality, Functions of Art
benevolence and care; to be cultured and refined is to
show good tastes and manners. Functional art forms

• form of arts that makes man’s life better.

Humanities studies man and the manner in which he
• Examples are architecture, weaving and furniture
conducts himself from the time of his existence to the
making
present (Martin & Jacobus, 2004).
 Non-functional art forms Notes:
Plato and Aristotle are both philosophers of Ancient
• serve purposes far beyond mundane survival functions Greece. Plato is known for his famous Dialogues that
• Examples are painting, literature, music, dance includes his equally famous teacher, Socrates.
Plato was said to have loved and hated the arts at the
All art forms have the following functions: same time. Using Dialogues as basis, Plato was seen as
a good literary stylist and a great story teller. He
• The human need for expression considered the arts as threatening.
• The social need for display, celebration, and
communication To put simply, art is a copy of a copy which leads people
• The physical needs for functional objects farther from away he truth (or the Forms). At best, works
of art are great for entertainment.
Notes:
Art functions to express man’s inner world. Everything in
Aristotle
it. Good bad. Sadness, hatred, all even the ugly things.
Art is not always about pretty things… It’s about who we • Considered art as imitation or a
are, what happened to us and how our lives are affected. representation of nature.
• Emphasized poetry and said that
It is not enough for man to express his inner world poets imitated 3 things:
through his art, he need to share this to the world too. In
• Things and events which
this way, others may know, empathize and may realize
have been or still are;
that people are interconnected
• Things which are
said to be seen
In the effort to make life better, objects are created
and are
which is also classified as art. All of technology is art. It
probable; and
is a careful combination of form and function.
• Things which
essentially are.
Art: As Viewed by Philosophy
Notes:
Aesthetics Aristotle was a student of Plato. In his work Poetics, he
stated that physical manifestation of beauty is likewise
• The philosophical study of beauty and taste. affected by its size (It should not be too bog nor too
• Concerned with the nature of art and used as basis for small). The arts aim was to give pleasure and in giving
interpreting and evaluating individual works of art pleasure, the arts presented itself as an activity.
(Aesthetics, n.d.).

Notes: Immanuel Kant

Philosophy as a field of discipline has attempted to
explain almost all aspects of human existence. • Wrote “Observations on the Feelings of the Beautiful
and the Sublime”
• Taste can both be subjective and
Plato
universal
• The physical world is a copy of a • 2 kinds of aesthetic responses:
perfect, rational, eternal and • Beauty results in
changeless original (Forms or pleasure if there is order,
Ideas). harmony and symmetry
• Art is an imitation of physical thing and
which are in turn imitation of the • Beauty leads to a
Forms. response of awe
• 2 ideas of the arts: that overwhelms
• Art is imitation the viewers of the art
• Art is dangerous
 Notes: Artisan
His main interest is not in art itself but on beauty. Beauty
does not rest on the properties of the objects or things, • A person who is in a skilled trade that involves making
but rather on the manner in which people respond to things by hand.
these objects or things. In other words, beauty is a • Focuses particularly on the technique and medium of
matter of taste. Subjective taste does not focus on the the craft and through experience hone their skills
properties of the object itself but rather on the pleasure enabling them to reach the expressive levels of an
one experiences as he responds to it. Universal taste is artist.
non aesthetic and does not consider the beauty of the
work or the mastery of the artist, but rather, the artwork
is appreciated for what it is. Example: Mona Lisa.

For Kant, color is only used for decorative function, what

is important is the design and the composition.
Paete’s Albay’s Ceramic Pangasinan’s
Artists and Artisans Woodcarver maker Basket weaver

Artist

• A person who exhibits exceptional skills in the visual

and/or the performing arts
• What an artist creates has been defined as a formal
expression of the considered human experience.

Michaelangelo Fernando Amorsolo

Notes:
Artists are more sensitive, perceptive and more creative.
Visual and performing arts are classification of art forms.
Visual arts: painting, sculpture and architecture.
Performing arts: music, dance and theater.
Literature may be included under performing arts
especially when stories and poems are converted into
scripts for a drama or a play.

The definition of the term art focuses on 2 important

components of their works: form and substance. The
artwork portrays the artists’ experience as subject
matter, but it uses it after it has passed the artist’s
sensibilities and has been carefully analyzed, felt and
thought.
 •
Principles of Art Secondary context.
Pertains to the setting.
Ex. Historical time
period, time which the
work was produced.
Included are functions
served by the art work,
its religious and
philosophical conviction,
socio-political and
economic undertones,
climate and geography.
o Ex. James Whistler,
girl in white with a
Japanese fan
Key Elements of the Visual Arts

Principles of Design
Form

• refers to how the specific elements in the artwork are Balance

organized to produce a unified whole. Form is further
• Is the distribution of visual weight of objects, colors,
classified into:
texture and space. Types of balance:
• Primary Features. This is how the artwork
• Symmetrical
appears to the viewers. Its physical attributes
in terms of medium, color, texture and size • Asymmetrical
• Secondary Features. This is how the primary
• Radial
features of the artwork relate to one another.
Particularly, this applies to principles of
balance, proportion, harmony and unity that
are used to create the whole composition.

Content

• Refers to the message the artist wants to convey

through his art. There are three levels of content: Mandalas are circular designs with repeating shapes and
• Factual. The literal interpretation of the work, they often hold spiritual significance. The word “mandala”
its imagery, describable attributes, actions comes from the Sanskrit word for circle. Many people find
and poses. drawing mandalas to be a very centering and expressive
activity. To draw your own, sketch a template of concentric
• Conventional. Takes into consideration the
circles, and then play around with adding organic shapes
basic genres and the figurative meanings
and geometric patterns.
usually indicated by familiar signs and
symbols and qualities of the work
• Subjective. Takes into consideration the
effect of the form and content on the viewers
of the art.

Context

• Refers to the various circumstances that influence how

a work of art was produced and interpreted. There are
two types of context.
• Primary context. Pertains to the characteristic
of the artist, ex. Personality, beliefs, interests
and values.
 Emphasis • Is created when one or more elements of design are
used repeatedly to
• Is the part of design produce a feeling of
that catches the organized, continuous,
viewers attention. sometimes flowing
The artist will movement. To keep
usually make one rhythm exciting and
area stand out by active, variety is
contrasting it with important.
other areas. • Is the use of several elements of design that adds

Movement Variety
• Is the path the viewer’s eye interest in order
takes when looking to hold the
through the work of art. viewer’s attention
Such movements can be and guide the
implied along lines, edges, viewer’s eye
shape, and color within the through and
work of art. around the work
of art.
Pattern

• Is the repetition of objects,

shapes, lines, or symbol all over
the space or picture plane.

Proportion

• Is the feeling of
unity created when
all parts (sizes,
amounts, or
number) relate well
with each other. Unity
o Ex. “The Fisherman” Saul Steinberg,
from The Labyrinth • Is the feeling of harmony
• Works with patterns to make work seem active. between and among the parts
of the work of art, hitch creates
Repetition a feeling of completeness in
the composition.
The repetition of elements of
design creates unity within the
artwork.
The Rule of Thirds
Rhythm
• Is used by visual artists to create compositions that
meet the requirements for a good design.

Gelb believes that following these principles leads to

success, whether it be learning a new language, cooking a
gourmet meal, or being more effective on the job.
“Leonardo is truly the global archetype of human potential,” Dimostrazione
says Gelb. “We may not be able to achieve his level of
genius, but by thinking like he did, we can certainly develop • The commitment
our innate abilities.” to test knowledge
and to persist in
this task, which
includes
experiencing both
success and
failures in the
undertaking.

Leonardo da Vinci
Polymath

Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci, more commonly Leonardo da

Vinci, was an Italian polymath of the Renaissance whose
areas of interest included invention, drawing, painting,
sculpture, architecture, science, music, mathematics,
Sensazione
engineering, literature, anatomy, geology, astronomy, botany,
paleontology and cartography. Wikipedia • Experiencing life through refinement of the senses. For
example, the eyes should do more than see, it should
Born: 15 April 1452, Anchiano, Italy be able to distinguish between the beauty of various
Died: 2 May 1519, Château du Clos Lucé, Amboise, France colors, note minute details and savor the physicality of
On view: Ambrosian Library, Louvre Museum, MORE everything the world has to offer.
Periods: High Renaissance, Early renaissance, Renaissance,
Italian Renaissance, Florentine painting
Known for: Art (painting, drawing, sculpting), science,
engineering, architecture, anatomy

Series: Madonna of the Yarnwinder, Leda and the Swan

The Seven Da Vincian Principles

Curiosity

• Approaching life with a heightened level of wonder and

continuous search to know and learn more
Sfumato

• “going up in smoke”. It is accepting life's paradoxes

and uncertainties. It is knowing and realizing that not
everything has a cause and effect and that events
happen that even logic cannot explain.
 Arte/Scienza

• Finding balance between art and science or logic and

imagination.

Corporalita

• Taking care of one's body. Ensuring that healthy habits

are practiced and sustained.

Connessione

• Realizing that all things are connected. It is discovering

patterns in the way things work and how things and lives
work out. Interconnectedness is seeing how events in
the past led to the present state of affairs.
 ELEMENTS OF ART Properties of Color

1. Hue
Line • The name given to a color
2. Value
• A path made by a moving point, a series of dots, a
• Refers to lightness or darkness of a color.
prolongation of points
• An intended mark made by the artist to convey meaning Notes:
beyond it physical description Tint – adding white to a pure hue
• Kinds of Lines Shade – adding black to a pure hue
• Straight lines (horizontal, vertical, diagonal, Tone – adding grey to a pure hue
zigzag)
3. Intensity
• Denotes the brightness and dullness of a color.
Kind of
Straight Definition Emotion Implied Creating Color Harmony
line
Monochromatic harmony
Move from left Calmness, serenity
Horizontal • When a single color in
to right and rest
the composition is
Balance, strength varied in intensity and
Start from value by adding white or
and stability
Vertical bottom going black.
Indicates poise and
up or vice versa
independence

Indicate action or Complementary Harmony

movement
Diagonal Slanting lines Feeling of • When two colors that are
uncertainty, stress opposite in the color
or defeat wheel are placed side by
side.
Portray tension,
Zigzag Angular lines conflict, chaos of
violence
Analogous Harmony

• Curved Lines – curvilinear lines. Found in nature and • When hues

living organisms. Suggest grace, movement, and that are
flexibility indicative of life and energy. adjacent or
beside each
Color other in the
color wheel is used in the composition.
• A property of light.
• A series of wavelengths which strike the retina of the Color Temperature
eye
• Refers to the relative warmth or
coolness of a color.

Color
• Focuses on the what is known as acrobatic value. This
refers to the changes in the amount of reflected light
which ranges from black to fray to white and vice versa.
• This gives the illusion of work and form
 Chiaroscuro Biomorphic shapes

• Techniques of manipulating light and shadow.

Shape
• Is formed when to ends of a line meet to enclose an
area.

Texture
• is the perceived surface quality of a work of art. It is an
element of two-dimensional and three-dimensional
designs and is distinguished by its perceived visual and
physical properties. Use of texture, along with other
elements of design, can convey a variety of messages
Positive and Negative Space and emotions

Types of textures

- Tactile
Classification of Shapes
- Visual
- Natural
- Artificial

Space
• refers to the distances or areas around, between, and
within components of a piece. Space can be positive or
negative, open or closed, shallow or deep, and two-
dimensional or three-dimensional

Abstract shapes

• Abstract shapes have a recognizable form, but are not

real. They are stylized or simplified versions of Methods of Creating Space
organic shapes. A stick figure is an abstract
shape depicting a person. Typographic glyphs • Overlapping
are abstract shapes to represent letters. Icons o occurs when objects that are closer to the
are abstract shapes to represent ideas and concepts. viewer prevent the view of objects that are
behind them.
• Relative Size
o Objects that are smaller will appear further
away from the viewer.
• Relative Height
o Objects placed higher within the picture
plane will appear further away
• Perspective
o a graphic system that creates the illusion of
depth and volume on a two-dimensional
surface
 Subject and Content Legends

• Present to viewers of
Sources of Subject the art something
tangible even then
Nature unverified
• Art brings to ‘life‘ these
• Most popular source of objective art
stories
• Mountains, trees, animals, landscapes, seascapes, and
cloudscapes

Religion
Claude Monet, Poppies,
(c.1876, Musee D’Orsay • Artworks based on sacred texts: the Holy Bible of
Paris, oil on canvas) Christianity, the Qur’an of Islam and the Torah of
Judaism

Amida Buddha (Amitabha)

People Heian Period, 1053.
Byodo-in (Phoenix Hall), Kyoto,
• How people are depicted can offer clues to the artists’ Japan
thoughts, feelings, mood and genre the art work is The principal image of the
representing temple was carved by
Jocho in 1053. It is 3m high,
• It can be single subject to a group
made of gilt lacquer
• People can be in perpetual pose of performing tasks in over wood.
everyday life

Masaccio.
Fredrick Hart.
Trinity with the Virgin, Saint John
Statue for Vietnam
the Evangelist, and Donors Fresco
Memorial,
in the Church of Santa Maria
Washington, DC, 1984,
Novella, Florence.
Bronze, life size
C 1425
21x10feet

Mythology
History • Based on the stories of the gods and goddesses of
Ancient Greece, Rome, Celts, Norse and Egyptian
• Depict real events which are verifiable facts that
occurred in the past. • Can be depicted in human or animal forms and present
humanlike behavior
• The purpose is to commemorate events or to teach
history

Guillermo
TOLENTINO,
Bonifacio
Monument
 Dreams and Fantasy

• The intrigue of the unconscious also inspires artists to

present it through art for others see, relate, and
interpret

Technology

• Cityscapes, airplanes, cars, ships, motorcycles and

robotic technology are objects of interest

Yves Behar. Mission One. 2009.

 SUBJECTS OF ART ABSTRACTION

and • Demands the quality of the artistic impression while

making the artwork or the masterpiece.

REPRESENTATION OF
SUBJECT
Subject of Art
• Subjects represents the focal point of the work of art.
• They are the main topic and feature a particular art work
had been made .
• Subjects are the emphasis of an art work .
• Subject is the reason why a particular artwork exist.

Examples

- Man
- Still life
- Animals
- Dreams and Fantasies
- Everyday life DISTORTION
- Religion
- Seascape • Manner in representing the subject in proportions that
- Landscape differ from its natural appearance .
- Nature
- City Scape

Representation of Art
• The artist determines the manner of representing the
subject, based on his purpose and the message he
would like to put across

REALISIM

• Employed when things are depicted in the way that they ELONGATION
would appear normally.
• The prolongation of what is original of the subject.
Extension of the subjects appearance.

`
 CUBISM

• Appearance of the art work is in cube like shapes or

geometric figures that is designed with patterns and
coloration.

SYMBOLISM

• Subject matters depicts symbol s that may be hidden in

the various icons representing the artwork.
 The Art Forms Architecture

• the most functional of all art forms. It involves creating

Human expressions through the arts may take several forms designs for buildings and infrastructure thru the help of
depending on the talent and creativity of the artist. Whatever architects, engineers, contractors, and skilled workers.
source or artist’s creativity, art can be expressed in the Examples are the following architectural designs:
following art forms:

Art Forms
1. Painting
2. Sculpture
3. Architecture
4. Music
5. Dance
6. Literature Music
7. Theatre
• art of sound expressed thru a song, thru the use d
Painting instruments or a combination of both. It expresses
rhythm, harmony and melody that is soothing and
• best described as application of pigment to a surface. It appealing to the taste of the audience. Examples:
is a 2 -dimensional art form. Various ways on how to the Philippines’ Kundiman and Beethoven’s Symphony.
paint is applied to create beautiful effects depend on
the unique technique employed by the artist and the Dance
medium that he used. Examples are Juan Luna’s
Spoliarium and Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa • the art of body movements that is attuned to a musical
piece. Body movements should be graceful and in
rhythm with the accompanying musical piece. In
ancient times, dance is a form of worship. Examples of
dance are Philippines folk dances, ballet, ballroom
dances, etc.

Literature

• art of using words to express, thoughts, ideas and

Sculpture feelings. Forms of literature are poetry, short story,
novels, drama, essay, epic, etc. These expresses about
• this is a three – dimensional art form. The sculptor life and human experiences.
creates a solid form using molding, carving, welding,
casting and assembling. Some of the popular media are Ex.
clay, wood, metal, stone, ice, glass and plastic. Maleficent
Examples are the following: clay / metal monument Don Quijote de la
(Fig.1), resin and concrete sculpture, wooden mancha
sculpture, etc. Start wars

Literature

• the performance of drama – typically a story acted on stage

in front of a live audience. Dialogues maybe sung, recited or
eliminated (performance)
 WAYS OF DISTORTION

PRESENTING THE • Manner in representing the subject in proportions that

differ from its natural appearance .

SUBJECT
The artist determines the manner of representing the
subject, based on his purpose and the message he would
like to put across

NATURALISM

• In Greek art, gods and

heroes, looked and behaved
like human beings. They ELONGATION
were almost always
depicted in idealized human The prolongation of
form. what is original of the
subject. Extension of
the subjects
appearance.

REALISIM

• Employed when things are depicted in the way that they

would appear normally.

CUBISM

• Appearance of the art work is in cube like shapes or

geometric figures that is designed with patterns and
coloration.

ABSTRACTION

• Demands the quality of the artistic impression while

making the artwork or the masterpiece.

SYMBOLISM
 MANGLING

• This may not be so common in paintings but may be

popular in other art forms.
• Artists show subject as cut, lacerated, mutilated or
hacked with repeated blows.

DADAISM

SYMBOLISM

• Subject matters depicts symbol s that may be hidden in

the various icons representing the artwork.

Fountain; Artist: Duchamp

• Dada is French for hobby horse.

• An art movement that doesn’t follow the traditions and
principles in art
• Dadaist tried to shock and provoke the public with
outrageous pieces of writing, poetry recitals and art
exhibits.

FUTURISM

• Art movement began in Italy

• Works that capture the speed and force of the modern
industrial
society.
• Their
paintings and
sculptures
highlight the
technologies
FAUVISM
of modern life
• Literally means wild beasts.
An example of
• This subject presentation Italian Futurism
began in France, and was the
first organized movement in SURREALISM
painting of the 1900s.
• Painted pictures of comfort, joy • It is an invented word for super realism.
and pleasure • It began in Paris in 1924 by the French poet Andre
• Henri Matisse was the leader of Breton.
this group. • It emphasized the activities of the subconscious mind.
• Most surrealist art work have themes that are violent
Cat with Red Fish and cruel.
Artist: Matisse
 EXPRESSIONISM

• It occurred during the first decade of the 20th century in

Germany where this art style was introduced.
• Expressionists believe that man needs spiritual rebirth
for him to correct defects that ruin the society.
• This style of art depicts the emotions aroused by
objects and events.

Lady in a Green
Jacket
Artist: Macke