ANALOG ELECTRONICS
Handled by
M. L. Merlin Sajini
Assistant professor/EEE
CIT, Coimbatore.
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Course Outline
▪ Electrical and Electronics
▪ Analog Electronics
▪ Electronic Components
▪ Linear DC Power supplies
▪ Small signal Amplifiers
▪ Power Amplifiers
▪ Feedback Amplifiers
▪ Wave shaping Circuits and Oscillators
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Electrical and Electronics
Electrical Electronics
Study and Utilization/Application of Study and utilization/Application of
Flow of Electrons. Flow of Charge.
Electrical components and devices Electronic components need very small
uses alternating current (AC) , e.g.: direct current (DC) , e.g.: voltages in
Single phase voltage (230V). the range of 3-12V.
Electric circuit / network may only Electronic circuit play a role as decision
power an electric machine. making component (device as they
follow the input instruction and do a
specific task defined by the designed
circuit).
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Analog Electronics
Analog Circuits deals
with continuous analog
signals.
Analog Circuit is a type
of Electronic Circuit
which processes analog
data using analog
components like
resistors, capacitors,
diodes, transistors etc.
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Electronic components
Electronic circuits are built up from a small
number of standard components.
Electronic components are :
i) Passive Components- Passive components
do not require energy to operate and unable to
augment the signal power and also cannot
amplify it.
ii) Active components - Amplify an electrical
signal and produce power.
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Course Outline
Course Objective:
To introduce the students the working principle
and applications of electronic circuits.
Course Outcome:
CO1 :Explain the operation of rectifiers, filters and
regulators for designing DC power supply.
CO2 :Analyze BJT and FET amplifiers using small
signal models.
CO3 :Describe and evaluate the performance of
power amplifiers.
CO4 :Differentiate the types of feedback amplifiers.
CO5 :Design clippers, clampers and oscillators.
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Unit- I
DC Power Supplies
Power Supply- Why?
⚫ All electronic circuits need a power source to work.
⚫ For electronic circuits made up of transistors and/or
ICs, this power source must be a DC voltage of a
specific value.
⚫ A battery is a common DC voltage source for some
types of electronic equipment especially portables like
cell phones and iPods.
⚫ Most non-portable equipment uses power supplies
that operate from the AC power line
DC power supplies
Power
Supply
Linear Mode Power Supply Switched Mode Power
Supply
(converts high voltage AC
into the low voltage using a (converts AC into DC first
transformer and then then transform that DC
converts it into DC voltage) voltage into desired voltage)
Linear Mode Power Supplies
Requirement:
⚫ Regulation of power supply should be good.
⚫ AC ripple should be less.
⚫ Protection for short circuit and over voltage.
⚫ Response of power supply to temperature
changes should be minimum.
Block Diagram- LMPS
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Types of Rectifiers
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Half Wave Rectifier
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Performance Parameters
⚫
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Contd…
⚫ Ripple Factor:
Ratio between the RMS value of the AC voltage and the
average value of DC voltage (on the output side) of the
rectifier.
⚫ Efficiency:
Ratio between the output DC power and the input AC
power.
The efficiency of a half wave rectifier is equal to 40.6%
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Contd…
⚫
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Full wave Rectifier – Center Tapped
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Contd…
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Performance Parameters
⚫
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Contd…
⚫ Ripple Factor:
Ratio between the RMS value of the AC voltage (on the input sid
and the DC voltage (on the output side) of the rectifier.
⚫ Efficiency:
Ratio between the output DC power and the input AC
power.
The efficiency of a half wave rectifier is equal to 81.06%
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Contd…
⚫
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Full wave Rectifier – Bridge Rectifier
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Contd…
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Contd….
⚫
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Transformer Utilization Factor
⚫ HWR
Ratio of the DC power available at the output to the
AC rating of the transformer.
B/c Transformer secondary wdg,
diode and load are in series.
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Contd…
⚫
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Contd…
⚫
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Work out
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FILTERS
⚫ The output of the rectifier contains AC component and
DC component.
⚫ Filters are used to remove the undesirable AC.
⚫ Some important filters are:
i) Inductor filter ii) Capacitor filter iii) LC or
L-section filter iv) CLC or π- section filter.
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Inductor Filter
⚫ Inductor has the property to oppose any change of
current.
⚫ Thus any sudden changes without inductor is
smoothed out if inductor is placed in the circuit.
Series inductor filter
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Contd..
⚫
DC component AC Component
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Contd….
⚫
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Contd…
⚫
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Contd…
⚫
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Capacitor Filter:
⚫
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Contd…
During the conduction of the diode D1:
⚫The capacitor charges to its maximum value of the
input voltage.
⚫When input at AB is less than its maximum or peak
value, the voltage across the capacitor is more positive.
⚫It keeps the diode D2 in reverse bias, i.e., even the input
voltage is positive during the remaining positive half
cycle.
⚫The diode remains in reverse bias condition, till the
anode voltage is more positive than cathode.
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Contd…
⚫Capacitor discharges through the load until the diode
comes into conduction depending on its time constant.
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Contd…
⚫ The ripple voltage waveform can be assumed as triangular.
⚫ From the cut-in point to the cut-out point, whatever charge
the capacitor acquires is equal to the charge the capacitor
has lost during the period of non-conduction.
The charge it has acquired =
The charge it has lost=
Thus,
⚫ It is assumed that the time T2 is equal to half the periodic
time of the waveform.
, As triangular w.f,
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Contd…
⚫
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LC Filter or L-section filter
⚫
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Contd…
⚫ From Fourier series, the output voltage can be expressed
as
⚫ The dc output voltage ,
⚫ The ac rms current, ( current flow through inductor
).
b/c of voltage at the rectifier output
⚫ This current flowing through creates the ripple voltage in
the output across capacitor.
⚫ Therefore,
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Contd..
⚫ The ripple factor,
In this filter, if the value of the inductance is increased (at
some critical value), it increases the time of conduction of
diodes either D1 or D2 (ie. one of the diode remains conducting
always).
Basic requirement is current
through the choke should be
continuous
⚫ Thus the current does not fall to zero and the incoming
current consists of two components:
a)
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Contd….
⚫
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Contd…
⚫
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Multiple LC Filter
⚫
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Contd…
⚫ The AC voltage across C1 is
⚫ The alternating current I2 is
⚫ The AC voltage across C2 and this voltage is across the
load is given by
⚫ Now, ripple factor =
⚫ Generalizing the ripple factor for n- number of LC
filters,
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CLC Filters (π- section filters)
⚫ A very smooth output can be obtained if two capacitors
and a single inductor filter is used.
⚫ This filter offers a fairly smooth output, but is
characterised by a highly peaked diode currents and
poor regulation.
⚫ The Fourier analysis, of this waveform is given by,
where,
⚫ The RMS value of second harmonic voltage,
Peak to peak voltage
Where XC is the reactance of C at second harmonic frequency.
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Contd…
⚫
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Contd…
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Regulators
⚫ A voltage regulator is an electronic circuit that provides a
stable dc voltage independent of the load current,
temperature and ac line voltage variations.
⚫ The output dc voltage Vo depends on the input
unregulated dc voltage Vin , load current IL and
temperature T.
⚫ The change in output voltage of power supply can be
expressed as follows:
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Contd…
Smaller the value of the three coefficients, better
the regulation of the power supply.
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Contd…
⚫ Line Regulation: Line regulation is defined as the
change in output voltage for a change in line supply
voltage keeping the load current and temperature
constant. Line regulation is given by
⚫ Load Regulation: Load regulation is expressed as
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Zener Diode Regulator
⚫ A Zener diode, under reverse bias breakdown
condition, regulate the voltage across a load,
irrespective of the supply voltage or load current
variations.
⚫ As Vi increases, Iz increases, IL constant (But Vz
remains constant).
⚫ As IL increases, Iz increases, Vi constant(But Vz
constant).
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Types of Regulator
⚫ Voltage Regulator i) Linear Regulator
ii)Switching Regulators
⚫ Linear Regulators i) Series Regulator
ii) Shunt Regulator
(i) (ii)
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Series Regulator
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Transistorized Series Regulator
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Contd…
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Overload protection circuit
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Shunt Regulator
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Transistorized Shunt Regulator
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Contd…
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Contd…
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