Sunday, August 2, 2026

Contents
1. Magnetic effect of electrical current, Cross and dot convention,
2. Right hand thumb rule and cork screw rule,
3. Definitions on magnetic circuit
4. Analogy between electric and magnetic circuits,
5. Magnetic Circuits, B-H Curve, Hysteresis Loop,
6. Hysteresis and Eddy current losses,
7. Construction and working principle of single-phase transformers:
8. Voltage and current ratios, Losses,
9. Definition of regulation and efficiency
10. Ideal and practical transformer.
 1. Magnetic effect of electrical current
A Danish scientist, Oersted in the early
19th century discovered that there was a
magnetic field around a current-carrying
conductor

The magnetic effect of electric current is

the creation of a magnetic field around a
wire that is carrying an electric current.

This magnetic field is invisible, but it can be

How it works detected with a magnetic compass.
When an electric current passes through a wire, the wire behaves like a magnet.
The magnetic field lines around a straight conductor are concentric circles, with the center at
the conductor's axis.

How it can be observed

You can observe the magnetic effect of electric current by using a magnetic compass.
When a current passes through a conductor, the magnetic compass needle will deflect.

Applications
The magnetic effect of electric current is used in motors.
Cross and dot convention
 2. Right hand thumb rule and cork screw rule

The right hand rule is used to determine the direction of the magnetic field and
current around a straight current carrying conductor or coil.

The right hand thumb shows if we hold the current carrying conductor in our right
hand so that the thumb Direction shows current direction and the curly fingers shows
the direction of magnetic field.
If turning a screw into a material:
 The direction of screw moves forward = Direction of Electric Current
 The direction of screw rotate = Direction of Magnetic Field Lines
3. Definitions on Magnetic Circuit
4. Analogy between electric and magnetic circuits
SIMILARITIES
Electric Circuit Magnetic Circuit

1. The close path of an electric current is known 1. The close path of magnetic flux is known as
as electric circuit. magnetic circuit.

2. EMF = IR 2. MMF = N I OR S

em f mmf
3. C u rren t, I = 3. F lu x ,  
R S

em f l mmf l
4. R esistan ce, R = OR R  4. R elu ctan ce, S  OR S 
I a  0r A

5. Voltage drop, V= IR 5. MMF drop, =   S

I A m p.  W eber
6. C urren t density, δ = in 6. Flu x d en sity, B = ,
A m2 A m2

1 1
7. C o n d u ctan ce, G  7. P erm ean ce, p 
R S

DISIMILARITIES
1. Current can flow
1. Flux does not flow
2. Current cannot flow through air
2. Flux can pass through air
3. Current is reduced to zero after removal of
3. Some flux is present after removal of supply
supply
4. Reluctance does not depend on temperature
4. Resistance depends on temperature
 5. B-
B-H Curve, Hysteresis Loop
Hysteresis loop:
The graphical relation between magnetic flux density B and magnetizing
force, H is known as hysteresis curve or hysteresis loop.
Consider a coil having N number of turns and length Ɩ.
NI
So,Magnetising force,H = I
l
Because N and l remain constant and
NI
( )

Flux density, B= = S  I
A A
Because N,S and A remain constant

From the above equation, we can see that; both B

and H proportional to current I, so both increase as
current increase and decrease as current decrease.
So following different points found during one cycle
of current.
 B-H characteristics

Point O-A: See in fig. When we increase current then both; B

and H increase from point O to A but not linearly because
it is found that B is lagging behind H. Now, at maximum
current, coil goes to saturation at point A. So, at point,
A: I=Imax. (Fwd.), B= Bmax. (Fwd.) and H= Hmax. (Fwd.).
Point A-B: Now, we decrease current by variable resistance so, both B and H
decreases, but not the same way of AO because there will be some residual
magnetic flux and thereby flux density B, so when current I=0, H=0 but
B=B(Residual) and its value is equal to OB.

Point B-C: To bring the flux density to zero, the magnetizing force needed in
the opposite direction is called the coercive force,
for this reverse the battery terminal and increase current in the reverse
direction, so flux
density, B=0 but H= OC = Coercive force.
Point C-D: Further, we increase current in the reverse direction so both B and H
increase in the reverse direction so, at the point D coil goes to saturation and at
this point I=Imax. (Rev) and B= Bmax. (Rev) and H= Hmax. (Rev).

Point D-E: Now, decrease current in the reverse direction so both B and H
decrease in the reverse direction so, at point E, I=0 (Rev.) H=0 but B=B-Residual (Rev.)
and its value is equal to EO.

Point E-F: Once again, to nullify this reverse residual magnetic flux, some extra
energy required to opposite direction, for this change the battery terminal and
increase current in the forward direction, so B becomes B=0 and H= OF is known
as a coercive force.
Point F-A: Further, we increase current in the forward direction so
both B and H increase in forward direction and at point A once
again coil goes to saturation. Hence the cycle repeated.

Hysteresis Loop:
The curve A B C D E F A is called a hysteresis loop. The area of the
loop represents energy waste per unit volume in the specimen due
to the changing magnetic condition in one cycle.
 Basic About Transformer

1. Transformer is Static Electric Device.

2. It work Only With the AC Supply.
3. It use to Step up or step down the voltage
4. Transfers electric power from one circuit to another.
5. It works on the principle of faraday's electromagnetic induction
(mutual induction)
 6. Hysteresis Loss

 The transformer core material is made of tiny magnetic dipoles. A dipole means a small
magnet inside the material that has a north pole and a south pole.
 When AC supply is applied, these dipoles keep changing their alignment. This repeated
alignment movement causes friction inside the material, producing heat in the core and
energy is wasted which is called hysteresis loss.
 It can be reduce by selecting high permeability material like CRGO, Silicon steel etc.
 Eddy current and
6. Hysteresis losses

When AC Supply given to transformer,

Alternating magnetic flux produced in core, causes emf induction inside the core, This EMF
produces small loops of current inside the core – called eddy currents. This eddy currents
produce heat in the core and energy is wasted which is called eddy current loss.
 It can be reduce by Laminating core, Instead of
solid,
 Laminations are insulated from each other to
stop large loops of current.

Solid Core

Laminated Core
 7. Construction of single
single--phase Core type transformers
Draw the construction of single phase core type transformer 04 Marks March-2023

Primary Winding
• Made from copper or aluminum.
• It connected to the AC voltage source.
• When current flows, it produces magnetic flux around it.
Laminated Core
• Made of thin magnetic laminations to reduce eddy current loss.
• Keeps primary and secondary windings electrically isolated.
• Carries flux from primary to secondary.
Secondary Winding
• Made from copper or aluminum.
• It connected to the load.
• When flux links with it, an EMF is induced in the winding.
 Explain working principle of single
single--phase transformers

 AC supply applied to the primary winding, Current flow and produces MMF.
 MMF creates alternating magnetic flux in the core.
 This Flux links with the both winding.
 According to Faraday’s law, the changing flux induces EMFs in both the primary and secondary
windings.
 If the load is connected, then current flow.
 Secondary voltage changes (step-up or step-down) based on the turns ratio with the primary.
Explain with diagram construction of core type and shell type transformer-04 Marks
GTU
GTU-- Nov-2020May-2019, NOV-2020, July-2024, Jun-2025

Core Type Shell Type

1. Winding surrounds the core 1. Core surrounds the winding
2. Two Limbs 2. Three Limbs
3. Windings placed on side limbs 3. Winding placed on Central limb
4. Flux shared equally in limbs. 4. Central limb carries all flux, side limbs
carry half
5. Used for medium & large ratings 5. Used for small ratings
Derive the E.M.F. equation of a single phase transformer – 04 to 7 Marks
GTU-
GTU - June-2019, Jan-2020, NOV-2020, March-2023, July-2024, June-2025

Let;
N1 & N2 windings turns, Øm = Maximum flux, f = Frequency, E1 & E2 = Induced emf
Now, primary winding having N1 turns and secondary winding having N2 turns
then final EMF equation will be:
 8. Voltage and current ratios, Losses

The relationship between the number of turns and the voltage is given by,

N1/N2 = V1/V2 = I2/I1, Where,

N1= Primary winding turns, N2= Secondary winding turns

V1= Voltage of primary, V2 = Voltage at secondary

I1= current flow in primary winding, I2= current flow in secondary winding
Losses
9. Definition of regulation and efficiency
Definition of regulation

Voltage regulation tells us how much the output voltage of a transformer drops
when we connect a load (like a fan or light).
It is the percentage change in the secondary voltage from no-load to full-load, at
constant primary supply voltage.

Mathematically, it is expressed as:

Definition of Efficiency

The Efficiency of the transformer is defined as the ratio of useful output power to
the input power.
 10. Ideal and practical transformer.

Ideal practical

Windings has no resistance Windings has resistance

No leakage flux Leakage flux is present

No losses (no copper loss, no core loss) Has copper loss and Iron loss

100% efficient 95-98 % efficiency

No voltage drop Voltage drop

 MCQ
An transformer work on principle of
(a) self-induction.
(b) mutual induction.
(c) coulomb law.
(d) ampere law.
.

ANSWER: b
 MCQ
If ∅m is the maximum value of flux in the core
then the average rate of change of flux is
a. f∅m
b. 2 f∅
∅m
c. 4 f∅
∅m
d. 4.44 f∅m

ANSWER: C
 MCQ
The primary side and secondary side of a
transformer are
(a) electrically linked.
(b) magnetically linked.
(c) conductivity linked.
(d) all of the above.

ANSWER: b
 MCQ
A transformer is an electric device which work
on
(a) AC.
(b) DC.
(c) both AC and DC.
(d) none of the above.

ANSWER: a
 MCQ
The main function of a transformer is to change
(a) power.
(b) frequency.
(c) voltage level.
(d) power factor.

ANSWER: c
 MCQ
4. The main purpose of transformer cores
lamination is to
(a) reduce copper loss.
(b) reduce eddy current loss.
(c) reduce cost.
(d) reduce hysteresis loss.

ANSWER: b
 MCQ
Emf equation of transformer is
(a) 4fn
(b) 4.11 fn
(c) 4.33FN
(d) 4.44 FN

ANSWER: d
 MCQ
Transformer is a device which:______________.
A. Can step up or step down the level of voltage.
B. Work through on electric induction.
C. Its Working without changing the Power.
D. All of these

ANSWER: D
Sr Question Mar GTU Exam
k
1 Explain magnetic hysteresis 03 Nov-2020, June-2025
OR
Explain B-H Curve and Hysteresis Loop in detail Jan-025
07
2 Define flux, flux density, reluctance and permeability 04 Jan-025
Explain the terms:- 1. Flux density 2. Reluctance 3. Permeability 4. field June-2025
strength.
3 Describe concept of MMF. 03 Nov-2020
Jan-2025
4 Briefly describe the operating principle of a transformer. 04 Jan-2019
OR Jan-2020
Explain working principle of single phase Transformer. Aug-2022
Jun-2025
5 Derive the E.M.F. equation of a single phase transformer 04 June-2019, Jan-2020
NOV-2020, March-2023
July-2024, June-2025
6 Explain with diagram construction of core type and shell type transformer. 04 May-2019
OR NOV-2020, July-2024
Compare core type and shell type transformers. Jun-2025
7 Draw the construction of single phase core type transformer 04 March-2023

8 State comparison between practical transformer and ideal transformer 07 Jun-2025