PHOENIX Probability

Questions
1. Three ships A, B and C sail from England to India. If the ratio of their arriving safely are 2 : 5, 3 : 7
and 6 : 11 respectively then the probability of all the ships for arriving safely is
3 6 18 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
10 17 595 7

2. In a class of 125 students 70 passed in Mathematics, 55 in Statistics and 30 in both. The probability
that a student selected at random from the class has passed in only one subject is
13 3 17 8
(a) (b) (c) (d)
25 25 25 25
3. Two cards are drawn one by one from a pack of cards. The probability that first card is an ace and
second is either J or Q or K or an Ace is (before drawing second card first card is not placed again
in the pack)
1 5 5 4
(a) (b) (c) (d)
26 52 221 13

4. The probability that a married man watches a certain T.V. show is 0.4 and the probability that a
married woman watches the show is 0.5. The probability that a man watches the show, given that
his wife does, is 0.7. Find
(i) the probability that both watch the show
(ii) the probability that a wife watches the show given that her husband does.
(iii) the probability that atleast one person of a married couple will watch the show.

5. 3 cards are drawn one by one without replacement from a deck of 52 cards. Find the probability that
first two are Jacks & third is an Ace.
1 2 2 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5505 4505 5525 4525

6. There are 10 cards, 5 of them have ‘I’ & other five have ‘T’ printed on them. 3 cards are drawn one
by one without replacement then find probability of:
(i) Getting 2I’s & 1T
(ii) Getting first two cards having ‘I’ & third card having ‘T’

7. 5 cards are drawn from a pack of 52 cards, one by one without replacement. Find the probability of:
(i) Getting 3 Aces and 2 non-aces
(ii) Getting Aces on first 3 draws & non-aces on next two draw

8. 2 cards are drawn one by one from pack of 52 cards without replacement. What is the probability
both are ace
1 2 2 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
252 221 252 221
9. A bag contains 5 white and 8 red balls. Two draws of 3 balls each, are made without replacement.
What is the probability that the first draw gives 3 white balls, and second draw gives 3 red balls?
7 5 7 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
438 429 429 438
PHOENIX Probability

1 2 3
10. The probability of A, B, C solving a problem are , , respectively. If all the three try to solve the
3 7 8
problem simultaneously, the probability that exactly one of them will solve it, is
25 25 20 30
(a) (b) (c) (d)
168 56 168 168

11. Seven chits are numbered 1 to 7. Three are drawn one by one with replacement. The probability that
the number on any selected chit is greater than or equal to 5, is
4 4 3
2 2 3
(a) 1 −   (b) 4   (c)   (d) None of these
7 7 7

12. A problem of mathematics is given to three students whose chances of solving the problem are 1/3,
1/4 and 1/5 respectively. The probability that the question will be solved is
(a) 2/3 (b) 3/4 (c) 4/5 (d) 3/5
13. An anti-aircraft gun take a maximum of four shots at an enemy plane moving away from it. The
probability of hitting the plane at the first, second, third and fourth shot are 0.4, 0.3, 0.2 and 0.1
respectively. The probability that the gun hits the plane is
(a) 0.25 (b) 0.21 (c) 0.16 (d) 0.6976
14. A man and a woman appear in an interview for two vacancies in the same post. The probability of
1 1
man's selection is and that of the woman's selection is . What is the probability that none of
4 3
them will be selected ?

15. Three students appear at an examination of mathematics. The probability of their success are
1 1 1
, & respectively. Find the probability of success of at least two.
3 4 5
1 3 4 4
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 5 7 5
16. India plays with Africa, 3 games of cricket. Probability that India wins, loses or match results in tie
are 0.4, 0.1, 0.5 respectively. Find the probability that India wins atleast 2 games.
17. An archer passes the test if he hits bullseye 2 times. If he hits 3 arrows, what is the probability that
he passes the test, where probability of an archer hitting the bullseye in any trial is 0.3 ?
18. One bag contains four white balls and three black balls, and a second bag contains three white balls
and five black balls. One ball is drawn from the first bag and placed unseen in the second bag.
What is the probability that a ball now drawn from second bag is black ?
35 38 38 33
(a) (b) (c) (d)
60 65 63 63
19. An unbiased coin is tossed. If the result is a head, a pair of unbiased dice is rolled, and the number
obtained by adding the numbers on the two faces is noted. If the result is a tail, a card from a well-
shuffled pack of eleven cards numbered 2, 3, 4, …., 12 is picked and the number on the card is
noted. Find the probability that noted number is either 7 or 8.
197 198 192 193
(a) (b) (c) (d)
792 793 793 792
PHOENIX Probability

20. A bag X contains 2 white and 3 black balls and another bag Y contains 4 white and 2 black balls.
One bag is selected at random and a ball is drawn from it. Then the probability for the ball chosen
be white is
2 7 8 14
(a) (b) (c) (d)
15 15 15 15
21. In a bolt factory, machines A, B and C manufacture respectively 25%, 35% and 40% of the total
bolts. Of their output 5, 4 and 2 percent are respectively defective bolts. A bolt is drawn at random
from the product. Then the probability that the bolt drawn is defective is ______.

22. If from each of the three boxes containing 3 white and 1 black, 2 white and 2 black, 1 white and 3 black
balls, one ball is drawn at random, then the probability that 2 white and 1 black ball will be drawn is
13 1 1 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
32 4 32 16
23. A real estate man has eight master keys to open several new homes. Only one master key will open
any given house. If 40% of these homes are usually left unlocked, what is the probability that the
real estate man can get into a specific home if he selects three master keys at random before leaving
the office?
(a) 5/8 (b) 2/3 (c) 1/7 (d) 4/7
24. A bag contains n + 1 coins. It is known that one of these coins shows heads on both sides, whereas
the other coins are fair. One coin is randomly selected and tossed. If the probability that toss results
in heads is 7/12, then the value of n is_______.
25. A bag A contains 2 white and 3 red balls and bag B contains 4 white and 5 red balls. One ball is
drawn at random from a randomly chosen bag and is found to be red. The probability that it was
drawn from B is
(a) 5 (b) 5 (c) 5 (d) 25
14 16 18 52

26. A letter is known to have come either from LONDON or CLIFTON; on the postmark only the two
consecutive letters ON are legible. The probability that it came from LONDON is
5 12 17 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
17 17 30 5

27. There are 3 bags which are known to contain 2 white and 3 black balls; 4 white and 1 black balls
and 3 white and 7 black balls respectively. A ball is drawn at random from one of the bags and
found to be a black ball. Then the probability that it was drawn from the bag containing the most
black balls is
7 5 3
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
15 19 4

28. In an entrance test there are multiple choice questions. There are four possible answers to each
question of which one is correct. The probability that a student knows the answer to a question is
90%. If he gets the correct answer to a question, then the probability that he was guessing, is
37 1 36 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
40 37 37 9
PHOENIX Probability

29. Bag 'A' contains 2 white & 3 red balls, Bag 'B' contains 4 white & 5 black balls. A bag is selected
randomly, and a ball is drawn from it. Drawn ball is observed to be white. If the probability that
38k
bag 'B' was selected is ‘k’, then the value of is _________.
5
30. A card from a pack of 52 cards is lost. From the remaining cards, two cards are drawn and are
found to be spades. Find the probability that missing card is also a spade.
(a) 12 (b) 12 (c) 11 (d) 15
50 17 50 50

31. A company manufactures T.V.s at two different plants A and B. Plant 'A' produces 80 % and B
produces 20 % of the total production. 85 out of 100 T.V.s produced at plant A meet the quality
standards while 65 out of 100 T.V.s produced at plant B meet the quality standard. A T.V. produced
by the company is selected at random and is not found to meeting the quality standard. Find the
probability that selected T.V. was manufactured by the plant B.
(a) 7 (b) 12 (c) 10 (d) 11
19 17 19 14

32. The probability that an archer hits the target when it is windy is equal to 2/5, when it is not windy
his probability of hitting the target is 7/10. On any shot the probability of gust of wind is 3 . If the
10
probability that there is no gust of wind on the occasion when he missed the target, is equal to m/n,
then the value of m + n is ______.

33. A pack of playing cards was found to contain only 51 cards. If the first 13 cards which are
examined are all red, then the probability that the missing cards is black, is
25
1 2 1 C13
(a) (b) (c) (d) 51
3 3 2 C13
34. A letter is known to have come either from ‘KRISHNAGIRI’ or ‘DHARMAPURI’. On the post mark
only the two consecutive letters ‘RI’ are visible then find the chance that it came from
‘KRISHNAGIRI’.
35. A purse contains 100 coins of unknown value, a coin drawn at random is found to be a rupee then if
1
the probability that it is the only rupee in the purse is , then the value of k is _____.
k
(Assume all numbers of rupee coins in the purse to be equally likely)

36. A and B are two inaccurate arithmeticians whose chance of solving a given question correctly are 1/8
and 1/12, respectively then find probability that they solve a problem and obtained the same result. If
it is 1000 to 1 against their making the same mistake.

37. Each of the n urns contains 4 white and 6 black balls. The (n + 1)th urn contains 5 white and 5 black
balls. One of the n + 1 urns is chosen at random and two balls are drawn from it without replacement.
Both the balls turn out to be black. If the probability that the (n + 1)th urn was chosen to draw the balls
is 1/16, then find the value of n.

38. If the value of C for which P ( X = k ) = Ck 2 can serve as the probability function of a random
1
variable X that takes 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 is , then the value of ‘p’ is ____.
p
PHOENIX Probability

39. A sample of 4 items is drawn at a random without replacement from a lot of 10 items. Containing 3
defective. If X denotes the number of defective items in the sample then P(0  x  3) is equal to
3 4 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
10 5 2 6

40. A random variable X has the probability distribution

X 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

P(X) 0.15 0.23 0.12 0.10 0.20 0.08 0.07 0.05

For the events E = { X is prime number} and F = { X  4} , the probability of P( E  F ) is ____.

41. Two coins are tossed simultaneously. Find E(X) & V(X), where X is number of tails appeared.
42. Let ‘n’ denote number of hours you study during a randomly selected school day. The probability
that X can take value ‘n’, has following form, where K is some unknown constant.

(a) Find value of ‘k’

(b) What is probability you study at least 2 hours.
(c) What is expected number of study hours

43. A bag contains two 5 ₹ coins and one 10 ₹ coin. Anuj is taking out without replacement till 10 ₹ coin
appears. Whatever Anuj takes out during experiment that money is given to him. Find his expectation.
44. A box contains 10 pens of which 3 are defective. A sample of 2 pens is drawn at random and let X
denote the number of defective pens. Then the variance of X is
(a) 11/15 (b) 28/75 (c) 2/15 (d) 3/5
45. An unbiased coin is tossed 5 times. Suppose that a variable X is assigned the value k when k
consecutive heads are obtained for k = 3,4,5 otherwise X takes the value -1. Then the expected value
of X is
(a) 3/16 (b) -1/8 (c) -3/16 (d) 1/8

46. 8 coins are tossed simultaneously. The probability of getting at least 6 heads is
(a) 57 (b) 229 (c) 7 (d) 37
64 256 64 256

47. An unbiased die with faces marked 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 is rolled four times. Out of four face values
obtained the probability that the minimum face value is not less than 2 and the maximum face value
is not greater than 5, is
(a) 16 (b) 1 (c) 80 (d) 65
81 81 81 81

48. A die is thrown 7 times. What is the chance that an odd number turns up
(i) exactly 4 times (ii) at least 4 times.
PHOENIX Probability

49. A person can kill a bird with probability 3/4. He tries 5 times. What is the probability that he may
not kill the bird is m/n, then n – m is equal to _____.
50. The probability of a bomb hitting a bridge is 1 and two direct hits are needed to destroy it. The
2
least number of bombs required so that the probability of the bridge beeing destroyed is greater then
0.9, is ______.

ANSWER KEY
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (i) 0.35 (ii) 7/8 (iii) 0.55
94 47
5. (c) 6. (i) 5/12 (ii) 5/36 7. (i) (ii)
54145 270725
8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (b) 11. (c)
12. (d) 13. (d) 14. 0.5 15. (a)
16. 0.352 17. 0.216 18. (c) 19. (d)
20. (c) 21. 0.0345 22. (d) 23. (a)
24. 5 25. (a) 26. (b) 27. (a)
28. (b) 29. 4 30. (c) 31. (a)
32. 20 33. (b) 34. 9/14 35. 5050
36. 13/14 37. 10 38. 30 39. (b)
40. 0.77 41. E(X) = 1, V(X) = 1/2 42. (a) 0.15 (b) 0.75 (c) 2.25

43. 15₹ 44. (b) 45. (d) 46. (d)

47. (a) 48. (i) 35/128 (ii) 1/2 49. 1023

50. 8
PHOENIX Probability

SOLUTION
1.
We have ratio of the ships A, B and C for arriving safely are 2 : 5, 3 : 7 and 6 : 11 respectively.
2 2
The probability of ship A for arriving safely = =
2+5 7
3 3 6 6
Similarly, for B = = and for C = =
3 + 7 10 6 + 11 17
2 3 6 18
 Probability of all the ships for arriving safely =   = .
7 10 17 595
2.
Consider the following events :
A = A student is passed in Mathematics,
B = A student is passed in Statistics.
70 55 30
Then P( A) = , P( B) = , P( A  B) = .
125 125 125
Required probability is
70 55 60 65 13
P ( A  B ) + P( A  B) = P( A) + P( B) − 2 P( A  B) = + − = = .
125 125 125 125 25
3.
4 1  E  15 5
P( E1 ) = = ,P 2  = =
52 13  E1  51 17
E  1 5 5
P( E1  E2 ) = P( E1 ).P  2  = . =
 E1  13 17 221
4.
Let ‘H’ be the event that married man watches the show
and ‘W’ be the event that married woman watch the show,
H
 P ( H ) = 0.4, P (W ) = 0.5, P   = 0.7
W 
H
(i) P ( H  W ) = P (W ) . P   = 0.5  0.7 = 0.35
W 
W  P ( H  W ) 0.35 7
(ii) P  = = =
H  P(H ) 0.4 8
(iii) P ( H  W ) = P ( H ) + P (W ) − P ( H  W ) = 0.4 + 0.5 – 0.35 = 0.55

5.
Let A be the event, first card is Jack
B be the event, second card is Jack
C be the event, third card is Ace
4 3 4 2
⸫ Required probability = P ( A  B  C ) =   =
52 51 50 5525
PHOENIX Probability

6.
Given, 5 ‘I’ cards & 5 ‘T’ cards
5
C2  5C1 5
(i) Probability of getting 2 I’s card and 1 ‘T’ card = 10
=
C3 12
(ii) Getting first two cards having ‘I’ & third card having T
⸫ Required probability = P ( I1  I 2  I 3 )
 I   I3  5 4 5 5
= P ( I1 ) .P  2  .P  =   =
 I1   I1  I 2  10 9 8 36
7.
4
C3  48C2 47  2 94
(i) Probability of getting 3 Aces and 2 non-aces = = =
52
C5 13  17  5  49 54145

(ii) Let A1 be the event of getting 1st ace card , A2 be the event of getting 2nd ace card
A3 be the event of 3rd ace card
N4 be the event of 4th non-ace card
N5 be the event of 5th non-ace card
⸫ We require P ( A1  A2  A3  N 4  N5 )
 A   A3   N4   N5 
= P ( A1 ) .P  2  .P   .P   .P  
 A1   A1  A2   A1  A2  A3   A1  A2  A3  N 4 
4 3 2 48 47 47
=     =
52 51 50 49 48 270725
8.
4 3 1
Required probability = P ( A1  A2 ) =  =
52 51 221
9.
Let A = the event of drawing 3 white balls in the first draw
and B = the event of drawing 3 red balls in the second draw
Then A  B = the event of drawing 3 white balls in the draw and 3 red ball in the second draw
5
C3 5
Now P (A) = 13
=
C3 143

When 3 white balls are drawn in the first draw, number of balls left = 10 and number of red balls left = 8
8
B C 7
 P   = 10 3 =
 A C3 15
B 5 7 7
Now required probability, P (A  B) = P (A) P   =  =
 A  143 15 429
10.
1 2 3
Here p1 = , p2 = and p3 =
3 7 8
2 5 5
 q1 = , q2 = and q3 =
3 7 8
PHOENIX Probability

Required probability = p1q2 q3 + q1 p2 q3 + q1q2 p3

1 5 5 2 2 5 2 5 3 25
=   +   +   =
3 7 8 3 7 8 3 7 8 56
11.
3
P(5or 6or7) in one draw =
7
3
3
 Probability that in each of 3 draws, the chits bear 5 or 6 or 7 =   .
7
12.
1 2 1 3 1 4
The probability of students not solving the problem are 1 − = ,1 − = and 1 − = .
3 3 4 4 5 5
2 3 4 2
Therefore, the probability that the problem is not solved by any one of them =   = .
3 4 5 5
2 3
Hence, the probability that problem is solved = 1 − = .
5 5
13.

14.

15.
1 1 1  1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Required Probability = . 1 −  + 1 −  . . + 1 −  . + . .
3 4 5  3 4 5 3 4 5 3 4 5
4 2 3 1 1
= + + + = .
60 60 60 60 6
16.
A = India wins a match
B = India loses a match
C = India tie a match
⸫ Probability India wins atleast 2 games
= 3C2  P ( A ) .( P ( B ) ) + 3C2 ( P ( A ) ) ( P ( C ) ) + 3C3 ( P ( A ) )
2 1 2 1 3

= 3 ( 0.4 )  ( 0.1 + 0.5 ) + ( 0.4 )

2 3

= 0.288 + 0.064 = 0.352

PHOENIX Probability

17.
Let event
A = Archer hits the bulls eye
B = Archer don’t hit a bulls eye
⸫ Probability that archer passes the test
= 3C2 ( P ( A ) ) P ( B ) + 3C3 ( P ( A ) )
2 3

= 3 ( 0.3) ( 0.7 ) + ( 0.3)

2 3

= 0.189 + 0.027 = 0.216

18.
𝐵𝑎𝑔 − 𝐼 𝐵𝑎𝑔 − 𝐼𝐼
4𝑊 3𝑊
3𝐵 5𝐵
Let A1 be the event that a white ball is transferred from bag – I to bag – II and A2 be the event
that a black ball is transferred from bag – I to bag –II.
4 3
P (A1) = , P(A2) =
7 7
5
Let 'A' be the probability the finally a black ball is drawn from the second bag P(A/A1) = ,
9
6
P(A/A2) = .
9
Now from total probability theorem we get,
4 5 3 6 38
P(A) = P(A1) . P(A/A1) + P(A2) . P(A/A2) = . + . =
7 9 7 9 63

19.
Let A1 and A2 be the event that tossing of coin results in head (tail).
And A be the event that noted number is 7 or 8.
1 2 11
P(A1) = P(A2) = ; P(A/A2) = ; P(A/A1) =
2 11 36
(As 7 can result in, (1, 6), (2,5), (3,4), (6,1), (5,2), (4, 3) i.e. 6 ways
and 8 can result in (2, 6), (3,5), (4,4), (6,2), (5,3) i.e. 5 ways)
Now P(A) = P(A1)P(A/A1) + P(A2)P(A/A2)
1  11 2  193
=  + =
2  36 11  792
20.
Let A be the event of selecting bag X,
B be the event of selecting bag Y
and E be the event of drawing a white ball, then
P( A) = 1 / 2, P( B) = 1 / 2 ,
P( E / B) = 4 / 6 = 2 / 3
P( E / B) = 4 / 6 = 2 / 3
P( E ) = P( A) P( E / A) + P( B) P( E / B)
1 2 1 2 8
=  +  =
2 5 2 3 15
PHOENIX Probability

21.
Let E1 , E2 , E3 and A be the events defined as follows:
E1 = the bolts is manufactured by machine A;
E2 = the bolts is manufactured by machine B;
E3 = the bolts is manufactured by machine C,
and A = the bolt is defective.
25 1 35 40
Then P( E1 ) = = , P( E2 ) = , P( E3 ) = .
100 4 100 100
4 2
P ( A / E1 ) = 5/100, P( A / E2 ) = and P( A / E3 ) = .
100 100
Using the law of total probability, we have
P( A) = P( E1 ) P( A / E1 ) + P( E2 ) P( A / E2 ) + P( E3 ) P( A / E3 )
25 5 35 4 40 2
=  +  +  = 0.0345
100 100 100 100 100 100
22.

23.
PHOENIX Probability

24.

25.
Let E1 be the event that the ball is drawn from bag A,
E2 the event that it is drawn from bag B
E the event that the ball is red.
We have to find P( E2 / E ) .
Since both the bags are equally likely to be selected,
1
P( E1 ) = P( E2 ) = .
2
Also P( E / E1 ) = 3 / 5 and P ( E / E2 ) = 5 / 9 .
1 5

P ( E2 ) P ( E / E 2 ) 2 9 25
Hence, P ( E2 / E ) = = = .
P( E1 ) P( E / E1 ) + P( E2 ) P( E / E2 ) 1  3 + 1  5 52
2 5 2 9
26.
We define the following events :
A1 : Selecting a pair of consecutive letter from the word LONDON.
A2 : Selecting a pair of consecutive letters from the word CLIFTON.
E : Selecting a pair of letters ‘ON’.
2
Then P( A1  E ) = ; as there are 5 pairs of consecutive letters out of which 2 are ON.
5
1
P( A2  E ) = ; as there are 6 pairs of consecutive letters of which one is ON.
6
2
A  P ( A1  E ) 12
 The required probability is P  1  = = 5 = .
 E  P ( A1  E ) + P ( A2  E ) 2 1 17
+
5 6
27.
Consider the following events :
A → Ball drawn is black; E1 → Bag I is chosen;
E2 → Bag II is chosen and E3 → Bag III is chosen.
1
Then P( E1 ) = ( E2 ) = P( E3 ) = ,
3
PHOENIX Probability

 A 3  A 1  A 7
P  = , P  = , P  =
 E1  5  E2  5  E3  10
E  P ( E3 ) P ( A / E3 ) 7
Required probability, P  3  = = .
 A  P ( E1 ) P ( A / E1 ) + P ( E2 ) P ( A / E2 ) + P ( E3 ) P ( A / E3 ) 15

28.
A1 : He knows the answer.
A2 : He does not know the answer.
E : He gets the correct answer.
9 9 1 E E 1
Then P( A1 ) = , P( A2 ) = 1 − = , P   = 1, P   =
10 10 10  A1   A2  4
A  P( A2 ) P( E / A2 ) 1
 Required probability = P  2  = = .
 E  P( A1 ) P( E / A1 ) + P( A2 ) P( E / A2 ) 37
29.
𝐵𝑎𝑔 𝐴 𝐵𝑎𝑔 𝐵
2𝑊, 3𝑅 4𝑊, 5𝐵
Let A1 be the event that bag 'A' is selected and A2 be the event that bag B is selected.
P(A1) = P(A2) =1/2
Let 'A' be the event that a white ball is drawn from the selected bag.
4
 P(A/A1) = 2/5, P(A/A2) =
9
1 2 1 4 1  2 4  38
P(A) = P(A1). P(A/A1) + P(A2). P(A/A2) = . + . =  + =
2 5 2 9 2  5 9  90
P ( A2 ).P ( A / A2 ) (1 / 2).(4 / 9) ( 90 )( 4 ) 10
Finally, k = P(A2/A) = = = =
P ( A) (38 / 90) (18)( 38 ) 19
38k 38 10
Thus, =  =4
5 5 19

30.
Let A1 be the event that missing card is spade and A2 be event that missing card is non-spade.
1 3
 P(A1) = , P(A2) =
4 4
Let 'A' be event that 2 spade cards are drawn from the remaining cards,

 A 12
C2  A 13
C2
P  = 51
and P   = 51
 A1  C2  A2  C2

12
 A  A 1 C2 3 13 C2 1
 P(A) = P(A1)  P   + P( A2 )  P   = + 51 = 51  12 C2 + 3 13 C2 
 A1   A2  4 51
C2 4 C2 4  C2

 A 1 12 C2
P( A1 ) P  
 A1   A1  = 4 51 C2 11
Now P   = =
 A P( A) 1 50
 12 C2 + 3 13 C2 
4  C2
51
PHOENIX Probability

31.
Let B1 and B2 be the event that plant A and B, respectively produce a T.V. that does not meet the
quality standard.

P(B1) = 1 - 85 = 15 = 3
100 100 20

P(B2) = 1 - 65 = 35 = 7
100 100 20
Let A1 and A2 be the event that selected T.V. is produced by plant A and B, respectively
 P(A1) = 0.8, P(A2) = 0.2
Let 'A' be the event that selected T.V. does meet the quality standards.
3
 P(A/A1) = P(B1) =
20
7
and P(A/A2) = P(B2) =
20
3
⸫ P(A) = P(A1). P(A/A1) + P(A2). P(A/A2) = 0.8  + (0.2) 7 = 3.8
20 20 20
P ( A2 ).P ( A / A2 ) (0.2) (7 / 20) 14 7
 P(A/A2) = = = = .
P ( A) (3.8 / 20) 38 19

32.
E1 : There is a gust of wind.
E 2 : There is no gust of wind.
A : archer misses the target.
P ( A ) = P ( E1 ) .P ( A / E1 ) + P ( E2 ) .P ( A / E2 )
3 3 7 3 39
= . + . =
10 5 10 10 100
7 3
P ( E2 ) .P ( A / E2 ) .
Now, required probability = P ( E2 / A ) = = 10 10 = 7
P ( A) 39 13
100
33.
PHOENIX Probability

34.

35.
PHOENIX Probability

36.

37.
Let E1 denote the event that one of the first n urns is chosen
and E2 denote the event that ( n + 1)th urn is selected.
A denotes the event that two balls drawn are black. Then,
n 1
P( E1 ) = , P ( E2 ) = ,
n +1 n +1
 A  6C 1  A  5C 2
P   = 10 2 = , P   = 10 2 =
 E1  C2 3  E2  C2 9
E  P ( E2 ).P( A / E2 )
P 2  =
 A  P( E1 ).P( A / E1 ) + P( E2 ).P( A / E2 )
 1  2 
  

1
=  n +1 9  =
2
16  n   1   1   2  3n + 2
   +   
 n +1 3   n +1 9 
 n = 10
PHOENIX Probability

38.
4

 P( X = k ) = 1
k =0
4
  Ck 2 = 1
k =0

 C (12 + 22 + 32 + 42 ) = 1
1
C =
30
39.
Since the items are choosen without replacement.
3
C + 7C
 P( X = x) = x10 4− x
C4
Putting x = 1, 2 we have
C1 7 C3 3C2 7C2
3
P(0  x  3) = +
210 210
3  35 + 3  21 105 + 63 168 4
= = = = .
210 210 210 5
40.
E = {x is a prime number}
P( E ) = P(2) + P(3) + P(5) + P(7) = 0.62,
F = {x  4} , P( F ) = P(1) + P(2) + P(3) = 0.50
and P( E  F ) = P(2) + P(3) = 0.35
 P( E  F ) = P( E ) + P( F ) − P( E  F ) = 0.62+0.50 – 0.35 = 0.77

41.

42.

(a)
PHOENIX Probability

(b)

(c)
2.25

43.

44.

45.

46.
6 2 7 8
1 1 1 1 1 37
The required probability = C6   .   + 8C7   .   + 8C8   =
8
.
2 2  2  2  2 256
47.

Required probability = P(2 or 3 or 4 or 5) = 4 = 2 .

6 3
4 0
 2   1  16
Hence required probability = 4C4     = .
 3  3 81
PHOENIX Probability

48.
Probability of success = 3 = 1
6 2
 p = 1, q= 1
2 2
4 3
 1  1 35
(i) For exactly 4 successes required probability = 7C4.   .  =
2 2 128

(ii) For atleast 4 successes required probability

4 3 5 2 6 1 7

= 7C4     + 7 C5   1 1 1 1

1 1 1
.   + 7 C6   .   + 7 C7  
2 2 2 2 2  2  2

= 35 + 21 + 7 + 1 = 64 = 1
128 128 128 128 128 2

49.
Probability to kill a bird p = 3 , p + q = 1
4
 q = 1 − p = 1 − 3 = 1 and n = 5 .
4 4
Probability that he may not kill the bird,
0 5− 0
3 1 1
P( X = 0) = 5C0     = .
4 4 1024

50.
Let n be the least number of bombs required and X the number of bombs that hit the bridge. Then
1
X follows a binomial distribution with parameter n and p = .
2
Now P( X  2)  0.9
 1 − P( X  2)  0.9
 P( X = 0) + P( X = 1)  0.1
n n −1
1 1 1
 C0   + nC1  
n
   0.1
2 2 2
 10(n + 1)  2 n

This gives n  8.