Environmental Engineering

Module 1

Water Demand & Fluctuations

Q# Question Marks Roll No(s)
1 What are the factors affecting consumption of water? Write a 10 1
note on the fluctuations in the rate of water consumption
explaining its significance in the design of water systems.

2 Explain in detail about the different types of water demands. 15 2

3 Discuss the method of arriving at the quantity of water to be 7 3

supplied to a community.
4 Explain various methods to find the Fire demand? 7 4

Population Forecasting Methods

Q# Question Marks Roll
No(s)
5 Which method of forecasting population is better for water distribution? 2 5, 6, 7,
8
6 Brief about Comparative graphical method of Population forecasting. 5 7, 9

7 Explain briefly the different methods for population forecasting of a city? 12 10

8 Explain logistic curve method for forecasting population. Derive an 10 11

equation for the logistic curve.
Q# Question Marks Roll
No(s)
9 The census data pertaining to a city is given in a table. Estimate the 15 12
population for the year 2020. Also calculate the yearly water requirement
assuming 270 lpcd.

10 Estimate the population of a city in 2020 by geometrical increase method. 15 13

11 Estimate the population of a city in 2050 by Geometrical Increase method 10 14

.
12 The population of a locality as obtained from the census report is given. 10 15
Estimate the population of the locality in 2020 by incremental, arithmetic
and geometric methods.

13 The population of 5 decades from 1930 to 1970 is given. Find out the 10 16
population after one, two and three decades beyond the last known decade,
by using any three methods for population forecasting.
Q# Question Marks Roll
No(s)
14 The populations of the past three successive census of a city are given. 15 17
Determine the expected population of the city for the year 2021 by
Logistic method.

15 The following is the population data of a city available from past census 7 18
records. Determine the population of the year 2011, 2021 by (a)
Geometrical increase method (b) Incremental increase method.

16 Population of 5 decades from 1970 to 2010 are given below. Find out the 10 19
population in the year 2026 by incremental increase method.

17 Estimate the population of the town for the year 2051 from the following 10 20
data using arithmetic increase method and geometric increase method.
(1981: 80,000; 1991: 1,00,000; 2001: 1,45,000; 2011: 2,00,000; 2021:
2,40,000)
18 A water supply system is proposed to be designed for a city having a per 14 21
capita demand of 135 lpcd. Determine the water demand for a design
Q# Question Marks Roll
No(s)
period of 30 years using Arithmetic increase method and Geometric
increase method, given the population data from 1971 to 2011.

19 The population data of a city is given for the years 1954-2024. Determine 10 22
the population in the year 2034 and 2044 by (a) Arithmetic method (b)
Geometric increase method.

20 Compute the population of the year 2000 and 2006 for a city whose 8 23
population in the year 1930 was 25,000 and in the year 1970 was 47,000.
Make use of the geometric increase method.

WTP Layout / Water Supply Scheme Design

Q# Question Marks Roll
No(s)
21 With the help of a flow chart, explain in detail the sequence of 15 24
treatment in a water treatment plant.
22 Explain with the help of a sketch a typical water supply scheme 10 25
(with all the necessary components).

23 What are the necessities and components of a planned water supply 5 26, 27
scheme?
24 Define population equivalent and design period. 4 9, 28, 29
25 Differentiate population equivalent and design period. 3 6, 30, 31
Q# Question Marks Roll
No(s)
26 Explain the factors governing the design period of a water supply 3 32, 33,
scheme. 34
27 What are the goals of various conventional water treatment 9 35
methods in ensuring safe and clean water?

28 What are the factors to be considered while selecting a site for a 4 26, 28,
water treatment plant? 36
29 Design a slow sand filter from following data: Population to be 5 30, 31
served = 50,000 persons; Per capita demand = 150 Lpcd; Rate of
filtration = 180 L/hr/sq.m; Length of each bed = Twice the breadth.
Assume maximum demand as 1.8 times the average daily demand.
Assume one out of six beds will be kept as standby.

30 A city has a population of 25,000 with an average rate of demand 7.5 37

as 150 litres/capita/day. Assume maximum demand as 1.8 times
the average demand. Find the area of slow sand filters if the
average rate of filtration is 175 litres/hour/m² of filter area.

Intakes
Q# Question Marks Roll No(s)
31 What are Intake structures? Write the factors considered for 15 38
selecting a site for an intake structure. Also explain with a neat
sketch the canal intake.
32 Explain the different types of raw water intakes with sketches? 10 39
Q# Question Marks Roll No(s)
33 Define intake as referred in a water supply system and 8 40
distinguish between Dry intake and Wet intake. Also list the
important factors governing the selection of site for an intake.

Screening
Q# Question Marks Roll No(s)
34 Why grit chamber is provided in water treatment plants? 2 6, 27, 41,
42
35 Why screening is required in water treatment processes and 3 33, 43, 44
briefly explain the types of screens?

Sedimentation
Q# Question Marks Roll
No(s)
36 Derive an expression for the settling velocity of a particle (Stoke's 5 32, 34
law) by clearly stating the assumptions.
37 Explain the different types of settling in a sedimentation tank? 10 45
38 What is surface overflow rate and its significance in 5 43, 44
sedimentation?
39 Explain the theory of sedimentation. 6 5, 8
40 What is flow through period, detention period and displacement 3 33, 46, 47
efficiency of a sedimentation tank?
41 Explain the different types of sedimentation tank. 7 48
42 Design a sedimentation tank of a water works to treat 12 × 10⁶ 15 49
litres of water per day. Assume the velocity of flow in the tank as
0.12 m/min and the detention period as 11 hours.
43 Design a sedimentation tank of a water works to treat 10 × 10⁶ 10 50
litres water per day. Assume the velocity of flow in the tank as
0.12 m/min and the detention period as 10 hours.
Q# Question Marks Roll
No(s)
44 Design a plain rectangular sedimentation tank for water supply 10 51
scheme having capacity to treat water = 12 MLD. Assume the data
which is required.
45 The maximum daily demand at a water purification plant has been 14 52
estimated as 12 million litres per day: design the dimensions of a
suitable sedimentation tank (fitted with mechanical sludge
removal arrangements), assuming a detention period of 6 hours
and velocity of flow as 20 cm per minute.
46 Design a plain sedimentation tank for water supply scheme having 7 53
capacity to treat water = 10 MLD. Assume the data which is
required.
47 Find the diameter of the particles with specific gravity 1.2 5 46, 47
removed in a tank having a surface area of 250 m² treating 10
MLd of water at 21°C.
48 Design a Plain sedimentation tank to treat 6 MLD of water. 7 54
Assume a detention period of 6 hours and velocity of flow as 0.2
m/minute.
49 Design a continuous flow rectangular sedimentation tank for a 8 55
population of 20,000 persons with an average per capita demand
of 120 litres per day. Assume a detention period of 6 hours and
SLR as 20,000 L/day/m².
50 Design a continuous flow rectangular sedimentation tank for a 14 56
population of 40,000 persons with an average per capita demand
of 130 litres per day. Assume a detention period of 6 hours.
51 Find the settling velocity of a particle with diameter 0.099 mm, 3 57, 58, 59
specific gravity 2.65, water temperature 30°C and kinematic
viscosity 1.007 centistokes. Check whether Stoke's Law is
applicable or not.
Q# Question Marks Roll
No(s)
52 A rectangular sedimentation tank without mechanical equipment 8 60
is to treat 1.8 million litres per day of raw water. The
sedimentation period is 4 hours, the velocity of flow is 8 cm/min
and the depth of water and sediment is 4.2 m; if an allowance of
1.2 m for sediment is made, find (a) length of the basin (b) width
of the basin.

Coagulation & Flocculation

Q# Question Marks Roll No(s)
53 What is the necessity of using coagulants in sedimentation? 5 57, 59
54 Explain how to determine the optimum coagulant quantity by jar 5 61, 62
test.
55 Why is sedimentation adopted for the first step of treatment in 10 63
water treatment? When is flocculation necessary? What are the
important flocculants?
56 Differentiate between coagulation and flocculation. 5 64, 65
57 Classify and brief about Flocculation. 5 29, 66
58 Explain the function of a clariflocculator in a water treatment 3 58, 61, 62
plant?
59 Explain about wet feeding and dry feeding devices. 10 67
60 Describe any two mixing devices of coagulants with figure. 6 41, 42
61 Discuss the process of coagulation . Mention the commonly used 8 68
coagulants for the removal of colloidal solids and explain the
mechanism of removal. Explain the factors affecting
coagulation.
62 Compare Alum and iron salt as coagulants? 3 58, 64, 65
63 Explain with a neat sketch the working of a Flocculator. 7 69
64 Explain the mechanisms of coagulation and flocculation. 8 70
Q# Question Marks Roll No(s)
65 Describe the method of application of coagulant in water 8 71
treatment process.
66 8 mg of copper is consumed with lime at a coagulation basin per 5 36, 66
litre water. Determine the quantity of copperas and the quick
lime required to treat 10 million litres of water.
67 Design and sketch a coagulation cum sedimentation tank with 10 72
continuous flow for a population of 60,000 persons with a daily
per capita water allowance of 120 litres. Make suitable
assumptions where needed.
68 Design a coagulation-cum-sedimentation tank for treating water 10 73
to a city with 40,000 persons. Assume suitable data required.
69 Design a coagulation cum sedimentation plant for supplying 9 74
water to a town with population 1,25,000. Average per capita
demand is 135 litres/day/capita. Maximum demand = 1.5 times
average demand. Assume detention period of 5 hours for settling
tank and 30 minutes for flocculation chamber. Flow rate = 950
litres/hour/m² of plan area.