STEEL

DESIGN
(CE 3210)
 PRINCIPLE OF STEEL DESIGN (CE 3210)
COURSE OUTLINE:
I. Introduction B. Lateral Loads
a) steel classification 1) Wind Loads (NSCP 2015 section 207) - pressures or
b) steel properties forces that the wind exerts on a building or structure.
c) ASTM Designations /
2) Seismic / Earthquake Load (NSC 2015 section 208)
AISC Designations
- one of the basic concepts of earthquake engineering which
2. Elastic and plastic design
means application of an earthquake-generated agitation to a
3. Tension members
structure
4. Compression members
a) commercial sections C. Special loads
b) Built-up sections 1) Rain Loads
5. Beams 2) Flood loads
a) flexural strength 3) Soil lateral loads
b) shear strength 4) Dynamic loads
c) deflection
d) design of steel bars
HISTORY OF STRUCTURAL STEEL
6. Composite structures 7.
Simple connections The earliest use of iron, the chief component of steel, was for small tools, in
a) bolted approximately 4000 B.C. (Murphy, 1957). This material was in the form of wrought
b) welded iron, produced by heating ore in a charcoal fire. In the latter part of the eighteenth century
8. Eccentric connections and in the early nineteenth century, cast iron and wrought iron were used in various types
a) bolted of bridges. Steel, an alloy of primarily iron and carbon, with fewer impurities
b) welded and less carbon than cast iron, was first used in heavy construction in the nineteenth
9. Base plates and plates century. With the advent of the Bessemer converter in 1855, steel began to displace
10. Steel bridges wrought iron and cast iron in construction. In the United States, the first structural steel
railroad bridge was the Eads bridge, constructed in 1874 in St. Louis, Missouri (Tall,
1964). In 1884, the first building with a steel frame was completed in Chicago.

Weight (Ib/ft)
STRUCTURAL STEEL COMPOSITION
W8x102
8" 1. Plain carbon steels: mostly iron and carbon, with less than 1% carbon.
total depth
2. Low-alloy steels: iron and carbon plus other components (usually less than
5%). The additional components are primarily for increasing strength, which
is accomplished at the expense of a reduction in ductility.
INTRODUCTION
3. High-alloy or specialty steels: similar in composition to the low-alloy steels
Structural Design
but with a higher percentage of the components added to iron and carbon.
These steels are higher in strength than the plain carbon steels and also have
some special quality, such as resistance to corrosion.

STRUCTURAL STEEL
Structural Elements Iron- principal component
a) Beams-usually straight horizontal members used primarily to Carbon - contributes strength but reduces ductility
carry vertical loads ASTM (American Society for Testing Materials) Designation
b) Columns - members that are generally vertical and resist
For ferrous Metals -the designation has the prefix "A" followed by
axial compression
two on three numerical digits
c) Trusses- when the span of a structures is required to be large
Example: ASTM A36 - 36 ksi = 248.4 MPa (36 x 6.9)
and its depth is not important criterion for a design, a truss
ASTM A514
maybe selected
d) Cables -are usually flexible and carry their loads in tension,
they are common to support bridges and building roofs Three groups of hot-rolled structural steels used in buildings
e) Arches- achieves its strength in compression,since it has a 1) Carbon Steel - fy= 220 -290 MPa
reverse curvature to that of a cable 2) High-strength Low Alloy Steel (HSLA) - fy=480 - 840 MPa
3) Quenched and Tempered Alloy steel- fy=480 - 690 MPa
Loads Present in structures
A. Gravity Loads Steel Treatments:
1) Dead Loads (NSCP 2015 section 204) - consists of the 1) Quenching- rapid cooling
weights of the various structural members and the weights of 2)Tempering - reheating
any objects that are permanently attached to the structures
2) Live loads (NSCP 2015 Section 205)- can vary both on Steel section:

their magnitudes and location. They may be caused by the 1) hot-rolling

weights of temporary objects placed on the structures ; moving 2) cold-rolling
vehicles or natural forces
 STANDARD CROSS-SECTIONAL SHAPES FUNDAMENTAL REQUIREMENT OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN
Required strength Available Strength

ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN (ASD)

Allowable strength = nominal strength / factor of safety
Ra = Rn/
LOAD COMBINATIONS FOR ASD (NSCP 2015)
section 203.4

D+F
D + H + F + L+T
D + H + F + (Lr or R)
D + H + F + 0.75[L + T + (Lr or R)]
D + H + F + (0.6W or E/1.4)
LRFD
Factored load factored strength
Ru Rn

LOAD COMBINATIONS FOR LRFD (NSCP 2015)

Section 203.3
1.4(D + F)
1.2( D + F + T) + 1.6(L + H) + 0.5(Lr or R)
1.2D + 1.6(Lr or R) + (f L or 0.5W)
1.2D + 1.0W + f L+ 0.5(Lr or R)
1.2D + 1.0E + f L
0.9D + 1.0W + 1.6H
0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H
Where:
f = 1.0 for floors in places of public assembly for
live loads in excess of 48 kPa, and for garage live
load, or
Different grades of structural steel are identified by the designation assigned =0.5 for other live loads
them by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM).
PLASTIC DESIGN - consideration of failure conditions rather
than working load combinations.

Collapse mechanism -"plastic hinges" occur

1) Multiply the working loads (service loads) by the load factor to obtain
the failure loads.
STEEL DESIGN PRINCIPLE 2) Determine the cross-sectional properties needed to resist failure under
The design of structural member entails the selection of a cross-section
these loads. (A member with these properties is said to have sufficient
that will safely and economically resist the applied loads. Economy means
strength and would be at the verge of failure when subjected to the
minimum weight - that is, the minimum amount of steel
factoral loads.)
The characteristics of steel that are of the most interest to structural engineers can
3) Select the lightest cross-sectional shape that has these properties.
be examined by plotting the results of a tensile test. If a test specimen is subjected
to an axial load P, as shown in Figure 1.3a, the stress and strain can be computed as
follows:

Design Philosophies
Limit States - represent conditions that limit the usefulness of the member.
No applicable strength of serviceability limit state shall be exceeded when the
structure is subjected to all appropriate load combinations such that:
Required strength Available Strength

POSSIBLE LIMIT STATES:

1) Fracture
2) yielding
3) Buckling
4) Serviceability (Maximum Deflection)
Sample 1: SAMPLE 1.
A column (compression member) in the upper storey of a A 1/2 x5 plate of A36 steel is used as a tension [Link] is
building is subject to the following loads: connected to a gusset plate with four 5/8 inch diameter bolts as
DL = 420 kN shown in the figure. Assume that the effective net area Ae equals the
LL = 175 KN actual net area An.
Earthquake= 350 kN a) What is the design strength for LRFD?
Roof LL = 55 kN b) what is the allowable strength for ASD?

a) Determine the controlling load combination for LRFD and the corresponding
factored load
b) if the resistance factor f=0.90, what is the required nominal strength?
c) Determine the controlling load combination for ASD and the corresponding
required service load strength?
d) if the safety factor is 1.67what is the required nominal strength based on the Solution:
A36
required service load strength? I) Tensile yielding
FY = 36 ksi (kips/in2)
Pn= Fy Ag
Solution: Pn = 36(1/2)(5)
C) LCI: D + F= 420 KN Pn = 90 kips
LC2 : D + H + F + L= 420 + 175 =595 KN
LC3: D + H + F + (Lr or R)=420t55= 475 KN ASD LRFD
LC4: D+ H+ F+ 0.75[L+T+(Lr or R)] Pa= Pn / Pu= Pn
= 420+ 0.75[ 175 + 55]= 592.5 kN Pa= 90/1.67 Pu = 0.9(90)
LC5:D + H + F + (0.6w or E/1.4) Pa= 53.8922 kips Pu= 81 kips
=420+ (350/1.4) =670 KN
d) Ra=Rn/ 2) Net Rupture
670= Rn / 1.67
Fu= 60 ksi
Rn=1118.9 kN
Pn=FuAe

a) LRFD Pn=60x1.75
Ru = Rn Pn = 105 kips
LCI: 588 kN
Ru= 1029 kN
LC2: 811.5 kN
1029 =0.9 Rn
LC3: 767 kN ASD: Governing:
Rn = 1143.33 kN LRFD:
LC4: 706.5 kN Pa = Pn/ ASD:
Pu= Pn
LC5: 1029 kN Pa= 105/2 Pa=52.5 kips
Pu=0.75(105)
LC6: 378 KN Pa=52.5 kips LRFD:
Pu= 78. 75 kips
LC7: 728 kN Pu= 78.75
kips
DESIGN OF TENSION MEMBERS
Tension members - are structural elements that are subjected to axial tensile Sample #2

forces. A double-angle shape is shown in the figure. The steel is

I. TENSILE YIELDING IN THE GROSS SECTIONAL AREA A36 and the holes are four 1/2 inch-diameter bolts.
Assume that Ae=0.75An
Pn = Fy Ag =1.67 Factor of safety
a) Determine the design tensile strength for LRFD.
=0.9 strength reduction factor
b) determine the allowable strength for ASD.
Allowable strength Ultimate strength
ASD LRFD

Pa =Pn/ Pu = Pn

2. TENSILE RUPTURE IN THE NET SECTION AREA

Pn = Fu Ae =2.00
=0.75 LLBB - long-legged back to back
Allowable strength Ultimate strength SLBB- short-legged back to back
ASD LRFD I) Tensile yielding
Pa =Pn/ Pu = Pn Pn= FyAg
Note: area net = area effective unless otherwise stated that area net = area effective Ag = 2.41 in2
Pn=(36)(2.41) (2)
NET AREA : NOMINAL HOLE
Pn= 173.52 kips
- the exact amount of area to be deducted from the gross area to account for
the presence of bolt holes depends on the fabrication procedure ASD: LRFD:
AISC sec. B4.3 Pa= Pn/ Pu= Pn
English units Pa= 173.52/1.67 Pu= (0.9)(173.52)

Section 510.3.2-maximum sizes for holes for bolts Pa= 103.9042 kips Pu= 156.168kips
2) Net rupture
EFFECTIVE NET AREA

Ae = AnU Table 504.3.3

Where U, the shear lag factor is determined as shown in table 504.3.1
Ae =effective net area as defined in section 504.3.3,
mm2, for bolted splice plates

Table 510.4.1

Note: U need not be less than the ratio of the gross area of the
connected elements to the gross areaq
ASD: LRFD:
Pa = Pn/ Pu= Pn HSS - hollow steel section

Pa=181.746/2 Pu= 0.75(181. 746)

Pa=90.8793 kips Pu= 136.3095 kips

Governing:
ASD:
Pa=90.8793 kips
LRFD:
Pu= 136. 3095 kips

Note: when designing, choose smaller loads and larger dimensions

In structural analysis, choose higher loads

Seat work #1
A tension member is assembled using an A36 steel
a) Determine the design tensile strength for LRFD.
b) Determine the allowable strength for ASD.

SOLUTION:
Fy =248 MPa
Fu= 414 MPa
Ag = 1347mm2 - (from ASEP steel handbook)
1) Tensile yielding
Pn= Fy Ag
Pn= 248(1347)= 334.056 kN

ASD: LRFD:
Pa= Pn / Pu = Pn
Pa= 334.056/1.67 Pu= 0.9(334.056)
Pa= 200.0335 kN Pu= 300.6504 kN Example:
A single-angle tension member, an L90 x 90 x 10 is connected
2) Net rupture to a gusset plate with 22 mm diameter bolts as shown. A36 steel
An=1347 - (22)(8) with Fy= 36 ksi and Fu=65ksi was used. The service loads are
An= 1171mm2 = Ae 156 kN dead load and 67 kN live load. Investigate this member
Pn= FuAe for compliance with the NSCP code provision.
Pn= (414)(1171)
Pn=484.794 kN

ASD: LRFD:
Pa= Pn/ Pu = Pn
Pa=484.794/2 Pu= (0.75) (484.794)
Pa= 242.397 KN Pu=363.5955 kN

GOVERNING DESIGN STRENGTH x

Designation Area Depth Width Thickness Ix
ASD mm
HxBxt A.mm2 [Link] B, mm [Link] mm4
Pa= 200.0335 kN
L90x90x 10 1,712.98 90 90 10 1269.240 X10 27.22
LRFD
Pu = 300.6504 KN
 Solution:
1) tensile yielding An =b (t)
Fy =248 MPa Pn= Fy Ag Where
Fu=448 MPa Pn= (248) (1712.98)
Pn= 424.8190 kN

ASD LRFD
Pa= Pn/ Pu = Pn
Pa = 424.8190/1.67 Pu = 0.9 (424.8190)
Pa= 254.3827 kN Pu= 382.3371 kN
An= area net
2) Net rupture Ag=area gross
Pn = Fu Ae An= Ag - (t) Ah= area of holes
Ae = An U An = 1712.98 - (24)(10)
U=0.6 - (case 8) An= 1472.98 mm Note: choose smallest An for design and safety purposes
For case 2
Ae = 1472.98 (0.8185) Example 1:
U= l-
Ae= 1205. 6832 mm B Find the strength of the 12 mm thick plate shown. All the holes are
U= I-(27.22/ 150)
21.5 mm as gross diameter. Take Fy= 248 MPa, Fu=40O MPa.
U= 0.8185 A
Pn = Fu Ae Use both LRFD and ASD
Pn= (448)(1205.6832)
Pn=540.1461 kN

ASD LRFD
Pa=Pn/ Pu= Pn
Pa= 540.1461/2 Pu= 0.75(540.1461)
Pa= 270.0730 kN Pu =405.1096 kN

Governing: Fy= 248 MPa = 21.5mm

ASD: Fu = 400 MPa
Pa =254.3827 kN
LRFD: 1) Gross yielding
Ag= (210) (12) Pn= Fy Ag
Pu = 382.3371 kN
Ag = 2520 mm Pn = (248)(2520)
Pn= 624.96 kN
ASD
Pa = DL + LL ASD LRFD
Pa = 156 + 67 Pa = Pn/ 1.67 Pu= 0.9(624.96)
Pa=223 kN Pa = 374.2275 kN Pu = 562.464 kN
safe
2) Net rupture
A-B-C-D A-B-E-C- F-G
LRFD
Pu = 1.2DL + 1.6LL An=2520- (12)(21.5) (2)
Pu = 1.4DL
Pu= 1.2 (156) + 1.6(67) An = 2004 mm
Pu - 1.4(156) An=2520 - (4) (21.5)(12)
Pu= 218.4 kN Pu = 294.4 kN + [ 40 (12) ] 3
4(50)

An= 1776 mm
safe

STAGGERED CONNECTION A-B-E-F-G

40 (12)
If a tension member connection is made with bolts, the net area will be An= 2520 - (21.5) (12)(3) + [ ]1
4(50)
maximized if the fasteners are placed in a single line. Sometimes space An=1842 mm
limitations, such as a limit on dimension a in Figure 3.14a, necessitate
using more than one line. If so, the reduction in cross-sectional area is U= 1.0
minimized if the fasteners are arranged in a staggered pattern, as shown. Ae =u An
Sometimes staggered fasteners are required by the geometry of a Ae = (1.0)(1776)
connection, such as the one shown in Figure 3.14b. In either case, any Ae = 1776 mm
Pn = Fu Ae
cross section passing through holes will pass through fewer holes than if Pn = (400) ( 1776)
the fasteners are not staggered. Pn=710.4 kN
0.85 Ag= 2142mm

ASD LRFD Governing

Pa = 710.4/2 Pu= 0.75(710.4) ASD: Pa = 355.2 kN
Pa=355.2 kN Pu = 532.8 kN LRFD: Pu = 532.8 kN
 Example 2: Pn= Ae Fu
An angle with staggered fasteners in each leg is shown. A 36 steel was Pn= (2525.2937)(414)
used and holes are for 22 mm diameter bolts. Use ASEP steel handbook Pn= 1045.4716 kN
in determining the property of the angle bar. Determine the design tensile
strength of the angle bar based on ASD and LRFD. Use NSCP 2015 ASD LRFD
Pa = Pn / Pu= Pn
Pa = 1045.4716/2 Pu= (0.75)(1045.4716)
Pa= 522.7358 kN Pu = 784.1037 kN

Governing:
ASD
Pa =522.7358 kN
LRFD
Pu= 784.1037 kN

BLOCK SHEAR

Solution: - Block shear is, in some ways, similar to tensile

1) tensile yielding rupture in that the main part of the member tears
Pn= Fy Ag away from the connection.
Pn= (248)(4355)
Pn= 1080.04 kN

ASD LRFD
Pa =Pn/ Pu = Pn
Pa= 1080.04/1.67 Pu = 0.9 (1080.04)
Pa= 646.7305 kN Pu= 972.036 kN

2) Net rupture
a-b-d-g
An = Ag-Ah
An = 4355- (12)(24) (2)
An = 3779 mm
Fu= ultimate strength
a-b-c-d-e-f
Anv = net shear area
An= Ag-Ah +
U= shear log factor
An= 4355 - 12(24)(4) +
A = net tension area
An= 3362. 2763 mm
Fy = yield strength
a-b-c-e-f
An = Ag- Ah + Example 1:
An=4355- (12) (24)(3) + Compute the block shear strength of the tension member shown. The
An=3558.5mm holes are for 7/8 inch-diameter bolts, and A36 steel is used.
A) use LRFD
B) use ASD
An = 3362.2763 mm

Ae= UAn

Ae =(0.7511) (3362.2763)
Ae= 2525.2937 mm

Check:
Example 2
The assembly of steel as shown is to resist a tension load. Using A36 steel
and a 18 mm nominal diameter of the hole, calculate the design strength base
on the following
a) tensile yielding of the gross area (ASD and LRFD)
b) ultimate rupture of net area (ASD and LRFD)
C) based on the shear

Slenderness Ration Limitation

Check the adequacy of truss tension members. All member are 2L50x50x6
Design of compression members
Columns
A. General Provisions

LRFD Fe = elastic critical buckling stress determined according

to Eq.505.3-4, section 505.4, or the provisions of
section 503.2, as applicable, MPa
ASD

User note: the two equations for calculating the limits and applicability of
section 505.3, one based on KL/r and one based on Fe, provide the
same result.
Sec. 505.2, Sec. 505.3
B. Flexural Buckling of Members without S1ender Elements D. Flexural Buckling of members without slender elements (NSCP 2001)

Compression Index:

Allowable Axial Compressive stress

Short / Intermediate column Long column

Sample 1:
A W 12x50 is used as a column to support an axial compressive load
of 645 kN. The length is 6m, and the ends are pinned. Without
regarding to load or resistance factors, investigate this member for
stability. (Note: the grade of steel need not be known. The critical
buckling load is a function of modulus of elasticity, not the yielding stress
or ultimate tensile strength) use NSCP 2015

a) Determine the minimum radius of gyration to be used for buckling

capacity calculation
b) Determine the maximum slenderness ration
c) Determine the critical buckling load in kN
d) Determine the overall factor of safety against buckling

C. Flexural Buckling of Members without slender elements (NSCP 2015)

The nominal compressive strength, Pn, shall
be determined based on the limit state of
flexural buckling.

The flexural buckling stress, Fcr, is determined as follows:

Sample 2: Sample 3:
A W 14x132 steel column is used to carry an axial dead load of 623 kN A W 14 x 90 steel column is used to carry an axial dead load of 623 kN
and live load of 1868 kN. The column is 9.14 m long and is pinned at the and live load of 1868 kN. The column is 9.14m long and is pinned at the top
top and bottom in both axes. Determine the adequacy of column section. and bottom in both axes. Additional support has been added with lateral and for
Fy = 345 MPa torsional bracing about y-axis and midpoint respectively. Determine the
adequacy of column section. Fy=345 MPa
* Table 506.1.1 - 506.2 to 506.6

506.2 - Doubly Symmetric Compact I-shaped

members and Channels bent about Major Axis.
506.3 - Doubly Symmetric I-shaped with Compact
Webs and Non-compact or slender Flanges bent about
Major.
506.4 - Other I-shaped members with compact or
Non-compact Webs bent about Major Axis.
506.5 - D.S and Singly Symmetric I-shaped with
Slender Web bent about Major Axis.
506.6 - I-shaped and Channels Bent about Major
Axis.
502.4.1 and 502.4.2
~ Compact if continuously connected
~ “may fillet”
~ Unstiffened - 1 edge
- b = bf/z (I-beam)
- b = bf (angle bar)
~ Stiffened - 2 edge (hc = h-2k = T)

502.4.1 Table (Checking for Compactness)

 Biaxial Bending
@ NSCP 2015
506.6. I-Shaped Members and Chanels Bent
About their Minor Axis.
506.6.1 Yielding

2) For section with non-compact flanges

3) For slender

Biaxial Bending - the deformation of a structural member

under the influence of loads acting on two different axes.
- it mostly happens in an unsymmetrical member or
inclined members.
- BEST EXAMPLE (PURLINS)
Shear Center - the point within section through which loads
can be applied without resulting in twisting of the member.
@ Section 508

Interaction Formula

Application of Biaxial Bending

Design of Purlins - horizontal structural member in a roofing
system.
@ NSCP 2001
Interaction Formula

fb = actual bending due to loads

Fb = allowable bending

Along x-axis Along y-axis

fb

Fb (compact)

Fb (non-compact)
 Same example but change purlin Assignment:
Example:
spacing and LC section
A36 Steel (Fy = 248 MPa)

L65x30x15x2.5

Roof Live Load = 0.9kPa

Roofing and Accessories = 0.48kPa
Ceiling = 1.12 kPa
Windload = 1.5 kPa

Check for Compaction

Check for Compaction

Loading and Moment Diagram for Bending in
the Minor Axis with Sagrods at Midspan

Loading and Moment Diagram for Bending in

the Minor Axis with Sagrods at Middle
Thirds

Minor Axis

Same example as 2001 but change section, change purlin

spacing, and sagrods at midspan

Check for Compaction:

Adapt LC125x50x20x3.0 spaced

@ 300mm, with sagrods located
@ midspan