CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEWS
2.1. Introduction to Traditional Oil Extraction
Traditional oil extraction in Myanmar has long relied on the wooden mortar and
pestle system. This mechanism is favored for its ability to produce high-quality, cold-
pressed oil. According to Bargale (1997), mechanical expression using traditional
methods maintains a lower operating temperature, which prevents the degradation of
essential nutrients and maintains the natural aroma of the peanut oil. This cold-
pressing technique is essential for preserving bioactive compounds compared to
modern solvent extraction methods (Ajibola et al., 2002).
2.2. Power Transmission System
The efficiency of a peanut oil machine depends heavily on its transmission unit. In
this research, the transmission is divided into two main stages:
2.2.1. Belt and Pulley Drive
The belt drive system is used to transmit power from the electric motor to the
intermediate shaft. According to Khurmi and Gupta (2005), V-belts are preferred in
agricultural machinery because of their ability to absorb shock loads and provide high
velocity ratios with minimum slip. The tension in the belt is a critical factor for the
radial load acting on the shaft bearings.
2.2.2. Spiral Bevel Gear Mechanism
A spiral bevel gear is employed to change the direction of motion by 90 degrees.
As noted by Radzevich (2012), spiral bevel gears offer smoother tooth engagement
and higher load-carrying capacity compared to straight bevel gears. This results in
reduced noise and vibration, which is crucial for the structural longevity of the
traditional wooden frame.
2.3. Structural Components and Material Properties
2.3.1. Wooden Mortar and Pestle (The Extraction Unit)
The use of hardwood for the mortar and pestle provides natural friction and thermal
insulation. Research by Bamgboye and Adejumo (2011) indicates that the frictional
characteristics between the oilseeds and the pressing surface significantly affect the
oil yield. Hardwoods like Teak or Cutch are traditionally selected for their high
compressive strength and resistance to moisture (Trotter, 1982).
2.3.2. Main Drive Shaft
The main shaft is the most critical component, subjected to combined loading.
Budynas and Nisbett (2014) emphasize that shafts in power transmission must be
designed to resist both torsional shear stress and bending stress to prevent fatigue
failure.
2.4. Engineering Analysis Methods
2.4.1. Theoretical Stress Analysis
The diameter of the shaft is determined using the ASME Standard Code for Design of
Transmission Shafting. This code considers combined steady and shock loads by
applying combined fatigue and shock factors to the calculated moments (Norton,
2013).
2.4.2. Finite Element Analysis (FEA)
Modern engineering utilizes FEA to simulate real-world conditions. According to
Kurowski (2016), FEA provides a numerical method to identify stress concentrations
at keyways and fillets, allowing designers to validate the Factor of Safety (FOS)
before physical prototyping.
REFERENCES
Ajibola, O. O., et al. (2002). Extraction of Oil from Groundnut. Journal of
Agricultural Engineering Research.
Bargale, P. C. (1997). Mechanical Oil Expression from Selected Oilseeds. PhD
Thesis.
Budynas, R. G., & Nisbett, J. K. (2014). Shigley's Mechanical Engineering Design.
McGraw-Hill.
Khurmi, R. S., & Gupta, J. K. (2005). A Textbook of Machine Design. S. Chand
Publishing.
Norton, R. L. (2013). Machine Design: An Integrated Approach. Pearson.
Radzevich, S. P. (2012). Dudley's Handbook of Practical Gear Design and
Manufacture. CRC Press