Stage Age Main Characteristics
Early Adolescence 10–13 years Puberty begins, rapid growth,
mood swings, peer influence
increases
Middle Adolescence 14–17 years Identity formation, abstract
thinking develops, greater
independence, strong peer
relationships
Late Adolescence 18–19 years Physical maturity, emotional
stability, responsible
decision-making, preparation
for adulthood
Strengths:
● physical health
● energy
● youthfulness
● optimism
● different endeavors
● fearfulness
● open mindness
● good memory
Weaknesses:
● lack of experiences
● un-established values and identities
● low self-concept
● sensitivity
● insecurity
According to Robert J. Havighurst, adolescents are expected to accomplish the following
developmental tasks:
Developmental Task Main Goal
1. Accept one's physique Develop a positive body image
2. Build mature relationships Form healthy friendships
3. Achieve a social role Understand gender and social responsibilities
4. Gain emotional independence Become responsible and self-reliant
5. Prepare for a career Plan for future work
6. Prepare for marriage and family life Learn family and relationship responsibilities
7. Develop socially responsible behavior Be a responsible citizen
8. Develop values and ethics Make moral and ethical decisions
Erik Erikson developed the Theory of Psychosocial Development, which explains that
people go through eight stagesfrom infancy to old age. At each stage, individuals face a
psychosocial crisis that influences their personality and development.
Stage Age Psychosocial Virtue (Positive
Crisis Outcome)
1. Infancy Birth–1 year Trust vs. Mistrust Hope
2. Early Childhood 1–3 years Autonomy vs. Will
Shame and Doubt
3. Preschool 3–6 years Initiative vs. Guilt Purpose
4. School Age 6–12 years Industry vs. Competence
Inferiority
5. Adolescence 12–18 years Identity vs. Role Fidelity
Confusion
6. Young 18–40 years Intimacy vs. Love
Adulthood Isolation
7. Middle 40–65 years Generativity vs. Care
Adulthood Stagnation
8. Late Adulthood 65 years and above Integrity vs. Despair Wisdom
Protective factors are positive conditions, relationships, behaviors, and resources that
help adolescents stay healthy, make good decisions, cope with challenges, and reduce
the impact of risk factors. These factors promote healthy growth, resilience, and overall
well-being.
Protective Factor Definition
Positive Self-Concept Having a healthy and positive view of
yourself.
Strong Family Support Receiving love, guidance, and
encouragement from family.
Healthy Habits Practicing behaviors that promote good
physical and mental health.
Positive School and Community Being in a safe and supportive place that
Environment encourages learning and growth.
Access to Mentors Having trusted adults who provide
guidance, support, and positive role
models.
Risk factors (also called negative factors) are conditions, behaviors, or situations that
increase the likelihood of adolescents experiencing physical, emotional, social, or
behavioral problems. These factors can affect their health, development, academic
performance, and overall well-being.
Risk Factor Definition
Poor Family Support Lack of love, guidance, and
encouragement from family.
Poverty and Economic Hardship Lack of financial resources to meet basic
needs.
Negative Peer Influence Pressure from friends to engage in
harmful behaviors.
Mental Health Issues Emotional or psychological conditions that
affect well-being.
Exposure to Adversity Experiencing difficult or traumatic life
events that affect development.