01.

_Skyscraper_and_Flying_Bird
There are lots of things
all around us
Exciting things that surround us
But how does it work?
Do you know?
How is it made?
Do you know?
Things that go up,
things that go down
Things that go pop,
things that go round
With special cameras
to show you inside
It's going to be a big surprise
But how does it work?
Do you know?
How is it made?
Do you know?
Do you know?
Let's find out!
Hi, I'm Maddie and today
I'm visiting a city.
What do you like about visiting
towns and cities?
My favourite thing is to look at
all the different buildings.
You can see old buildings,
new buildings,
and even buildings that aren't
finished yet.
But my favourite type of buildings
are very tall and reach high
into the sky just like this one.
It's called a skyscraper.
But how do you build a skyscraper
that's really tall and strong
enough so it doesn't blow
over in the wind?
Do you know how skyscrapers are
made?
Let's find out.
Take a look.
Can you see that building over
there that's still being built?
That is going to be a skyscraper.
But to find out how a skyscraper
is built to be safe and stable,
I think we need to take
a closer look...
..at a skyscraper construction site.
You should never go on any sort
of construction site or building
site, but today I've got special
permission to have a look around.
Right now I'm at the bottom
of the building and I'm standing
on the concrete ground floor.
But there's much more to this
skyscraper that we can't see
and that's everything that is
underground.
We call that the building's
foundations.
The foundations are the most
important part of any buildings.
Car parks, sports stadiums
and even a house or block of flats
has foundations.
The foundations of this skyscraper
are made up of lots of things called
piles and a thick layer of concrete.
But to explain why the foundations
are so important, today I've got
a model of a tall building
and this bucket of soil.
First, deep holes are drilled into
the ground so when the piles go
in, they can be held really tightly
inside the earth and the piles
act a little bit like the roots of
a tree,
keeping that building rooted down.
And this piece of wood represents
the concrete that goes on
top of the piles and
gives our skyscraper a solid,
stable base to sit on.
And now our foundations are complete
so that when we put the building
on top, everything is much sturdier.
This skyscraper has piles,
but they're already underneath
the building in the ground.
But how do they make
the levels on top?
To find out, I'm taking a ride
in this special lift...
..called a hoist.
You can see the levels
as we go up in the hoist.
Level number .
Time to get off.
We're already so high up
and we're nowhere near the top yet.
Can you see? The whole floor is
made of concrete,
but hidden inside the concrete
there are lots and lots of steel
rods - just like this and steel
is a really strong metal.
So when you hide this inside
the concrete,
you get a super strong floor.
Can you see the columns?
They are made of concrete and steel
too and hold up each level
of the building.
This level has already been built
but it's helping the level above.
All of this metal scaffolding is
holding up the wooden frame
above my head.
We call this the formwork,
but that wooden frame will act
as a mould for the floor upstairs.
This is as high as we can go!
And this level hasn't finished
being made yet,
and, look,
neither has the concrete floor.
When concrete is delivered
to a construction site,
it's runny,
a little bit like porridge.
It arrives in a truck called
a cement mixer
and is pumped up big pipes
all the way to the top of
the building to fill the moulds...
..which are left to dry
and become solid.
Another really important part
of a skyscraper is the core.
And this is it behind me right now.
The core goes all the way
from the bottom, all the way
to the very top level of
the building.
And it's a little bit
like the skyscraper's backbone
and it is very strong.
We are so high up and the view
all around me is amazing.
So I've got my special degree
camera with me so that you can see
all around too.
Here goes.
Wow! Look how tall that core is.
Can you see all the steel rods
coming out the top of the columns?
They look like candles on top
of a birthday cake.
What an incredible structure.
Just think how brilliant the view
is going to be from the very top
when it's finished.
I loved finding out how skyscrapers
are made.
What was your favourite bit?
Can you remember the name
of the bits of concrete and steel
that hold up the next floor?
That's right.
They're called columns.
Did you hear the sound the lift made
when it took us up
to the th floor?
THRUMMING
And did you see how we could look
all around the top of the skyscraper
using my special degree camera?
I love how skyscrapers
reach high up into the sky.
What else is high in the sky?
Let's take a look.
Can you see those white
fluffy things?
Do you know what they're called?
That's right. They're clouds.
What else can we see?
Oh, there's a bird!
But do you know how a bird flies?
How does it work?
Let's find out.
To find out how birds fly,
I've come to a bird centre.
There are lots of different
types or species of bird
here and they've all been looked
after since they hatched from eggs.
Do you have a favourite species
of bird?
This species is a bald eagle.
And that is white-backed vulture.
Oh!
And these are kites.
You can see birds in lots of places,
like pigeons in towns and cities
or blackbirds in a park or garden.
But my favourite birds are owls.
And this is it baby great grey owl.
We're going to be meeting
some others today too.
James looks after the birds
here at the centre.
And with him we have Olly.
Olly is an eight-week-old barn owl.
You all right?
Olly's been trained to fly here at
the centre and come back to James.
Would you like to see Olly fly?
OK, let's go.
Look at Olly go.
Isn't it graceful?
But how does he fly?
Our human bodies allow us
to walk, run, swim.
We've got hands so that we can
hold things.
Well, a bird's body allows it
to fly.
Birds are really light
and that's partly because
the bones are full of gaps.
OLLY SCREECHES
A little bit like sponge,
and that makes their bones
really lightweight.
And a bird's body is streamlined,
that means it's shaped in a way that
helps it to move through the air,
a little bit like a plane.
Can you see the thinnest parts
are at the front and the back?
If we look at this model of a bird,
can you see? It's also thinner
at the front and the back -
by its beak and its tail.
So this streamlined shape helps them
to move through the air.
But the most important part of a
bird's body that helps it to fly are
its wings.
Shall we flap our arms
like their wings? Go on, flap.
Faster! Can you do it?
So we can flap our arms,
but we don't fly.
So, how does a bird like Olly
flap its wings so that it can?
To find out, I think we need to
take a closer look.
When a bird takes off, it pushes
through its legs and lifts
up its wings,
spreading them outwards.
As it jumps up, the bird quickly
pushes its wings down.
This is called flapping
and when it pushes the air
underneath the wings down,
it makes an upwards force.
Bird wings are flat underneath
and curved on top.
This shape makes the air pass
faster above the wing and slower
underneath which creates
a force that is called lift.
To fly forwards
the bird flaps its wings, moving air
down and backwards to make another
force called thrust.
Flapping uses lots of energy.
So the bird has big lungs to help
them breathe and strong muscles
to keep their wings moving.
Because of its streamlined
body shape,
when the bird has enough speed,
it can glide
for a while without flapping
its wings.
To land, the bird stops flapping
and spreads its wings out wide
and tilts them backwards.
This creates a force called
drag that slows them down.
Then all the bird has to do is
put its legs out - ready to land.
The way birds fly is
really interesting, isn't it?
Now we know how they fly, I reckon
we should see Olly the owl
in action again.
Here goes Olly.
He's flapping his wings, then a
moment of gliding and Olly's landed.
But everything happened so quickly.
I think we should use one
of my special cameras
to slow things down.
This is my special slow-motion
camera and this will let us film
Olly flying really quickly, but
then we can watch it back and see
things happening much slower.
Take it away, James.
You can see how Olly is using
his legs to push himself
off the perch.
And now he's flapping his wings
to force the air down,
which will lift him up.
And there he goes.
And remember?
That force is called lift.
Oh, look, Olly is gliding
now and he can do
that because of the streamlined
shape of his body.
Can you see the shape of his wings?
The air is moving around them
to help keep him up in the air.
The bigger the bird's wings are,
the better they are gliding
and Olly's wings are pretty big.
So look at him go.
Now Olly's getting ready to land.
He's spreading out his wings,
which creates that drag force
to slow him down.
There you go, a perfect landing.
Learning how a bird flies was
really interesting, wasn't it?
What was your favourite part?
Can you remember the word
we used to describe the shape
of a bird's body?
That's right.
We call it streamlined.
Just like an airplane.
Did you hear the sound that
Olly the owl made?
HE SCREECHES
And on my special camera, did you
see how Olly flapped his wings
to create lift and take off?
So, the next time you see
a skyscraper, you'll know
how it was built.
SCREECHING
When you see a bird like Olly
high in the sky,
you'll know how it flies.
OLLY SCREECHES
I know.
We'll see you next time.

02._Plant_and_Compost
There are lots of things
all around us
Exciting things that surround us
But how does it work?
Do you know?
How is it made?
Do you know?
Things that go up
Things that go down
Things that go pop
Things that go round
With special cameras
to show you inside
It's going to be a big surprise
But how does it work?
Do you know?
How is it made?
Do you know? Do you know?
Let's find out!
Hello, I'm Maddie.
Today I'm tucking in
to a yummy salad.
It's got lots of fruits
and vegetables in it like lettuce
and my favourite - tomatoes.
Just here I've got red ones,
orange ones, yellow ones
and even green ones.
Tomatoes start out as a seed.
How does something as small as this
grow into an enormous plant?
Do you know how plants grow?
How does it work?
Let's find out.
To find out how plants grow,
I've come to a tomato-growing farm.
Here they grow tomatoes in giant
glass houses called greenhouses.
They have thousands
of tomato plants here
which grow over tonnes
of tomatoes every single week.
That's heavier
than a space shuttle!
And the rows of tomatoes
are very, very long.
But what happens
at the very beginning,
when a plant starts to grow?
This container will let us
see what happens to a seed
when it starts to grow,
and this is called germination.
So first we need some soil...
And cover it up.
..water, sunlight
and something called carbon dioxide,
which it gets
from the air around us.
But it takes time for a seed
to germinate and start to grow.
So I think we should film this
with one of my special cameras.
This camera will let me film
something called a time lapse.
A time lapse means
that we can film something
that happens really slowly,
but, when we watch it back later,
it will happen much faster.
We start our experiment on day one.
But it's not until day four
that a tiny green shoot starts
to appear from the seed,
and then a little leaf pops out.
The shoot grows taller and taller
towards the sun.
After two whole weeks -
that's days -
the plant is cm tall.
Wasn't that time lapse brilliant?
But what happens after germination?
To grow bigger and stronger,
a plant makes its own food,
and this is called photosynthesis.
But to find out
how photosynthesis works,
I think we need to
take a closer look.
Plants get light from the sun...
..water from the ground
and carbon dioxide from the air.
Inside the plant's stem, water
is sucked up from the ground
through a tube called the xylem.
On the leaves
are tiny holes called stomata
that let the carbon dioxide gas in
and let oxygen gas out.
Inside the leaves
are lots and lots of tiny cells.
And inside the cells
are the chloroplasts,
which have a chemical inside
called chlorophyll.
Chlorophyll traps sunlight.
And when the carbon dioxide gas,
water and sunlight mix together
in the chlorophyll,
it makes glucose.
And glucose gives the plant
energy to grow.
Wasn't that interesting?
Why don't we go take a look
and find out how they grow plants
inside this greenhouse?
Sunlight comes through
the glass roof
so the plants can take the energy
they need from the sun
for photosynthesis
and then the glass
traps the sun's energy inside,
which keeps the plants
nice and warm.
The roof also collects rainwater
so the plants inside the greenhouse
have something to drink.
That rainwater is pumped back
in to the greenhouse, just here.
Can you hear it trickling?
WATER TRICKLES
Most plants grow in soil
but, here in this greenhouse, they
grow out of these plastic gullies
that hold all of the water
and nutrients
that the plants need to grow.
It's like a mat of twisted threads.
The xylem inside the tomato plant's
stem sucks up this water
and the nutrients
to help the plants grow tall.
These tomato plants have already
been growing for over a year,
and because tomato plants grow up,
it means that the youngest part
of the plant
is actually at the very top.
Shall we go and take a look?
This is Roly. He looks after
the plants at the tomato farm
and he's given me special permission
to use this machine.
It's called a hydraulic trolley.
Up, up and away.
Wow!
Wow! Look at all of these
tomato plants!
We are so high up -
these plants are four metres tall.
And they're covered
in these little yellow flowers,
and they will grow into tomatoes.
So, to see some, we have to go
to an older part of the plant -
that's a bit lower down.
Just four weeks later
and those flowers
have now grown into tomatoes.
But these aren't quite ready
to eat yet -
we say that they're not ripe.
We want to find some that are.
The tomatoes ripen and turn red
by making more glucose.
These tomatoes
are about nine weeks old.
They are red and juicy and I think
they look good enough to eat.
I loved finding out how plants grow.
What was your favourite bit?
Do you remember the name
when the seed begins to grow roots?
That's right,
it's called germination.
Did you hear the sound
of the rainwater
being pumped into the greenhouse?
WATER TRICKLES
And did you see
how high the plants grew
when we went up the special lift?
Have you ever been digging
in the garden?
It's fun, isn't it?
For most plants to grow big
and strong, they need soil.
I've got a special type
of soil here.
It's called compost.
But what's the difference
between this compost
and soil from the ground?
Do you know how compost is made?
Let's find out.
To find out how compost is made,
I've come...
..to a compost farm!
We can make compost
in lots of different ways.
Inside compost bins.
Compost stacks.
And some compost piles are so big
they need to be moved by tractors.
But here they make compost
in big bags and big bins.
Making compost is really important
because it gives us a way to re-use
some of our food and plant waste
that could just end up in our bins.
To make compost, we need a few
important waste ingredients.
First we've got green waste,
and green waste can be things
like grass cuttings, weeds.
There's some tea bags here
and banana skins.
Next we need brown waste.
Here I've got some old
egg cartons, cardboard,
dry newspaper and some dry leaves.
Last, we need lots and lots
of different types...
..of bugs.
Look all of these wiggly worms!
These play a really important part
in making compost.
Wow!
So how do all these materials
get turned into compost?
This is Ken.
He looks after the farm
and he's going to show me
how to make compost.
First we're putting in
a layer of brown waste.
Compost is made in layers,
a bit like a big trifle.
The first layer is brown waste,
but with lots of sticks and twigs
which creates gaps
so that air can move around it.
Then we've got our green layer -
this is our grass cuttings,
weeds and vegetable peelings.
On top goes another brown
and a green waste layer.
And finally everything gets covered
with a layer of brown waste.
And I've got some dry leaves here
to add to the mix.
LEAVES RUSTLE AND CRUNCH
Make a lovely crunchy sound,
don't they?
Have you ever seen a banana
go brown and mushy?
We say that it's decomposing,
and that's what's going to happen
to all of the layers
inside this compost bin.
But there's something else
that helps with decomposing.
Do you know what it is?
That's right, it's the bugs.
What can you see?
There's a millipede.
A couple of wood lice.
Ooh!
A type of beetle.
But let's not forget the worms.
I think we should take a look at one
under my special camera.
This is my special microscope camera
and it lets me see small things
much bigger.
There are so many worms!
Whoa!
Look at that.
They look really squelchy,
don't they?
That there is the worm's head.
And this...
..is its bottom.
And a worm can eat and poo
its body weight in waste
every single day.
And this helps to decompose
the waste and make the compost.
But there are lots of other
living things in this compost
that we can't see.
Things like fungi...
..and bacteria.
We call things this small
microscopic.
But they're so tiny,
we can't see them with our own eyes
or my special camera.
In fact, in a piece of compost
this small,
there could be a billion bacteria.
And, just like the bugs and worms,
they help decompose the waste.
But what does the compost look like
after a few months?
Ooh!
OK, so the top few layers
haven't really changed much.
I can still see some newspaper
and some vegetable/fruit peelings
that look the same.
If we go lower, can you see
they've started to mix together?
And that is really beginning
to look like compost.
But does the compost
look different after a whole year?
Yes, it does.
Can you see, all of the layers
are really well mixed together now?
And we have a dark,
rich brown colour.
The creatures and bugs inside
have been busy decomposing
all of that waste material
and now we have a lovely compost.
I think this is going to make some
plants grow really big and strong.
I loved finding out
how compost is made.
What was your favourite part?
Do you remember what it's called
when the material breaks down?
That's right, it's decomposing.
Did you hear the sound
of the crunchy leaves?
LEAVES RUSTLE AND CRUNCH
And did you see the worms wiggling
around on my special camera?
So the next time you see a compost
bin, you'll know how the bugs
and microbes inside it are working
to make that special soil.
And when you next eat a tomato,
you'll know how it grew
from a tiny seed.
I've got a box of freshly picked
tomatoes just here,
all ready to turn
into another salad.
I'll see you next time.
There are lots of things
all around us
Exciting things
that surround us
But how does it work?
Do you know?
How is it made?
Do you know? Do you know?
Let's find out!

03._Car_Engine_and_Car_Transporte
There are lots of things
all around us
Exciting things that surround us
 But how does it work?
Do you know?
How is it made?
Do you know?
Things that go up,
things that go down
Things that go pop,
things that go round
With special cameras
to show you inside
It's going to be a big surprise
But how does it work?
Do you know?
How is it made?
Do you know?
Do you know?
Let's find out!
Hi, I'm Maddie and today
I'm finding out about cars.
They have loads of different parts.
Do you know what this round
part is?
That's right - it's the steering
wheel.
And this part here
is called the bonnet.
Do you know what's underneath?
Now, you should never open
a bonnet without a grown-up.
I've got special permission
to show you. Let's take a look.
It's the car's engine.
Do you know how an engine's made?
Let's find out.
Car engines are made here
in a car engine factory.
At this factory they can make
, car engines every day.
But what's inside a car engine?
Let's find out.
It has parts
but all engines have the same
few basic parts.
This is the cylinder head
and the bottom section
is the cylinder block.
They're the main bits of the engine
and they hold
everything else together.
Inside, spark plugs light fuel
to make energy, which makes
the pistons go up and down.
This turns the crankshaft,
which sends power to a part
of the car which makes
the wheels move
and all of these parts are made
from big bits of metal like these.
They're called aluminium.
Aluminium is a good metal to make
car engines form.
It's light, strong and it
lasts well in the cold and rain.
But these don't look like
cylinder blocks or heads, do they?
The aluminium has to be
melted in one of these.
It's a furnace.
This turned the solid aluminium
into a runny liquid
cooled molten aluminium.
A forklift truck then takes
the molten aluminium
over to a pressure casting machine,
where it will be poured
into a mould.
But it's quite tricky to see
so I've given my special
camera to Declan.
He's going to put it closer
to the machine.
Look, can you see the robot arm?
It's pushing the mould
into the machine.
The machine then presses together
and the hot molten aluminium
is poured into the mould.
And after it's cooled down
and gone hard,
a finished engine block
is taken out of the machine.
The aluminium has taken
on a completely new shape.
Now it looks like
a cylinder block.
Next, the top of the engine
has to be made -
the cylinder head.
To make the shape of the cylinder
head, it has special parts that go
inside and are made with
a material called sand core.
Can you guess what it's made from?
That's right - sand, and a sticky
glue that we call resin.
This one looks a bit like a face!
The sand core is put inside
the cylinder head so when it goes
into the casting machine...
..the molten aluminium makes
a shape around the sand core
before it cools down.
This cylinder head has come out
of the cooling machine
and it's nearly ready to go.
But you still need to get
the sand core out of the middle.
So it goes into this machine
where tiny rods push
the sand core out.
And look - all the sand core
has gone and the cylinder head
is full of holes.
Next, the cylinder heads are
brought here
to an area called machining.
There are lots of machines
that drill smaller holes
into the aluminium.
Every time one of these robots
drills or makes a hole,
it leaves a little piece
of aluminium.
But this is called swarf.
And swarf can be recycled
and used again.
But our engine still isn't finished.
All the parts need to be taken
to the assembly line,
on these little robots
called AGVs.
ROBOT PLAYS A MELODY
Bye! It even sings!
As it goes along the assembly line,
it's all these people's jobs to fit
lots of important parts.
It's very busy!
Like spark plugs
to start the engine,
pistons to turn the crankshaft
and the crankshaft
to turn the wheels.
Every person has seconds to do
their job on the assembly line.
That means every seconds...
..a brand new engine is made
and here it is, ready to be checked
over and put into a car.
I love seeing how car engines
are made.
What was your favourite part?
Can you remember the name
of the metal used to make
the cylinder block?
That's right.
It's called aluminium.
Did you hear the song the AGV played
when it was driving around?
ROBOT PLAYS A MELODY
And did you see the runny
molten aluminium being poured
into the casting machine?
Wasn't that interesting,
seeing how car engines and made?
And they're put into cars just like
this one that are then delivered
to garages ready to be sold
to people across the country.
Do you know how lots of cars
can be moved all at the same time?
How does that work?
Let's find out.
Have you ever seen one of
these driving around before?
This is a car transporter.
They are huge, aren't they?
This one is metres long
and they have to be strong too.
When this one is fully loaded,
it can weigh around tonnes
and that's the same
as around hippopotamuses.
That's a lot of hippos.
Let's count how many cars are
on this one car transporter.
Ready?
One, two, three, four, five,
six, seven...
..eight, nine, ten, eleven.
cars?! That means one driver
can deliver cars in one trip.
But how do all these cars get
on to the car transporter?
To find out,
I think we need to take
a closer look.
The transporter has movable
platforms - one for each car.
The first car is driven
on backwards.
The wheels are fixed in place
using blocks called chocks
and strong straps.
Each platform has hydraulic arms.
Inside the hydraulic arms
are tubes full of oil.
When the lever at the bottom
of the platform is pulled,
the oil is sucked upwards
inside the tube
and the oil pushes the arm up,
lifting the platform.
The hydraulic arms can move the
platform in different directions -
up, down, forwards and backwards
to make sure the car is in exactly
the right place.
When the first three cars are on
their platforms, another lever
is pulled, more hydraulic arms lift
the three cars up at the same time
out of the way,
ready to get more cars on.
The next set of cars driven
on to their platforms.
The hydraulic arms move
them into the right place.
And when all cars are on...
..the car transporter
is ready to go.
Isn't that brilliant? But I think
we should see it for ourselves,
don't you?
It's Andy's job to drive all
cars on board the transporter.
So we can see that they go on
in the right order,
I'm putting some
numbered stickers on the cars.
So we can see Andy moving
the levers and loading the cars,
I've put one of my special
cameras on Andy's head.
OK. Cameras rolling. Over to you.
First, on goes car number one.
On to the top deck.
Now Andy has to make sure
it's safe and secure.
Can you hear that clicking sound?
That's the ratchet on the strap
and that helps to make sure the car
doesn't move around too much
when the transporter's moving.
Next, on go the chocks
under the wheels.
Then Andy drives car number two...
..and car number three
on to the transporter.
Now the first three cars are on,
can you remember what happens next?
That's right.
They all move up together.
Look - when Andy moves the lever,
oil goes into the hydraulic arms
that push the cars up.
It's up -
the platform with the three cars
is called the top deck.
Andy's given me special
permission to ride
in car number four as he reverses
it on to the car transporter
and I'm going to bring
my special camera along with me.
Seatbelt on.
BEEPING
Here we go.
BEEP
Can you hear the beeps?
That means that we're reversing
on to the car transporter.
Whoa.
We are going right
over the top of the cab.
Whoa!
Well, that was exciting!
Time to get out.
Now that cars five and six are on,
I'm going to film the rest
with my special camera and record
something called a time lapse
and time lapse is when we film
something that happens quite slowly,
But when we watch it back, we can
see things happening much quicker.
Car number seven is reversed on
and goes underneath five and six.
And next - you guessed it!
Car number eight.
I love seeing how the hydraulic arms
tilt the decks with the cars
on them.
And here are cars number nine...
..and number ten.
We're nearly there.
And there's the last one.
Number .
Now all the cars
are on the transporter,
we can see the special order
that they had to be loaded on.
One, two and three are right at the
top at the back of the transporter
and four, five and six
are at the front by the cab.
And then we have seven
parked underneath, eight and nine
are in the middle ,and then ten
is parked above number .
That's it - the car transporter
is ready to deliver the cars.
I loved seeing how a car
transporter works.
What was your favourite part?
Can you remember what it's called
when Andy drives the car backwards?
That's right. It's called reversing.
Did you hear the sound
the ratchet made
when Andy secured the cars?
CLICK, CLICK, CLICK
And did you see my special camera
speed up all the cars loaded
on to the transporter?
The next time you drive in a car,
you'll know how its engine was made.
When you see a car transporter,
you'll know how it works.
See you next time.
HORN HOOTS
Bye!
04._Day_and_Night_and_Solar_Panel
There are lots of things
all around us
Exciting things that surround us
But how does it work?
Do you know?
How is it made? Do you know?
Things that go up
things that go down
Things that go pop,
things that go round
With special cameras to
show you inside
It's going to be a big surprise
But how does it work? Do you know?
How is it made? Do you know?
Let's find out!
Hi, I'm Maddie.
It's early in the morning
and the sun has come out.
Do you like waking up
early in the morning?
I love to feel the warm sun
and listen to the birds.
Can you hear them?
TWEET! TWEET!
In the morning when the sun comes
up, it's light
and at night, when the
sun goes down, it's dark.
Sometimes in the day
we can't see the sun
because it's behind the clouds,
but we know it's there
because it's daylight, and sometimes
at night if the sky is clear
we can even see the moon
and the stars.
But how do we have both
day and night?
Let's find out.
How is it made?
Some people live in the countryside.
And some of us live in towns
and cities.
And all of these are parts
of a place we call Planet Earth.
Earth is lit by the sun,
and it's a star
that's million miles away.
It's a giant ball of glowing, hot
gas and that's why you should never
look directly at the sun, because
it could damage your eyes.
To find out how day and night
works, we need one of these.
It's a model of planet Earth.
We call it a globe.
And at the top
we have the North Pole.
At the bottom is the South Pole,
and the line that runs around the
middle is called the equator.
There are lots of
countries on Earth.
Do you know what country
you live in?
Right now we're in
the United Kingdom. Just here.
And look, down here
we have South Africa.
There's India.
Right on the other side
of the globe we have Australia.
There's an invisible pole that runs
all the way through the Earth,
from the top to the bottom,
and the Earth spins around
this pole.
It's called the axis.
Shall we see it spin around?
Here it goes.
But to find out how we get day
and night
we're going to need something else.
I'm going to use this lamp
as our sun,
and shine it directly at Earth.
This next bit, I'm going to turn
the lamp on,
and get the rest of the lights off.
Can you see what's
happening to the Earth?
The sun - our lamp - is shining
on one side of the Earth.
So here, on this side of the Earth,
it's light,
which means it's daytime.
And on this side of the
Earth, where it's dark,
we say it's night-time,
but the sun doesn't move.
So how does it appear in the day
and go away again at night?
To help us, I've got a mini Maddie,
and I'm going to stick her right
here in the UK.
Right now the sun is shining on
the UK, which means it's daytime.
The sun isn't shining
on the countries around this side
of the Earth, because the light
can't reach.
So when it's daytime here in the UK,
on the other side of the Earth
it's night-time.
But remember, the Earth
is constantly spinning.
So as we turn, you go from
day to night.
Can you see mini Maddie
going into the night-time?
And it takes hours to make
one full turn.
That's the same amount of time
it takes you to get
up in the morning...
..to when we go to sleep at night...
..to when you get up again
the next day.
Well, it's almost the end of
the day.
The Earth has been turning,
and the sun is just about to set
over there but because we can't
feel the Earth turning
I've set up my special time-lapse
camera, so that we can
see it happening.
A time lapse is when
we record something
that happens really slowly.
But when we watch it back
it will look
as if it's happening much faster.
So let's set this to record,
and see what happens.
Can you see my camera
screen flashing?
That's because it's taking
a photo every single second.
So when we play it back we can see
the Earth turning away from the sun.
Remember the sun doesn't move.
It's the Earth rotating
away from the sun.
And that makes the sun disappear,
so that we go from day to night.
I loved finding out about
night and day.
What was your favourite bit?
Do you remember what the invisible
line is called, that runs
through the Earth?
That's right.
It's called an axis.
Did you hear the birds when I was
walking through the field?
TWEET! TWEET!
Did you see the way the sun only
shines on one side of the Earth,
so we get day and night?
The sun doesn't just give us
light - it gives us heat, too.
Did you know that the energy
from the sun can be used
to make electricity?
But to make electricity
from the sun's energy
we need a special piece
of equipment.
And it looks like this.
No, it's not a spinning toy.
We're looking at the part on top.
Do you know what that's called?
That's right.
It's a solar panel, and a solar
panel turns the sun's energy
into electricity that we can use.
You see solar panels in lots of
different places - like on this toy,
on garden lights.
You might have even seen them
on the roof of a house.
Do you know how does a solar
panel turn the energy
from the sun into electricity?
How does that work?
Let's find out.
To find out how a solar panel works
I've come to a solar farm.
This solar farm is acres -
that's so big you could fit
tennis courts inside it.
You should never touch,
or go near a solar panel,
but Mark's given me special
permission to be here and show
you how they work.
Whoa. Look at all
of these solar panels.
There are hundreds
in this line alone.
AlL together they are called
an array of solar panels.
But this larger rectangle here,
that's one solar panel.
Can you see?
Inside it there are
smaller squares -
each of those is called the cell.
But I think it looks like
a giant waffle.
Inside each cell is a special
material called silicon.
And this is what helps catch
energy from the sun.
Can you see how shiny
the surface is?
That's because it's covered
in a layer of glass,
just like the glass you'd see
in a window at home.
But we say that it's transparent,
and that means that the sunlight
can shine through the glass onto
the dark blue cell underneath.
And to see those
important cells working
I've got one of my special cameras.
This is a thermal imaging camera,
and it shows us how hot or cold
things are, using different colours.
The solar panels are red and yellow.
That means they're really warm.
And everything that
is green or blue is colder.
Why do you think the solar
panels are warm?
You might think it's because it's
a hot sunny day but, actually,
it's because the cells are working
hard to create electricity.
But to understand how all of this
works, I think we need to take
a closer look.
Inside the solar cell
are two different types
of silicon sandwiched together.
On top is the negative silicon.
It has extra particles
called electrons.
On the bottom is
the positive silicon.
It has extra holes.
Energy from the sun is made up
of tiny particles called photons.
When a photon hits the silicon cell,
the electrons can move around.
The free electrons are knocked
out of the positive layer,
moving across into
the negative layer.
The electrons move along,
making an electric current.
The electric current flows out
along the panel to the inverter
and it's taken away in underground
cables for us to use.
Wasn't that interesting?
Could you hear that sound?
WHIRRING
That whirring?
Well, that is the sound of
the electric current moving
from the junction boxes
to the inverter and, eventually,
to the transformer where the current
is made bigger so that we can use
it in our homes. But we can't see
the electricity being used, can we?
I've got some things that
might help.
All of these toys are powered
by the sun,
and each of them has its own solar
panel, but instead of making
electricity and sending it
elsewhere,
the toys use the
electricity to move.
We've got a train set,
spinning chairs, a fire truck,
and even a plane.
Watch what happens when I cover
the plane's solar panel.
Did you see that? The
propeller stopped moving.
And that's because these tiny solar
panels work in the same way
as the big ones do,
here at the solar farm.
They use the sun's energy to create
electricity and that will make
the propeller spin.
So if I cover the solar panel
it's no longer able
to make electricity
and the propeller stops.
And even a tiny solar panel like
that one is able to make enough
energy to spin that propeller.
But at this solar farm there
are over , solar panels.
So I've got another special
camera to help us see them.
This is my special camera,
and it lets us see all around us
at the same time.
I've put this camera on a very
long pole, and I've connected it
to a phone screen, so that we get to
see all around us really high up.
Let's take a look.
Wow, look at all those solar panels
glisten in the sunshine.
All of the solar panels here
could make enough electricity
to power around , homes.
That was so interesting.
What was your favourite bit
about finding out
how solar panels work?
Do you remember
the name of the material
inside the solar panels?
That's right.
It's called silicon.
Did you hear the whirring noise
that the transformer made?
And did you see all around
this solar farm on my special
-degree camera?
So the next time you see a solar
panel you'll know how it works
to turn the sun's energy
into electricity.
And now you know why, here on Earth,
it's light during the day
and dark at night.
Talking of which, I think
the sun is going to set soon.
I'd better get home before it's
dark. I'll see you next time.
There are lots of things
all around us
Exciting things that surround us.
But how does it work?
Do you know?
How is it made?
Do you know?
Do you know?
Let's find out.

05._Singing_and_Trombone
There are lots of things
all around us
Exciting things that surround us
But how does it work?
Do you know?
How is it made?
Do you know?
Things that go up
Things that go down
Things that go pop
Things that go round
With special cameras
to show you inside
It's going to be a big surprise
But how does it work?
Do you know?
How is it made?
Do you know? Do you know?
Let's find out!
Hello, I'm Maddie.
Today, I'm visiting a singing group.
QUIET SINGING
Can you hear that?
SINGING
Hello, everyone.
ALL: Hello!
Singing is so much fun,
and we can make lots of
different sounds when we sing.
If you're happy and you know it,
clap your hands...
CLAPPING
That was brilliant.
But how do we make so many
different sounds
and how do they all come together?
How do we sing?
How does it work?
Let's find out.
To find out how we sing, we need to
know where the sound comes
and it comes from deep down here.
The singing starts
with a big, big breath.
SHE BREATHES IN
See how my chest rises
when I do that?
SHE BREATHES IN
That's because a big muscle across
my body, called the diaphragm,
lowers and that sucks air
into two bags in my chest
called the lungs.
And when our lungs are full of air,
we can sing.
SHE BREATHES IN
La!
But how does the air from our lungs
make a sound?
To find out, I think we should take
a closer look.
Before we sing, we take a deep
breath of air through our mouth.
The diaphragm lowers
and our rib cage gets bigger,
pulling air into our lungs.
As we breathe out, air is pushed out
of the lungs
and it moves back up the trachea.
Inside the larynx are two bands
of tissue called vocal cords.
Muscles open the vocal cords
when we breathe
and pull them together
when we swallow or make a sound.
When air is pushed up the trachea
from the lungs,
it makes the vocal cords
vibrate really fast,
making a buzzing sound.
To make a high sound,
the muscles stretch
and the vocal cords vibrate faster.
To make a lower sound,
the muscles relax
and the vocal cords vibrate less.
The buzz from the vocal cords
moves up to the space
inside our nose and mouth
and, by moving our tongue and lips,
we turn the buzzing into sounds
we make when we speak and sing.
La, la, la!
How clever is that?
If you make your lips go all floppy
and blow air through them,
they make a vibrating sound -
like this...
PHRRRRR!
That's what your vocal cords do
inside your larynx.
Go on, can you make
a vibrating sound? Give it a go.
PHRRRRR!
But how do our vocal cords
make different sounds?
Because our larynx
is quite far down our throats,
we can't see it working.
So I'm going to use this balloon
to show you.
The narrow end will be the larynx.
And if I blow the balloon up...
..and this will be our lungs.
If I hold it between my fingers,
stretch it and let air through,
the rubber balloon will vibrate
a bit like our vocal cords
inside the larynx
and it will make
a sound like this...
HIGH-PITCHED SQUEAKING
HIGHER SQUEAKING
If I stretch it further apart,
then the sound will get higher.
VERY HIGH-PITCHED SQUEAKING
If I shorten it,
the sound will get lower.
LOWER-PITCHED SQUEAKING
But it's not just the stretching
of the vocal cords
that changes the sound.
It's also the way we use our mouths.
Listen to what happens when we sing
with our mouths closed.
Three, two, one.
MUFFLED NOISES
How did that sound?
ALL TALK AT ONCE
It sounds like that because when
the air comes up through our lungs
and vibrates our vocal cords,
the sound has nowhere to go
because our mouths are closed.
So how about we try it again, but
this time we're going to sing
with our mouths open.
Three, two, one.
If you're happy and you know it,
clap your hands
If you're happy
and you know it...
Can you hear the singing
is different this time?
When our mouths are open,
the sound can easily come out
and is much louder and clearer.
So we know that the way we use
our mouths
makes a big difference
to the sounds that we make.
So that we can see the sounds
that our group's vocal cords
are making, we've got
a special program on a computer.
It's called an audio spectrometer.
Guy is an expert in sound
and his computer turns the sounds
in the room into green wiggly lines.
We can tell how high...
HIGH-PITCHED: La!
..or how low...
LOW-PITCHED: La!
..a note is.
And this is called the pitch.
When the pitch is high...
HIGH-PITCHED: La!
..the green line is taller
on the right-hand side.
And when it's low...
LOW-PITCHED: La!
..the green line is taller
on the left.
So what does the green line
on the audio spectrometer do
when we all sing together?
Three, two, one.
If you're happy and you know it,
clap your hands...
Look at the green line.
It's wiggly and tall all the way
from left to right.
That's because the song
has both high and low pitch.
..clap your hands!
Very good. Give yourselves a clap.
CHEERING
We all really loved finding
out how singing works.
What was your favourite bit?
Do you remember what vibrates
when we sing?
That's right.
They're called vocal cords.
Did you hear the sound the balloon
made when I let the air out?
SQUEAKING
What a funny noise!
And did you see how the high
and low pitch sounds looked
on the audio spectrometer?
There are lots of sounds you can
make with your mouth and lungs
when you blow
into a musical instrument,
like a recorder.
SHE PLAYS: Mary Had A Little Lamb
Or how about a harmonica?
SHE TRILLS
Or even a kazoo.
SHE PLAYS: Do You Know? Theme
What's your favourite
musical instrument?
Do you know what this brass,
shiny one is called?
That's right. It's a trombone.
But do you know
how a trombone is made?
Let's find out.
To find out how a trombone is made,
I've come...
..to a trombone factory.
Here, they make trombones
out of a material
that's smooth and really shiny.
So shiny that I can
see my reflection in it.
Ooh, look at that.
It's making my face
look all stretchy.
The material is called brass
and it's made out of two metals -
copper and zinc.
All the parts are made out of brass,
like the mouthpiece,
the slide,
and the spout and the flare,
which make up the bell
where the sound comes out.
Shall we see what it sounds like?
OK.
Here we go.
BAA-RUMPH!
I'm still learning.
Trombones start out
as a flat piece of brass.
But how do we get from that to this?
First, Lewis cuts a shape from
the brass sheet and then bends it.
This is going to be the spout.
But it's only half a spout
right now.
So Lewis needs to attach
the other half.
Lewis is doing something
called brazing
and for that he needs
a brazing rod and a blowtorch.
Lewis uses the blowtorch
to heat the brass
till the brass is hot enough
to melt the brazing rod.
And when the brazing rod has melted,
it acts like a glue and sticks
the two pieces of brass together.
But why doesn't the brass melt too?
Well, to find out, I'm going to use
one of my special gadgets.
This is an infrared thermometer.
It uses something
called an infrared light.
So when I point it at the metal,
it tells me how hot it is.
The brazing rod is melting
at degrees.
But the brass stays solid.
Wow!
So the runny brazing rod can stick
the two pieces of brass together.
Wow!
This is what the spout looks like
after it's cooled down
and has had a good clean.
But you can see
it's still quite bumpy,
and it's not the right shape yet.
So Dave has to heat it back up,
which makes it soft enough
to smooth out on this machine.
The lathe.
It's going to spin the spout.
This will help it
take its final shape.
And here's our spout.
But there's something missing.
Do you know what it is?
BAA-RUMPH!
That's right.
It's the flare that goes on the end.
And that's going to be made of this.
But this doesn't look like a flare,
does it?
The flat disc of metal
is being turned into the flare.
It's brilliant.
We've got a spout and a flare.
They just need to be
connected together
with a little bit more bashing,
brazing,
and spinning on the lathe.
Now the spout and the flare
have come together.
This is called a bell
but it's not a trombone yet,
because it's time
to make all of the tubing.
And this is what it looks like
before it gets turned
into trombone parts.
But they're the wrong
size and shape.
So the tubes have to be bent
into the right shape by hand...
..before the trombone parts
are ready
for the dusty job of polishing.
That means putting on
some protective clothes.
I feel like an astronaut.
It's really shiny now, isn't it?
And all that's left to do
is for Tom to put
the shiny brass parts together.
First, he puts the two parts
of the slider together.
Next, he connects a piece of tubing
onto the bell.
Then goes on a tube
that was bent by hand,
before the slide slides on.
And lastly the mouthpiece
is attached.
And here we have
a finished trombone.
Isn't it bright and shiny?
But what does it sound like?
Well, Tim here can show me
how it's really done.
HE PLAYS:
If You're Happy and You Know It
Can you see Tim moving the slide
forwards and back?
Listen what happens to the noise
the trombone makes as he does it.
It makes different noises
depending on how long the tube is.
I loved finding out
how a trombone is made. Did you?
What was your favourite bit?
HE PLAYING CONTINUES
Do you remember what metal
the trombone is made with?
That's right. It's called brass.
Did you hear the sound the trombone
made when I blew it?
BAA-RUMPH!
It was funny, wasn't it?
And did you see
how the buffing machine
made the trombone
look nice and shiny?
So the next time
you hear a trombone,
or you might even have a go
at playing one yourself,
you'll know how it was made.
When you sing a song you'll know
how your vocal cords work.
We'll see you next time. Bye!
ALL: Bye!
There are lots of things
all around us
Exciting things that surround us
But how does it work?
Do you know?
How is it made?
Do you know? Do you know?
Let's find out!

06._Bridges_and_Playground_Flooring
There are lots of things,
all around us
Exciting things, that surround us
But how does it work?
Do you know?
How is it made?
Do you know?
Things that go up,
things that go down
Things that go pop, things
that go round
With special cameras to show
you inside
It's going to be a big surprise
But how does it work?
 Do you know?
How is it made?
Do you know?
Do you know?
Let's find out!
Hi, I'm Maddie and today
I'm going for a walk
along the riverside.
There are lots of things
you can see by the river.
Like lots of crunchy stones.
And look, there's
a bird having a bath.
And over there is a bridge,
a very, very big bridge.
And it carries over , cars,
lorries and buses every single day.
But how does a bridge carry
all of that weight without falling
down or sagging in the middle?
Do you know how a bridge works?
Let's find out.
How does it work?
This is the Humber
Suspension Bridge.
It's , metres long, and would
take you about minutes to walk
from one end to the other.
That's the same length
as football pitches.
But it's really tall too.
The bridge has two towers that start
at the ground,
and go high into the sky.
There's one behind me, and the other
is across the river.
And they are tied together
by the main cables.
They go up to the first tower,
they go all the way
across to the second tower,
and then back down again
to the landing on the other side.
They kind of look
like they're drooping
in the middle, don't they?
The main cables are fixed
into the ground at the anchorage.
There are lots of different
types of bridges.
This one is called a suspension
bridge because it's suspended
or hung above the river by cables.
And those cables are
called suspenders.
They hold up the decking.
That's what the road
and footpath are built on.
But how do all the parts work
together to make the bridge strong
and safe for all
the vehicles to cross?
I think we need to take
a closer look.
When a car drives onto a suspension
bridge, the bridge gets heavier
and when lots of cars are
on, there is more and more weight.
The weight of the cars makes a force
on the decking, called compression,
which is pushing
the bridge downwards.
The cables on the bridge make
another force, called tension.
The tension in the cables pulls
against the compression
from the weight of the cars.
The tension is pulled
up the suspender cables,
and into the two main cables.
Some of the force is pushed
down the towers, and into the ground
below the bridge.
The rest of the force is pulled
through the cables to the anchorage,
held deep underground.
By keeping the compression
and the tension forces the same,
the bridge can carry the weight
of lots of traffic safely across.
This is Martin. He works
at the bridge, and has given me
special permission to take a closer
look. Thank you.
Let's go.
And to get that closer look,
Martin's taking me to the top
of the tower.
But the lift only goes so high.
For the rest we need
to take the ladder.
Wow!
We are so high up!
This is the top of the tower
and it's metres tall.
That's the same as double-decker
buses stacked on top of each other.
To show you just how high
we are, I've got my special
camera with me and this lets us film
all around whilst I'm standing
on the spot. OK. Here we go.
How good is that view?
Can you see the hanger cables?
All of the weight from the deck
below is being pulled
up through those cables.
And then the weight
through those cables creates a force
called tension which goes
to the main two cables.
But what does tension feel like?
You can feel tension in your hands.
If you curl your fingers
around each other like this,
and then put your hands away from
each other.
That pulling feeling is tension.
You have a go.
Some of that tension is pushed
down the towers back to the ground
below and that pushing
is called compression.
If you put your hands
together like this,
you can feel compression too.
And because the bridge is made
from really strong materials
like concrete and steel,
the forces go all the way
down into the ground
and hold the bridge up.
And this is where the main cables go
into the anchorage points.
Let's take a look inside them.
Down I go.
The anchorage points
are buried deep underground.
Wow, this is massive!
Can you hear the echo?
Echo! Echo!
SOUND ECHOES BACK
Can you see all those cables?
They are what make
up the main cable.
And each of those is made up of even
smaller wires that look like this.
It's just five millimetres thick,
but it's made from steel, and steel
is a really strong metal.
No chance.
But there are , tiny steel
wires in each main cable
and they are wound together to make
everything really strong,
so it can take the tension created
by the weight of the deck
and all of those vehicles.
It's brilliant.
I loved finding out
how a suspension bridge works.
What was your favourite bit?
Compression is the pushing force,
but can you remember
what the pulling force
in the cables is called?
That's right, it's called tension.
Did you hear the sound of the echo
when I went inside the anchorage?
Echo! Echo!
And did you see how high the towers
were on my special camera?
Now you know how a suspension bridge
works, you can look out for other
bridges when you're out and about.
Even some playgrounds have bridges.
What else can you find
in a playground?
Slides are fun.
Woo whee!
I like climbing frames.
But have you ever noticed
the floor of a playground?
They can be colourful like this one.
And this floor is also
soft and springy.
But do you know how
playground flooring is made?
Let's find out.
How is it made?
Playground flooring is made
in a place like this.
A playground flooring factory!
Here, they make tonnes
of playground flooring granules
every single day.
That's , bags just like this
one, which weighs the same
as rhinoceroses.
At this factory they make playground
flooring out of five main materials
and here they are,
Calcium carbonate - you also find
it in chalk.
Polymer beads, a kind of plastic.
A liquid flexibiliser
to make it bendy.
And a powder to stop
it drying out in the sun.
And finally, pigment.
Pigment will give the flooring
its bright colours,
and today we're going to see
green granules being made.
The first thing to happen
is the five materials
need to be mixed together
and that happens here.
Inside a giant mixing machine.
And this is where the green
pigment goes in!
Look how runny it is.
The machine is called a compounding
extruder, and inside this part
are long screws that mix all of the
materials together so they come
out the other side.
Once all the materials
have been mixed together,
one last chemical called
organic peroxide is added.
Wow, and this is what it looks
like when all of those materials
have been mixed together.
I've got a little bit of it here.
And it's like a goopy,
stretchy green slime, isn't it?
Next, the green mixture
goes on a conveyor belt
to a massive oven.
Inside the oven, all of that heat
makes the polymer beads
and the peroxide mix
together and change.
This is called a chemical reaction.
So, when the polymer and the
peroxide mix in the hot oven,
the mixture will change
from that gloopy slime
into a hard rubbery sheet.
Isn't that amazing?
But the sheet of rubber
is really hot, so it's sprayed
with cold water to cool it down.
But then it zigzags
through the rollers, before reaching
the next stage, the granulator.
The rubber is cut up into strips
by these choppers,
but I think it looks like
a wiggly snake.
But the next part is so hard to see
and hear,
I'm going to use my special camera.
And I've put it on a long pole.
First the granulator chops
the big sheet of rubber
into lots and lots of strips.
They shoot down
a really long tunnel.
Where they get chopped
up into smaller bits,
about the same size as a pea.
Now, they're called granules.
That was fun. I wonder what
happens next?
The granules are sent through long
pipes where they get chopped
up into even smaller pieces.
Until they look like this.
Oh, they look great, don't they?
This is where the granules get
weighed and then dropped into bags.
Can you hear that noise?
WHOOSH!
That is the sound of the granules
falling through the trap door
below, where they get caught
in a bag, sealed,
and a giant robot stacks them.
But how do the colourful granules
end up as a playground floor?
Today we are making a grey
coloured flooring shape.
Marius has cut out the shape
in the floor for the new part that's
going to get laid today.
Do you know what the shape is?
That's right...
..it's a dolphin.
Come on. Swim along.
The grey pellets are mixed
with chemicals and laid
into the shape.
I loved finding out
how different chemicals react
to make playground flooring.
What was your favourite part?
Can you remember what it's called
when two chemicals mixed together
and react to make a new material?
That's right, it's called
a chemical reaction.
Did you hear the sound
of the granules falling
through the trap door into the bag?
And did you see the fly wheels
chopping the rubber into strips
on my special camera?
So the next time you go
to a playground and see a soft
colourful flooring, you'll know
how it was made, and when you see
a bridge, like this one,
you'll know how it works.
See you next time!
There are lots of things,
all around us
Exciting things, that surround us
But how does it work?
Do you know?
How is it made? Do you know?
Do you know? Let's find out!

07._Butterfly_and_Wallpaper
There are lots of things
all around us
Exciting things
that surround us
But how does it work?
Do you know?
 How is it made?
Do you know?
Things that go up
Things that go down
Things that go pop
Things that go round
With special cameras
to show you inside
It's going to be a big surprise
But how does it work?
Do you know?
How is it made?
Do you know? Do you know?
Let's find out!
Hello, I'm Maddie,
and today I'm on the lookout
for some very special insects.
They have big wings,
are often very pretty -
can you guess what I'm looking for?
There's one!
Did you guess?
Yes, it's a butterfly.
Aren't their wings beautiful?
To find out about butterflies,
I've come to a butterfly sanctuary.
Can you hear that sound?
It's a waterfall.
The water from the pool helps
to keep the air moist and steamy,
which is just how
butterflies like it.
These have red and yellow stripes.
Hello!
Look at this one!
It's called the giant owl butterfly,
and I think it might
be my favourite.
Can you see that the pattern
on its wing looks like a huge eye?
I love butterflies because
they have interesting life cycles.
Do you know what the life cycle
of a butterfly is?
How does it work?
Let's find out!
When butterflies begin their lives,
they can't fly, and that's
because they don't have wings.
They start their life as an egg.
And these are butterfly eggs.
Look how tiny they are!
So we can see them properly,
I'm going to use one
of my special cameras.
This is my microscope camera,
and it lets me see things
that are really,
really small much bigger.
So, let's take a look at these eggs.
Whoa!
Look at that!
Each of those little dots is an egg
laid by a butterfly.
Can you see the ones
that are wiggling around?
Well, that's because
they're about to hatch.
But what do you think's inside it?
Is it a butterfly?
No, it's a caterpillar!
That's because the butterfly
starts its life as a caterpillar.
The caterpillar is crawling
out of the egg!
MADDIE GASPS
But the caterpillar needs something
to eat so it can grow
and turn into a butterfly.
So first it eats the egg.
Look at its furry
head chomping away!
It's the same size as a pinhead.
Whoa.
For the caterpillars to grow
bigger, they need to eat a lot more,
and their favourite
food is green leaves.
This one's having a good munch
on the green leaf, isn't it?
Actually, you can see
there are nibble marks
all over the leaves here,
and that's because caterpillars
eat a lot.
In fact, some caterpillars
eat as much as , times
their body weight.
That's like you are eating over five
bathtubs of spaghetti in one day.
But why do they eat so much?
They need the energy to turn
from a caterpillar into a butterfly.
This is called metamorphosis.
But to find out more, I think we
should take a closer look.
Caterpillars get ready
for metamorphosis by eating
and eating, and growing
bigger and bigger.
They grow so quickly
that they become too big
for their skins, so they squeeze
out of their old skin.
Underneath is a new skin
that's bigger and stretchier
than the last one.
This is called moulting.
The caterpillar eats
more and more and grows bigger
and bigger, moulting five times.
When the caterpillar
moults for the final time,
the new skin underneath
is hard like a shell.
Now the caterpillar
is called a pupa.
For about days,
the pupa hangs very still.
But inside, big
changes are happening.
The body of the caterpillar
is changing into a butterfly.
A head and body,
six legs and four wings.
And when the metamorphosis is done,
the butterfly comes out.
At first, its wings
are crinkly and wet,
so it gets water from the pupa's
shell to make it strong
and get bigger.
After a few hours,
the butterfly is ready to fly off
and lay more eggs so the whole
life cycle can start again.
Wasn't that amazing?
And here is a caterpillar that's
shedding its skin
for the final time - it's pupating.
But I know somewhere we can see
pupas where the butterflies
are about to come out!
There are three pupa on this branch
that are almost ready to open,
and we know that because
the outsides of them are already
a darkish brown.
We don't know exactly
when the butterflies will come out
of the pupa, so we're going
to leave the camera recording.
Now it's a waiting game.
Who knows when
they're going to open?
After a few hours,
it's started to happen.
Can you see the middle
one wriggling around?
And here it comes!
Look, it's an owl butterfly!
Now the one on the right
is popping out its head.
And here's the third pupa opening.
Wow, that was incredible!
Aren't they beautiful?
The butterflies will
live for a few weeks,
and they'll fly around
and they'll suck up the juice
from all of this fruit
that's left out for them.
And then they'll lay their eggs
on a leaf
and the whole life cycle
will start again.
I loved finding out
about the life cycle of butterflies.
What was your favourite part?
Do you remember what it's called
when the caterpillar
changes into a butterfly?
That's right - it's metamorphosis.
Did you hear the sound
of the waterfall that helped make
the sanctuary just like
the butterflies' tropical home?
And did you see the tiny butterfly
eggs and the caterpillars
wriggling inside them?
I loved seeing all the butterflies
and their bright colourful patterns.
We see patterns everywhere,
don't we?
Like my stripy T-shirt, or my
pencil case,
and even this - wallpaper.
Have you ever noticed
that the patterns on wallpaper
repeat themselves again and again?
Where does it start
and where does it end?
Do you know how wallpaper's made?
Let's find out!
To find out how wallpaper's made,
I've come to a wallpaper factory!
Here they make miles and miles of
wallpaper every single day.
In fact, they make enough to wrap
around the moon
four times every year.
First, we need a wallpaper design,
and that happens here in the studio.
Hannah is a designer,
and she's painting a new wallpaper
pattern.
After she's finished
her hand-painted design,
she scans it into a computer and
copies them lots and lots of times.
This is called a repeat unit.
Can you see where Hannah's design
is repeated again and again?
The top and bottom of the design
join onto each other,
so it repeats all the way
down the wallpaper.
But there's a problem.
The printing machine can only print
one colour at a time,
so Hannah uses the computer to
separate out
the picture into different layers -
one layer for each colour.
Look - can you see
the layers building up?
But how do they get printed
onto the wallpaper?
Once a wallpaper has been designed,
the pattern is cut into
a steel cylinder.
This is called engraving,
and all of these are
engraved steel cylinders.
And look, Hannah's design is
being printed onto these cylinders.
One for each colour.
But look, the design
has been engraved all the way
round the cylinder.
This is the repeat unit.
The engraving is made up of tiny
dots which collect the ink to print
onto the paper. But they're so
small, I can barely see them -
so I'm going to use one
of my special cameras.
This is a microscope
camera that lets me see
really small things much bigger.
So here we go, let's take
a look at this hairstyle.
Wow!
Look at all of the little dots!
That's incredible.
But look, they're different sizes.
This means when they're filled
with ink they will make
a slightly different mark.
But for these cylinders
to print anything at all,
we're going to need some ink.
This is Emily, and she's going
to use a mixer to make exactly
the right orange ink we need
for one of our hairstyles.
Do you know what colours
we need to make orange?
That's right, it's red...
..and yellow!
Emily then mixes them
together with a noisy blender...
BLENDER WHIRS
..to make orange.
And look at that - a perfect match.
So, we've got the design,
we've got the cylinder,
and we've got the ink.
What else do we need?
A great big printing machine!
Inside the machine,
the paper is pulled tight
through these rollers so it's nice
and flat to print on.
Can you see the paint in the bucket?
It gets sucked up the pipe
into a bath called a trough,
ready to be printed
onto the wallpaper.
This is incredible!
The paper passes through
the machine so fast!
So I'm going to use one
of my special cameras which lets us
see things that happen
quickly much slower.
Can you see the cylinder
going round?
It's rolling into the ink
and printing the pattern
on the paper.
The paper carries on going
through the machine,
and more layers are printed
as it goes over more cylinders.
Look, there's the first layer,
the brown picture frame.
Next is yellow...
..orange...
..then black and red.
This is the back of the machine
where the printed wallpaper
is rolled onto another reel before
it's taken off to be checked.
The big reel of wallpaper
is then cut,
and rolled onto smaller rolls.
And here we have a finished roll
of printed wallpaper,
ready to decorate a house.
I loved seeing how
wallpaper was made,
but what was your favourite bit?
Do you remember the name
of Hannah's design?
That's right, it's called
a repeating unit.
Did you hear the sound of the mixer
when Emily made the orange paint?
MIXER WHIRS
And did you see my special slow
motion camera as it helped us see
the fast cylinders spinning around?
So, the next time you see wallpaper,
you'll know how the pattern
was printed on it.
And now you know how the life cycle
of a butterfly works
and how it transforms from an egg
to caterpillar to butterfly.
Right, I think it's about time I go
try to spot some more.
There's one! I'll see you next time!
There are lots of things
all around us
Exciting things
that surround us
But how does it work?
Do you know?
How is it made?
Do you know? Do you know?
Let's find out!

08._Digger_and_Wellies
There are lots of things
all around us
Exciting things that surround us
But how does it work?
Do you know?
How is it made?
Do you know?
Things that go up
Things that go down
Things that go pop
Things that go round
With special cameras
to show you inside
It's going to be a big surprise
But how does it work?
Do you know?
How is it made?
Do you know?
Do you know?
Let's find out!
Hello, I'm Maddie,
and today, I'm doing some digging.
Right, that's one bucket full -
but I need to move all of this.
We're going to need something
bigger than this bucket.
What do you think we could use?
MADDIE GIGGLES
That's right, a digger!
But do you know how a digger works?
Let's find out!
To find out how a digger works,
I've come to a building site.
You should never go on a building
site without a grown-up,
but I've got special permission
to show you round. Come and see.
There's lots of different types
of machines on a building site.
Massive drills,
concrete-pouring trucks and...
SHOUTS: Here comes the digger!
DIGGER RUMBLES
Can you hear the engine?
It's noisy, isn't it?
Wow!
A digger is a really useful machine.
This part is called the cab.
It's where the driver sits.
And this is Adrian,
it's his job to operate the digger.
Up there, the part that looks
like a giant claw,
is the bucket.
Adrian, can you bring it down?
Whoa!
It's like a metal dinosaur.
This bucket can carry a lot more
stones and soil than my one can.
The bucket is attached to the dipper
because it dips up-and-down
when the digger scoops things up.
And the long part there is called
the boom.
Can you see it's moving the bucket
and the dipper up and down?
And down here are the tracks.
They are enormous.
They go round in a big loop,
like a giant belt moving
round and round -
and just take a look
at these ridges.
The tracks are really important
because they help the digger grip
when it's going up or
down a mound of earth.
But why doesn't the digger
sink into the soil?
Can you see how the tracks
are wide and long?
This is what helps the digger
stay on top of the soil.
Let me show you how.
If I walk up this mound
with my worker boots on,
watch what happens.
It's quite difficult
because my boots keep slipping
and they want to sink in.
So let's try something else.
These attachments
make my feet wider.
They have a bigger surface area.
Can you see how the bottoms
are much wider
than my shoes?
And they've also got
some grips on the bottom,
just like the ridges
on the tracks of the digger.
Right, let's see if
I can get up the mound.
It works! It's so much easier.
Now my weight is spread out
across the attachments,
which means I don't sink
into the soil
like I did in my work boots.
It's exactly the same way
the tracks on a digger work.
And I made it to the top!
But to find out how a digger does
it, let's take a closer look.
As the digger goes up the mound,
the tracks move round and round.
The track is made up of lots of
small pieces of metal called plates.
The outside of the track
is called the shoe.
It has lots of grooves
on it for gripping.
The driver in the cab pulls a lever
to make the digger move forward.
A wheel at the back of the track,
called a sprocket, turns.
Teeth on the outside of the sprocket
are locked into gaps in the track,
pushing the track around.
As the track turns,
rollers at the bottom help move
the track along the ground.
If the digger hits a bumpy patch,
the idle wheel at the front
is pushed back into a spring,
which helps the digger bounce back
and keep moving along.
Diggers are really
useful, aren't they?
Now, let's go and see
our digger in action.
I've brought some of my special
cameras with me
to attach to the digger.
This one is going to look at
the tracks
as the digger goes
up and over the mounds.
This camera will let us see
the bucket scoop up soil.
And this one gives us
a view from the cab,
showing us what Adrian sees.
Time to get digging.
Now Adrian is taking the digger
to the other side
of the building site.
It looks like it's
time for a delivery.
The ground is really bumpy,
isn't it?
But the recoil spring is keeping
the digger nice and steady.
And the shoes are gripping
the stones,
so it can climb up to the top.
Whoa!
This digger weighs the same
as four T-Rex dinosaurs -
but it's not sinking
into the soil, is it?
That's because those wide tracks
are spreading the weight,
just like my shoe attachments.
Adrian is lowering and raising
the bucket as it scoops up soil
to put in the back
of the tipper truck.
He doesn't even have to
move the tracks
because the cab rotates.
How clever is that?
And lastly, Adrian pulls a lever
so the bucket can tip the soil
into the truck.
There it goes.
I think diggers are amazing!
What was your favourite bit about
finding out how a digger works?
Can you remember what the outside
of the track is called?
That's right, it's the shoe.
Did you like the sound
of the digger's engine?
DIGGER RUMBLES
Wow!
And did you see the bucket dump
the soil into the tipper truck
on my special camera?
When I visit muddy places,
or it's wet weather,
I always like to wear my wellies.
Do you have wellies?
I've got red ones.
Wellies are great because you can
walk in muddy places,
jump in puddles...
..and they'll always
keep our feet nice and dry.
But how do they keep our feet dry?
Do you know how wellies are made?
Let's find out.
Wellies are made in
a place like this.
A welly factory!
Here they make wellies
in lots of different
colours and sizes.
Wellies are made from a type
of plastic called PVC.
It's smooth, shiny and flexible,
so they're comfortable to wear
and easy to pull on and off -
and on the bottom is the sole
which has grooves in it,
and this helps us to grip
in the rain and the mud.
Today, the factory are making
blue wellies with red soles.
Welly making starts with these -
thousands of PVC pellets -
and to make a pair of wellies
a bit like this,
we're going to need
this amount of pellets.
g.
That's about the same
weight as hen's eggs.
CHICKEN CLUCKING
But they don't look
very colourful, do they?
So, we have to add some smaller blue
pellets to the clear PVC ones
to make our final mix.
The pellets go into this metal
barrel here,
where they're heated
up to about degrees.
That's the same temperature
as you'd have an oven at home
if you were baking a cake.
Inside the barrel,
the pellets melt and go runny.
But we've got one melting
machine for the blue mix...
and another for a red mix.
Look, can you see the red pellets
mixed in with the clear ones?
And now for the fun part.
Look at this machine.
It's called an injection mould.
And this is Roger.
It's his job to keep
things running smoothly.
These two parts are the top and
bottom moulds for the welly boots.
It's a bit like a jelly mould
except this is a welly mould.
This part here, that's a mould
for the sole of the boot.
And then this, is the model foot,
which is the size that we want
our welly boot to fit.
First, Roger puts a sock
on the model foot
and that will make
the inside of the boot.
Then he presses
a button and off we go!
I've got one of my special cameras
on a long pole
and it's connected to my
phone screen,
so that I can see what's going on
and we can find out what
happens next.
Each machine
has ten welly moulds on it.
That will make five
pairs of wellies.
And watch how the injection mould
goes round and round.
It's like a carousel for wellies!
Let's take a look
underneath the machine.
The runny PVC liquid is being pushed
from the melting machine
into the injection
mould by these pistons.
First, the red PVC goes in,
to make the sole of the boot.
Next, the sole gets pressed
onto the model foot,
ready for the blue PVC.
When the piston moves forward,
it's pushing the runny blue PVC
liquid into the mould
to make the boots.
And this mould makes the part
of the welly
you put your foot inside.
And here it is.
A welly!
The liquid PVC has cooled down
and turned back into a solid,
in the same shape as
the welly mould.
How brilliant is that?
But they're not quite finished yet.
The wellies have some rough edges
and a bit too much sock poking out,
so they need a good trim.
And that's Tracy's job.
MACHINE WHIRS
Can you hear the buzzy sound
of the trimming machine?
And here we have a finished pair
of blue and red wellies,
ready to have some splashy fun in.
What did you like most about seeing
how wellies are made?
Do you remember the name
of the material wellies
are made of?
That's right, it's PVC.
Did you hear the sound
of the machine
that trims the top of the wellies?
MACHINE WHIRS
And did you see my special camera
when the pistons
were injecting the moulds?
So the next time you're splashing
around, having fun in wellies,
you'll know how they're made.
And if you see a digger, you'll know
how the tracks work
to move it over muddy ground.
Right, I think it's about time
to get this lot moved.
I'll see you next time.
Take it away, Adrian!
There are lots of things
all around us
Exciting things that surround us
But how does it work?
Do you know?
How is it made?
Do you know?
Do you know?
Let's find out!

09._Hearing_Aid_and_Whistle
There are lots of things
all around us
Exciting things that surround us
But how does it work?
Do you know?
How is it made?
Do you know?
Things that go up
Things that go down
 Things that go pop
Things that go round
With special cameras to
show you inside
It's going to be a big surprise
But how does it work?
Do you know?
How is it made?
Do you know?
Do you know?
Let's find out!
Hello, I'm Maddie.
And today I'm going
to meet my friend Zahra.
Look, there she is playing
with her friends.
Can you hear? Zahra and her friends
are listening to each other
so that they can pass
the ball and play the game.
Zahra wears a hearing aid.
It helps her to hear more clearly
so that she can join in with games,
like playing football.
Zahra, your hearing
aids are so clever.
What do you like most about them?
I like about them that they help
you to hear.
So without them,
can you hear anything?
No, sometimes I can,
sometimes I can't.
So they help you to hear better?
Yeah.
Bye!
Hearing aids are really small
and they fit inside a person's ear.
And they're important
as they help the person
who wears them.
Go! Zahra, Zahra!
But do you know how
a hearing aid works?
Let's find out.
To find out how a hearing aid works
I've come to a children's hospital.
This is a special department
in the hospital called
the audiology department.
And the people who work
here are called audiologists.
Audio is just another
word for sound.
And we measure sounds
using frequency.
To show you how different
frequencies sound I have
got my whistle.
That's a high-pitched
noise so we say that it
has a high frequency.
And some people find it difficult
to hear those sounds.
But then for something
like thunder...
Thunder is a low-pitched sound
and that has a low frequency.
Some people find it difficult
to hear those sounds.
Caroline is an audiologist
here at the hospital.
She tests people's hearing and helps
them by fitting hearing aids
if they need them.
Hi, Caroline! Hello.
To show you what happens
when we have a hearing test,
Caroline is going
to test my hearing.
OK?
Yeah.
Here goes.
Caroline is playing sounds...
HIGH PITCHED NOTE
..through the headphones
using her computer.
Each time I hear a sound I put
a figure into the boat.
Caroline plays both high...
HIGH PITCHED NOTE
..and low frequencies...
LOW PITCHED NOTE
..to find out
how well I can hear.
And when the test is finished,
Caroline checks the results
on her computer.
There you go, all finished.
Caroline, how did I do?
You did very well.
You've got very good hearing.
Great!
For people that do need help
with their hearing Caroline uses
the information from the test
to programme their hearing aid.
But how do hearing aids work?
I think we need to take
a closer look.
When a noise is made,
a small microphone on top
of the hearing aid
picks up the sound.
A wire carries the sound to a tiny
part called the processor,
which is programmed to understand
different frequencies of sound.
The sounds are sent by another
wire to an amplifier,
which makes the sounds louder.
Then it passes into a tube
into the earpiece.
Just like a tiny loudspeaker.
The amplified sounds move
down the ear canal to a piece
of skin called the eardrum,
which vibrates and sends signals
to the cochlea.
Inside the cochlea hairs pick
up different frequencies of sounds
and send a signal
through the nerve up to the brain.
Which helps us turn all
the vibrations into sounds
that we understand.
Isn't the way a hearing aid
works really clever?
And look, I've got
a hearing aid right here.
All the parts are so small
it's quite tricky to see so I think
we should use one
of my special cameras.
And this is a microscope camera
and it lets us see small things
much, much bigger.
Let's see if we can find
some of the parts.
Ooh!
Can you see all of those green
bits hiding underneath
the plastic coating?
Well, that is the processor.
The tiny computer that knows
which frequencies the person
who wears this finds
it difficult to hear.
Can you see that round
dot in the middle?
That is the microphone.
It's absolutely tiny.
And it's in the top
part of the hearing aid.
How brilliant is that?
Everyone's ears are a different
shape.
So how do hearing aids stay
inside the ear without falling out?
Caroline is mixing a gloopy
material called putty.
And she'll use the putty to make
an impression of my ear.
But you must never put
anything inside your ears.
Caroline is specially trained
so she knows how to do this safely.
And when the putty is set,
Caroline takes it out.
There you go.
Thank you!
Isn't it funny looking?
And this can be made to make an
earpiece that fits me perfectly.
The impression has to be sent
away to be turned into
the final ear mould.
And here it is.
Connected to the hearing aid.
I loved finding out
how hearing aids work.
What was your favourite bit?
Do you remember the name
of the green unit inside
the hearing aid?
That's right, it's the processor.
Did you hear the sounds
that Caroline played
into the headphones
during the hearing test?
LOW PITCHED NOTE
And did you see the funny shape
of the blue mould when it came
out of my ear?
So the next time you see
someone with a hearing aid,
you'll know how it works
to help them hear sounds
like my whistle, more clearly.
Whistles are really useful.
They're great for attracting
attention when you are playing
sport, or perhaps if
you need some help.
I love the little ball
that rattles around inside.
But how does the ball get
in the whistle and how does it help
to make the sound?
Do you know how a whistle's made?
Let's find out.
To find out how whistles are made
I've come to a whistle factory!
These great big coils are made
of a material called brass
which is a mixture of two
metals - copper and zinc.
The brass coils are going to be made
into lots and lots of whistles.
The first job is done
by the power press.
It cuts and bends the flat copper
into the right shapes.
Can you see the press coming
down onto the metal?
Here we are, this is just one
of the shapes we need.
And it's going to be the sides
of the whistle.
Look how the press has cut out
the shape and folded the sides.
But we need two more -
the body and the knop.
Once we have all of our shapes,
they're brought to the assembly
department where Arlene puts
them together by hand.
Arlene uses a little hammer to join
the sides and the body
of the whistle together.
It really looks like
a whistle now, doesn't it?
Arlene then wraps wire
around the whistle to attach
the knop and hold
it all together before soldering.
Our whistle is soldered
in a very special way.
Soldering is when a metal is melted
to join two other pieces
of metal together.
The soldering machine here heats
up the metal using ultrasonic waves
that we can't see.
As the whistles go
around the turntable,
they get hit with these ultrasonic
waves again and again and again.
And that heats the metal
up to melt at the solder.
How amazing is that?
When the whistle has cooled down,
the solder hardens and the wire
can be taken off.
Now, all these whistles
need a good polish.
Things are about to get very noisy.
This is a vibro polishing machine.
And it polishes ,
whistles at a time.
Well, that was exciting.
But it all happened so quickly.
I think we should see it again
with one of my special cameras.
This is my special slow motion
camera.
It means that we can film something
that happens really quickly
but when we watch it back,
it will look much slower.
I'm all set up and ready to go.
Take it away, Jake.
Can you see the green
cones in the machine?
They are hard bits of polish
that rub against the brass whistles,
making them shiny as
they jiggle around.
It's like they're having a
dance!
Look how sparkly they are.
These look great, don't they?
But they still need a special
coating to protect them
from scratches and bumps.
They're going for a dip.
It is like a green bubble
bath for whistles.
Inside this bubbly liquid
is a metal called nickel.
And when electricity
is passed through the liquid,
the nickel is attracted to the brass
in the same way a magnet
is attracted to another magnet.
And this is called electroplating.
Half an hour later the whistles
are coated and ready to be taken
out and dried.
It looks beautiful
and shiny, doesn't it?
But what does it sound like?
SHE PLAYS TUNELESS NOTE
It doesn't sound
quite right, does it?
And that's because there's
an important part missing.
Do you know what it is?
That's right, it's the little
ball that goes inside.
Here they are.
The balls are made from a type
of wood called cork.
But the cork balls are much bigger
than the slot in the whistle.
So how does it get inside?
To get the hard pieces of cork
in the slot we need to make them
soft enough to squash through.
So they are heated up in a steamer.
Once the cork balls are soft
and squashy enough,
Colin can pop them into
the whistles easily.
Thank you.
Once the cork cools down again,
it goes hard so the ball stays
in the whistle without falling out!
But how do they know every
whistle works perfectly?
Can you guess what this is?
It's an electric blower that lets us
test the whistles one by one.
So to make sure everything's OK,
ear defenders on, let's see
what they sound like.
Sounds good to me!
I loved finding out
how whistles are made.
What was your favourite part?
Do you remember the name of the two
metals that make brass?
That's right, copper and zinc.
Did you hear the sound
of the little hammer when Arlene put
the parts together?
HAMMER TAPS
And did you see how the cork balls
were steamed so they were squashy
enough to fit into the whistles?
So the next time
you blow a whistle...
..you'll know how it was made.
And if you see someone
with a hearing aid,
like my friend Zahra,
then you'll know how it works.
Right, over here, Zahra!
We will see you next time.
Bye! Bye!
There are lots of things
all around us
Exciting things that surround us
But how does it work?
Do you know?
How is it made?
Do you know?
Do you know?
Let's find out!

10._Wind-Up_Toy_and_Cricket_Bat
There are lots of things
all around us
Exciting things that surround us
But how does it work?
 Do you know?
How is it made?
Do you know?
Things that go up
Things that go down
Things that go pop
Things that go round
With special cameras
to show you inside
It's going to be a big surprise
But how does it work?
Do you know?
How is it made?
Do you know?
Let's find out!
Hello! I'm Maddie,
and today I'm inside
playing with toys.
What's your favourite
toy to play with?
I really love doing jigsaw puzzles.
Finished!
And it's always fun to make towers
with building blocks.
And I like to play with toy
cars like this one.
Look, it's a special type of truck -
and when I wind up this bit...
..and then watch what happens
when I let it go.
Wheee!
SHE GIGGLES
It moves on its own.
It's called a wind-up toy.
But do you know
how wind-up toys work?
Let's find out.
There are lots of different
types of wind-up toy.
Some can go swimming in the bath.
Others make funny noises.
TOY CHATTERS
And this is our toy truck
that has wheels
to move along the floor.
Wind-up toys have a winding part...
..just like this -
it's called the key,
and when you wind it...
it makes a great noise.
RASPING SOUND
Now, if I put the truck
on the floor, watch what happens.
Off it goes!
But what's happening
inside the wind-up toy
to give it the energy
to move on its own?
To find out, I think
we need to take a closer look.
When we turn the key of a wind-up
toy we use movement energy.
It's called kinetic energy.
As the key turns, it winds a strip
of metal called a mainspring.
It gets tighter and
tighter and tighter.
The energy we use to wind
the mainspring doesn't disappear,
it's stored inside the spring.
Stored energy is called
potential energy.
As it unwinds, the mainspring turns
small cogs called gears.
The mainspring turns the stored
potential energy back
into kinetic movement energy.
The gears are attached
to the wheels which spin around,
making the car move.
And off it zooms!
So we can see how the energy is used
inside a wind-up toy,
I've got one of these.
It's a wind-up mechanism.
It's like the wind-up toy's engine.
Let's give it a go.
Look, as my hand turns the key...
Just like that.
..the mainspring gets smaller.
It's getting wound up.
Then when I let it go...
Ooh!
The mainspring unwinds.
Look at all of the moving parts.
It looks great, but they are tiny
and everything moves so quickly
that I think we should film
this with one of my special cameras.
This special camera
films in slow motion,
which means we can film things
that happen quickly
but watch it back much more slowly.
Right.
When I turn the key
I'm making kinetic energy.
The kinetic energy is being turned
into potential energy.
As the mainspring gets
tighter and tighter,
it keeps the energy inside.
The mainspring is fully wound
now so if I let go...
..the potential energy is released -
it turns back into kinetic energy
and moves the gears.
Can you see all the small grooves
around the edge of the gears?
Those are called teeth,
and they lock together
so when one gear moves it will turn
the one next to it, as well.
That looked really good, didn't it?
As the energy moves
through the gears,
the last thing that happens
is it will turn this part,
called the axle -
and on a toy truck
that's where the wheels go.
One.
Two.
So now we know how it
works on the inside,
let's see it in action
for ourselves.
Now the sound has stopped
because the mainspring
has been fully wound.
Now, if I put the truck
down and let it go...
Off it goes!
How brilliant is that?
I loved finding out
how wind-up toys work.
What was your favourite bit?
Can you remember what the black
coil of metal is called?
That's right,
it's called the mainspring.
Did you hear the sound
that the mainspring made
as it tightened up?
And did you see all the gears
moving around
on my special slow motion camera?
Learning about wind-up
toys was lots of fun, wasn't it?
But now I'm going to play cricket.
You can be a bowler
who bowls the ball,
the batter who hits the ball,
or you can be a fielder.
They try to catch the ball
and throw it back.
But did you see the special bat
I used to hit the ball with?
It's called a cricket bat.
How's a cricket bat made?
Let's find out.
To find out how cricket bats
are made, I've come to a factory
that makes cricket bats!
Look how many there are.
They make around bats
here every single week -
and they get sent all over the world
for people to play cricket with.
Cricket bats are made from a type
of wood called willow,
because it comes from a willow tree.
Willow wood is great for making
cricket bats
because it's light, strong
but also a little bit bouncy.
But how does willow wood
turn into a cricket bat?
First, they chop up the tree
trunks with a chainsaw,
before it's chopped by hand
with an axe and a mallet.
It takes two people to cut
the wood into eight pieces.
These smaller sections
are called clefts,
and one cleft will
make one cricket bat.
The clefts are then cut
into the right shape
with a circular saw.
Now the clefts have been shaped,
they're called blades -
but I think the end
looks more like a house.
A very long house.
Wood can hold lots of water inside,
so the blades are taken
to be dried out.
The blades are all
stacked up in here.
This is called a dehumidifying kiln.
Dehumidifying means removing
moisture to make something dry.
So this is kept at a really
warm temperature,
and that helps to dry
out to the wood.
And after about five weeks
the blades are ready to be turned
into cricket bats.
Now the blades are dry enough,
they get passed through this machine
called a planer,
and that shaves off any
of the rough edges.
It's really smooth.
Next, the blades go
through the spindle moulder
which shapes a curve
into the front of the blade.
This side of the blade
will become the part of the bat
that hits the ball.
And the curve helps
the ball to bounce off it.
Cricket balls are quite hard
so a cricket bat needs
to be really strong
so that it doesn't get dented
when it hits the ball.
The press machine presses
the blade together.
This makes it harder and stronger,
and protects the bat.
The bat is now strong enough
to hit a ball
but it's quite tricky to hold,
and that's because
it's missing something.
What do you think that is?
That's right, a cricket
bat needs a handle.
But how does a tube-shaped piece
of wood like this fit
onto the blade?
A circular saw makes the end
of the handle pointy...
..and cuts a V shape into the blade.
The two parts fit together
like puzzle pieces.
Now they just need
to get fixed in place.
And after a spot of gloopy glue...
..and a hit on the clamp from a
hammer, the glue is left to dry,
joining both parts together.
When the bat and the handle are dry,
they go inside this huge machine
called a CNC machine,
and it cuts the rest
of the shape into it.
For safety I'm not allowed
inside these barriers
so Rob has put some of my special
cameras on the machine
so we can see how it cuts the wood.
OK, here goes.
It's noisy, isn't it?
I think it sounds
like a swarm of bees.
Can you see all of the wood
shavings flying everywhere?
It's like a snowstorm.
And look at that round cutter
spinning around really quickly.
It's called a pineapple
because it looks...like a pineapple!
It's Kev's job to do
the finishing work.
That means he blends the handle
into the shoulders of the bat.
They're a bit like our
shoulders, aren't they?
Then the bat gets a good
sanding and oiling
to make it smooth and shiny,
before it's time
to finish off the handle.
To make the bat comfortable to hold,
Alan winds string around the handle
using this spinning machine.
It's called binding.
Jan does the very last job
and that's to cover the string
with a rubber grip,
to make the handle grippy!
And here we have a finished bat,
ready to play a game of cricket.
I loved finding out
how cricket bats are made.
What was your favourite part?
Can you remember what type of wood
is used to make a cricket bat?
That's right, it's willow.
Did you hear the sound
of the chainsaw
when it chopped up the tree trunk?
CHAINSAW ROARS
And did you see how quickly
the pineapple cutter
shaped the blade
on my special camera?
So the next time you play
with a wind-up toy
you'll know how it uses energy
to move around.
And if you play a game of cricket,
you'll know how the bat
was made from wood.
I'll see you next time.
There are lots of things
all around us
Exciting things that surround us
But how does it work?
Do you know?
How is it made?
Do you know?
Do you know?
Let's find out!

11._Cereal_and_Potato_Harvester
There are lots of things
all around us
Exciting things that surround us
But how does it work?
Do you know?
How is it made?
Do you know?
Things that go up
Things that go down
Things that go pop
 Things that go round
With special cameras
to show you inside
It's going to be a big surprise
But how does it work?
Do you know?
How is it made?
Do you know?
Do you know?
Let's find out!
Hello. I'm Maddie,
and it's breakfast time.
What's your favourite thing
to have at breakfast?
I like lots of different things -
fruit, toast, porridge, pancakes.
But today I'm having
cereal with milk.
There are lots of different
types of cereal
but most cereal is made
from grains,
which comes from plants.
This is wheat biscuit cereal
and it's made from
a plant called wheat.
And that looks like this.
Can you see the little seeds?
But how do we go from this
to this?
Do you know how wheat
biscuits are made?
Let's find out.
To find out how wheat biscuits
are made,
I've come to a cereal factory.
At this cereal factory,
they make over million
wheat biscuits every week.
That's the same weight
as six blue whales.
How does it start?
First, we need our main ingredient,
wholegrain wheat,
and it's brought to the factory
inside this container.
And Gary is just collecting
some for us now.
PITTER-PATTER
Doesn't the grain
make a lovely sound?
It's a bit like rain.
The wheat is grown
in fields on farms
where it's harvested
and brought to the factory.
Here, the grain is stored in really,
really tall towers called silos.
To make wheat biscuits,
a mixture of malt and water
is poured into some sugar and salt.
After a good stir...
..it's time to add the main
ingredient - wholegrain wheat.
All of those ingredients need
to be mixed together and cooked.
And that happens inside here.
It's called the pressure vessel.
As it spins around,
steam is being pumped inside
the pressure vessel onto the grains.
If you've ever watched
a grown-up make some pasta,
you might have seen steam
rising from a hot pan.
Well, it's the heat from the steam
that cooks the grains and makes them
nice and soft.
What do you think they'll look like
when they come out?
They're now soft and sticky.
They've gone from this...
..to this.
And they smell amazing.
But they still don't look like
wheat biscuits yet.
So next, they need to be dried out
in the air drying machine.
The grains travel on a moving belt
and inside warm air blows
through silver tubes and these dry
the grains out a little bit
to stop them sticking together.
But it's quite tricky to see
so I'm going to use my special
camera in slow motion.
My slow-motion camera lets us
see things that happen quickly
much slower.
And, look, as the hot air blows
down onto the grains,
it makes them jump around.
It looks like they're dancing.
Now the outside of the grains
is nice and dry,
they get sucked up
through this tube
to another machine.
It's called a rolling mill
and inside the grains fall
onto some rollers
and they squash and flatten
the grain.
But things are
about to get really noisy.
Take it away, Gary.
MACHINE WHIRRS
Can you see the pressed grains
coming out the other side?
Whoa!
It's snowing cereal.
I can't believe
how different it looks.
All those grains have been flattened
and squashed and turned into flakes.
It's still a little bit wet,
because look,
I can squash them into a shape.
And that looks a bit more like
a proper biscuit, doesn't it?
The next stop is
the biscuit forming machine
where Gary puts the
flaky grains into some moulds.
Now it's my turn.
So, first, we put the funnel
in the mould
and then we take our flakes
and just drop them inside,
flatten them out a little bit
and there we go.
This machine then squishes
the flakes together
into a biscuit shape.
These look great, don't they?
But it's still a little bit soft.
Watch.
And we don't want that.
We want our wheat biscuits to be
nice and crunchy.
So, they've got to go
through an oven.
Once they've been baked, the wheat
biscuits are lovely and crispy.
Listen to this.
SNAP!
Ah! What a good snapping sound.
That was brilliant.
What was your favourite
part about seeing
how wheat biscuits are made?
Do you remember what
the machine was called
that made the wheat grains
really soft?
That's right, it's called
the pressure vessel.
Did you hear the noise
the grain made
as it dropped into the bucket?
PITTER-PATTER
And did you see the grains
of wheat jump around
when we looked at them
on my special camera?
So, the next time you eat
some wheat biscuits,
you'll know how they're made.
But wheat's not the only thing
we grow in fields.
We grow lots of fruit
and vegetables too.
What do you think grows
in this field?
It's potatoes, which grow
in the soil in the ground.
Do you like potatoes?
You might have had jacket
potatoes with butter,
mashed potatoes or maybe
even potato chips.
Here they grow thousands
of potatoes every single year.
And to pull them out of the ground,
they need a very special machine.
It's called a potato harvester
and it's attached to the back
of a tractor and it pulls up loads
of potatoes, all in one go.
But how does it work?
Let's find out.
In this field, thousands
of potatoes have been growing
for around six months.
And today, finally,
they're big enough to be harvested.
Isn't that exciting?
You should never play on
or go near farm machinery
without a grown-up
but I've been given special
permission to show you how it works.
Can you see the potato harvester
is being pulled by a tractor?
And it's got a red arm on the side
that looks like it's got some
rotating blades
going round and round.
Around the other side, we can see
that the potato harvester
has its own trailer, which is
being pulled by another tractor.
And this is where all
the potatoes are collected.
And there are all the potatoes.
But to find out how
the potato harvester
pulls a whole field
of potatoes so quickly,
I think we should take
a closer look.
When the potato harvester
travels along the field,
the blades go round and round
digging into the ground,
scooping up the potatoes
into the machine.
The soil and potatoes
are carried up moving steps
called webs.
The webs have holes in them
and so any soil and tiny potatoes
fall through the holes.
Next, the potatoes go through
two sets of rubber rollers
that pull off any stems
and hard lumps.
The potato is dropped onto
the picking off table,
where they are checked
to see if they are good to eat.
The good potatoes go up an elevator
and the fall breaker at the end
makes sure they get a soft landing
so they don't get bruised.
When all ten boxes
are filled with potatoes,
the farmer switches off
the potato harvester
and takes them back to the farm.
How clever is that?
Have you ever seen a tractor
in real life?
I got special permission
to ride in this one
to show you how a potato harvester
works
and I'm going to take my special
camera in with me.
Georgie's driving the tractor today
and it's pretty bumpy in here.
Can you see all the buttons
and levers inside the tractor?
Georgie uses them to control
the potato harvester.
Look, Georgie's got his own
special cameras that are dotted
all over the potato harvester.
The cameras help him
to see the potatoes
as they come up out of the ground.
Let's go down and see
the potatoes coming out.
This is where the blades
are scooping into the ground
to dig the potatoes up and there
they are, travelling up the webs.
And the webs are
shaking the soil loose.
And there it is, falling
back down to the ground.
Next, the potatoes have their stems
removed
by the rubber rollers.
It's quite difficult to see.
So, I think we could use one of
my special cameras,
which I attached
before we started harvesting.
Can you see the rubber rollers?
They take off the potato roots
and any hard lumps of soil
that might still be stuck
on the potato.
But where are they going now?
This is Vlad and it's his job
to make sure that there aren't
any big chunks of soil or stones
in between all the potatoes.
You're very quick. Ha-ha!
Look at them all.
There are hundreds
of potatoes being picked up
and sorted every minute.
That's not a potato, it's a stone.
We don't want that.
Sometimes the potatoes get broken
in the machinery so they also
go down the chute.
But nothing goes to waste.
Any potatoes like this will get fed
to animals on the farm.
Once they've been picked through
by hand,
the good potatoes
go on to the elevator.
The potatoes drop into these shelves
and are taken from the harvester
onto the trailer
that travels alongside.
THUMP!
Ha-ha-ha!
I love the sound of the potatoes
falling into this box.
This is the fall breaker
and inside the net
there are bands and they make
sure that the potatoes
fall into these boxes gently
so they don't get
too battered or bruised.
On the back of the trailer
there are ten crates
and each of them can carry
about a tonne of potatoes.
That's the same weight
as a baby elephant.
Georgie is the leveller
and it's his job to make sure
that none of the
crates overflow with potatoes.
But when they're just right
at the top, he'll tell the driver,
who will move the fall breaker
to a new crate.
Once all the crates
on the trailer are full,
the potatoes go to a warehouse
where they are stored until
they're ready to go to the shops.
I loved finding out
how potato harvesters work.
What was your favourite part?
Do you remember the part that takes
the potatoes to the trailer?
That's right, it's the elevator.
Did you hear the sound of the
potatoes dropping into the boxes?
THUMP!
And did you see the rubber rollers
cleaning the potatoes
when we looked at them
on my special camera?
So, the next time
you have some potatoes,
you'll know how they were collected
and sorted by a potato harvester.
And if you eat some wheat biscuits,
you'll know how they were made.
I'll see you next time.
There are lots of things
all around us
Exciting things that surround us
But how does it work?
Do you know?
How is it made?
Do you know?
Do you know?
Let's find out!

12._Bowling_Alley_and_Ribbon
There are lots of things
all around us
Exciting things
that surround us
 But how does it work?
Do you know?
How is it made?
Do you know?
Things that go up
Things that go down
Things that go pop
Things that go round
With special cameras
to show you inside
It's going to be a big surprise
But how does it work?
Do you know?
How is it made?
Do you know?
Do you know?
Let's find out!
Hi! I'm Maddie and today
I'm at a bowling alley.
Have you ever been bowling?
It's fun, isn't it?
First, you get some special shoes.
Bowling balls can be
different weights.
Some are light,
some are really heavy,
but this one is just right for me.
The strip that you bowl the ball
down is called the lane.
And the aim of the game is to
knock over as many pins as possible
with the ball.
And these bits are the bumpers.
They'll stop the bowling ball
going down into the gutter,
here on the side.
And now for the fun bit, trying
to knock the pins down at the end
of the bowling alley.
Here goes.
Yes! But how do I get my ball back?
And how do the pins get tidied
so that I can have another go?
Do you know how
a bowling alley works?
Let's find out!
There are one, two, three, four,
five, six, seven, eight,
nine, ten pins!
Can you see what shape
the pins make?
It's got three sides.
That's right! It's a triangle.
They're arranged in a triangle shape
so that if the ball hits
the front pin just right,
there's more chance of them hitting
one another and then all
getting knocked down in one go.
If that happens,
we call it a strike.
Like this.
Most bowling alleys have
the same parts.
This is a ball return.
It's where you pick up your ball,
ready to bowl,
and it's where it comes back to
after you've had your turn.
CRASH!
Did you hear the sound of them
all crashing down?
But, wait, a machine has picked up
some of the pins
and swept the others away
and the ball is back
where it started.
To see how all this happened,
I think we need to take
a closer look.
When we roll the ball,
it travels down the alley.
Just before the ball hits the pins,
it breaks a beam of invisible light.
A message goes to a sensor
and up to a computer, which controls
a long bar called the rake,
to tell it to come down.
At the same time, the pins that are
still standing
are picked up out of the way
by a machine called the top deck.
The rake sweeps the ball
and the knocked over pins
to the back of the pit area.
The sensors count how many pins
have been knocked down.
The sensor sends another message
to the computer
to tell us the score
on the scoreboard.
At the back of the pit area,
a lift carries the knocked over pins
up to the top of the machine.
The standing pins are then
put back in place,
ready for the bowler's next go.
Whilst the pins are being reset,
the ball rolls down a tunnel
underneath the floor of the lane
and goes back to the ball return.
Big rollers push the ball back up,
ready for the bowler's next go.
That was really clever, wasn't it?
But I think we should see the
machines in action for ourselves.
Now, you should never go down to
the pit area of a bowling alley,
but this is Ken.
He works on the machines here
and has given me special permission
to show you how everything works.
This is exciting, isn't it?
This is the back of the lane
that we're using and down there
is where the pins are scooped
onto the lift.
But the machinery is all inside
these cages,
to keep everything safe,
so I've brought my special camera on
a long stick so we can put it
over the top and see the pins
moving.
Look! Can you see the pins
coming up the lift one at a time?
And on the top, we can see the pins
being sorted,
ready to go back again
for another go.
And there they go.
But how does the ball get back to
the ball return
so that we can have another go?
Come down here.
Someone's using this lane now.
Look. After a ball has been bowled,
it's sorted to the side
and then it goes down
that little tunnel.
What do you think happens
to it next?
Ken's taken the lane apart
so we can see for ourselves.
Did you see that?
It happened really fast.
The ball travelled all the way
down the tunnel, back to the ramp.
The rollers grip the ball and move
it to the back, to the front,
and to the back again,
in a wiggly shape.
Just like that!
And now the ball and the pins
are ready for another go.
I loved seeing
how a bowling alley works.
What was your favourite bit?
Do you remember what the part is
called that sweeps the pins away?
That's right.
It's called the rake.
Did you hear the sound as the ball
crashes into the pins?
CRASH!
And did you see the pins
go up the lift,
ready to be put back on the lane?
I love bowling.
It's a really fun thing to do
with family and friends.
Or as a birthday party treat!
What else is fun
at birthday parties?
I like party hats
and candles on a cake.
And I really love surprises,
like wrapped presents!
What's this?
It's a ribbon that's been tied
into a bow.
But do you know how ribbon is made?
Let's find out.
Ribbon is made here,
in a ribbon factory.
Every year, this factory makes
million metres of ribbon.
That's enough to tie around
the whole world
and have a big bow on top.
And they make loads
of different colours!
Like green ribbon,
stripy ribbon,
and even ribbon with stars on it.
But, today, they're making a type
of check pattern, like this.
It's called tartan.
Let's see how it's made.
To make ribbon we start with this -
a type of yarn called polyester.
And this one is made
from recycled plastic bottles.
This yarn is very thin
and it's been wound neatly
onto one of these.
It's called a tube.
So, to make a piece of ribbon
as wide as this,
lots and lots of threads of yarn
have to be woven together.
But it's so thin,
it's quite tricky to see.
I've got my special
microscope camera with me
and it lets me see really
small things much bigger.
You ready?
Oh!
There you go!
Just look at that pattern
and all of those colours!
Can you see the threads of yarn
that go from the top to the bottom?
Well, they're called
the warps of yarn.
And then, can you see the threads
that go across from side to side,
from left to right?
Well, those are called the wefts.
Those warps and wefts weave together
to make the ribbon nice and strong.
But how is it made?
First, tubes of yarn are
put onto this.
It's called a warping machine,
and the area with all of the tubes
of yarn on it
is called the creel.
Just look at all of
those different colours!
Steve loads the tubes onto
the creel in a special pattern,
and that pattern will make
the tartan design.
When the machine is turned on,
the yarn is pulled off the tubes
and it's fed through the creel,
all the way over here.
It travels over a roller
and goes through this metal part,
called the reeds.
It stops the yarn getting tangled,
a little bit like a hair comb
and then finally it's wound
onto the beam.
And look, we've got all of the right
colours.
But it's stripy.
That's not a tartan design, is it?
The beam has been taken off
the warping machine,
and has now been placed
on the weaving machine.
It's the weaving machine's
job to weave the weft.
Those are the yarns that go
across from side to side
through the warps,
the yarns that go up and down.
The warp yarns are reeled off
the beam,
and the weft yarns are pulled
off these tubes, down here.
LOUD WHIRRING
And this is where they meet
to be woven together
and something called the front reed
is pushing it together
to make sure that weave is nice
and tight.
But it's really noisy, isn't it?
What does it sound like?
It's a little bit like a helicopter.
But it's noisy
because it's working so fast!
It's quite difficult to see.
I set up my super slow-motion camera
so that we can see the needle weave
the weft over or under the warps.
Let's see how it looks.
Look! Can you see the warp yarns?
There are two layers of them.
Top and bottom.
This means the weft yarns
can be woven through them easily.
The warp yarns then swap places.
The top ones go to the bottom
and the bottom ones to the top,
and the weft yarns go back again,
making the pattern.
Can you see the front reed
pushing it all together?
It all happens times
every single second.
So, even in slow motion,
it's still quite fast.
That is incredible, isn't it?
And this machine will make tartan
ribbon at this speed for days
before it changes its design.
And in this factory,
there are weaving machines.
That's a lot of ribbon!
Next, the ribbon is put through
a finishing machine.
The ribbon is rolled over
these drums called hot tins.
I can really feel the heat.
They press the ribbon to make sure
it's nice and flat.
It's a little bit like ironing your
clothes at home with a steam iron.
Once it's all been nicely pressed,
it goes on a journey
to the make-up room.
Let's follow it using
my special camera.
Bye!
Oh, wow! Look at it go!
There you are!
Lastly, the ribbon is fed
onto a reeling machine
which winds the ribbon onto reels...
..before a special pair of scissors
snip off the end.
So, there you have it.
A finished reel of tartan ribbon.
And the great thing about ribbon
is that it can be used
again and again.
You can even tie it in your hair,
like this.
I loved seeing how ribbon is made!
What was your favourite bit?
Do you remember the two names
for the yarn in the ribbon?
They go up and down, left and right.
That's right!
They're called warps and wefts.
Did you hear the sound
that the weaving machine made?
It sounded a bit like a helicopter!
LOUD WHIRRING
And did you see all those
different colours of yarn
on the creel machine?
It was like a rainbow!
So, the next time you see a present
wrapped in ribbon, you'll know
how the ribbon was made.
And if you go bowling, you know how
a bowling alley works.
I'll see you next time.
There are lots of things
all around us
Exciting things that surround us
But how does it work?
Do you know?
How is it made?
Do you know?
Do you know?
Let's find out!

13._Beehive_and_Mug
There are lots of things
all around us
Exciting things that surround us
But how does it work?
Do you know?
How is it made?
Do you know?
Things that go up
Things that go down
Things that go pop
 Things that go round
With special cameras to
show you inside
It's going to be a big surprise
But how does it work?
Do you know?
How is it made?
Do you know?
Do you know?
Let's find out.
Hi, I'm Maddie and today I'm going
for a walk in the park.
I've got my rucksack and a packed
lunch.
I've got a cheese sandwich,
banana, apple.
Oh, and yogurt with honey.
Do you know how honey is made?
That's right.
Bees make honey.
I've seen a few
flying around here today.
Can you spot one?
They're collecting a liquid called
nectar that they take back
to a beehive to turn into honey.
Do you know how a bee hive works?
Let's find out.
There are lots of different beehives
in all sorts of places like fields,
forests and even people's gardens.
But the one I'm going to visit
is on the top of a building.
In the middle of a city.
You must never play or look
inside a beehive
without a grown-up.
But I've got special permission
to look inside these hives.
But before I show you,
first I need to get on
a special beekeeping suit.
Come on!
Hi, Tim.
Hi, Maddie.
Tim is the beekeeper here
and he's going to be helping me show
you inside a beehive.
The beehive is where bees find
shelter, lay their eggs,
feed the baby bees, and it's where
yummy honey is made.
A group of bees inside a hive
is called a colony and every colony
has just one queen bee.
She's in charge and she lives
in this bottom box just here.
There could be as many as ,
bees inside the hive and most
of them are female worker bees.
And, look, she's just landed
on my hand. To find out how the
worker bees use a hive to store
their honey,
I think we need to take
a closer look.
The bee leaves the hive to find
a flower filled with nectar.
She uses her long tube-shaped
tongue to suck the liquid nectar
from the flower.
The bee stores the nectar
in her extra honey stomach,
called a crop, and makes her way
back to the hive.
When the bee gets to the hive,
she does the waggle dance
to tell the other
bees where she has found the nectar.
The bee then passes the nectar
into the mouth of another bee.
And another bee and another
bee, quite a few times.
Each time the nectar passes
through the honey stomach of each
bee, the nectar mixes with an
enzyme.
The enzyme breaks down the nectar
and turns it into a simple sugar.
The last bee in a chain spreads
the mixture into the wax honeycomb.
Because the mixture is still runny,
the bees fan the honeycomb
with their wings to dry it out.
This is called evaporation.
When the water has evaporated,
the bees put a layer of wax
over it, called beeswax,
to seal the honey like a lid.
How clever is that? Why don't we
try to see things a little bit
more clearly with one of my special
cameras?
This is my special slow-motion
camera
that lets us see things that happen
really quickly much slower.
So, here goes.
Can you see those yellow
blobs on their legs?
That's pollen that gets trapped
on little parts on their legs
called pollen baskets.
That is amazing.
But I think it's about time
we looked inside the hive.
You should never open a beehive
yourself,
so I've asked beekeeper
Tim to show us.
And this is the crown board,
the part which keeps the bees safe
and dry inside, and now Tim's
going to use this tool here.
It's called a hive tool,
and listen...
THE LID CRACKS
Can you hear that crack?
That's Tim breaking the seal.
And inside there are frames
and this is where the bees
store the honey.
SHE GASPS
Oh. There you go.
It's so heavy and that's because it
is full of honey.
I wonder if any of these bees are
doing the waggle dance now to let
the other bees know where
the good nectar is?
When the frames first go in the
hive, they actually look like this.
Can you see the difference?
Each of these is called a cell.
How many sides does it have?
Let's count them.
One, two, three,
four, five, six.
Six sides.
That's a hexagon and a hexagon
is a brilliant shape
because they fit together perfectly,
meaning there are no gaps,
so the bees can store as much
honey as possible.
Do you know these bees eat
about kg of the honey
they make every year?
That's about the same weight
as two of you.
But there's still a lot left over,
and Tim collects the extra
honey for us to enjoy...
..fresh out of the hive.
Mmm.
That is delicious.
I loved seeing how beehives work.
What was your favourite bit?
Do you remember the name
of a group of bees?
That's right. It's a colony.
Did you hear the sound the hive made
when we lifted the lid?
THE LID CRACKS
And did you see the bees flapping
their wings on my special
slow motion camera?
Time for a snack.
I'm going to have an apple
and a drink from a mug.
If you've ever had a warm drink,
like a hot chocolate for a treat,
then you might have used a mug.
Listen to the sound it makes.
GENTLE TAPPING
Do you know how a mug is made?
Let's find out.
To make a mug, we start in a place
like this...
A pottery.
They make all sorts of different
things here...
Teapots...
..plates and bowls...
..and, of course, lots of mugs.
They make blue ones, green ones,
spotty ones and even stripy ones.
Which one is your favourite?
I think I like the stripy
one best and today,
we're going to find out
how a stripy mug is made
To make a mug, first we need our
main material...
Clay.
The wet, sticky clay is dug out of
the ground at a place called
a quarry and is brought to the
factory to dry out.
When it's ready, diggers drop it
into a machine
called a milling cylinder...
..where water is added.
It's very, very noisy.
The wet, gloopy mixture that comes
out of the milling cylinder
is called slurry.
And it's bounced around really
quickly to make it smooth.
The smooth, wet mixture is pumped
into this machine.
It works like a press and large
pieces of material with tiny holes
in it squeeze everything
together and that gets rid
of all of the extra water.
The big slabs of dry clay
then drop down into a machine
called the rotary feeder,
where they're cut up.
I've put my special
camera on a long pole
so that we can get a better look
inside the rotary feeder.
Here we go.
Look at that.
It's like big slices of cheese
being grated.
The clay then goes downstairs.
The small pieces are then squashed
here at the pugmill and it comes
out in a long sausage shape that are
then chopped into individual
logs like this.
It's really heavy, but this will
make mugs.
Then the robots take over.
They put a slice of clay into a
mould, which is the same shape
as a mug.
Can you see that steel roller
raising up and down?
It spins round and round to squish
the clay to the side of the mould.
Next, the mug-shaped clay
is taken out of the moulds.
They're spun around really quickly,
but there is still something
missing...
That's right. The handle.
It's Gail's job to stick the handles
on.
They use a mixture of watery clay
and salt. It's called slip.
The mugs spend about two and a half
hours inside this drier.
Can you see how they're getting
lighter as the clay dries out?
Look how many there are.
Can you guess how many mugs are
being made in this factory today?
, mugs.
Were you close?
And every single one has to be made
super smooth by hand
using a diddling stick before they
go into a really hot kiln
to be made hard.
This is a biscuit kiln.
It's a little bit like an oven
you might have at home in your
kitchen to bake biscuits in,
only this one is much longer
and much, much hotter.
The biscuit kiln is heated to
a thousand degrees.
That's four times hotter than your
oven at home,
and those mugs will be in there for
eighteen hours.
When the mugs come out of the kiln,
they are really hard...
GENTLE TAPPING
..and ready to be painted.
First, on the inside.
The mug sits on a spinning plate
and a liquid, called glaze,
is poured in.
And that spinning movement makes the
glaze swirl
around the inside the mug.
But what about the outside?
It's Susan's job to hand-paint the
mugs in colourful patterns.
Can you remember what pattern
we're making today?
That's right. Stripes.
Isn't it cool?
The mugs are then dipped
into a glaze coating.
But where have all the stripes gone?
They are still there, but the mugs
need to go back into the kiln
so the glaze can be baked, which
makes it go clear so you can see
the stripes again.
And here we have a finished mug.
The glaze is hard, strong and shiny.
Just look how fantastic
those colours turned out to be.
All of these mugs are perfect,
but if there were any with cracks
in, they're recycled.
But now, I think it's
time for a cup of tea.
I loved seeing how mugs are made.
What was your favourite bit?
Do you remember what the lumps of
clay were called to make each mug?
That's right.
They're called logs.
Did you hear the sound of the mug
when it came out of the kiln?
GENTLE TAPPING
And did you see my special camera
when we looked inside
the milling cylinders?
Look at all that clay.
So, the next time you
drink from a mug
or see a grown-up
with a cup of tea,
you'll know how the mug was made,
and when you see a bee buzzing
around from flower to flower,
you'll know how its hive works.
I'll see you next time.
There are lots of things
All around us
Exciting things that surround
But how does it work?
Do you know?
 How is it made?
Do you know?
Do you know?
Let's find out!

14._Digestion_and_Meringue
There are lots of things
All around us
Exciting things
That surround us
But how does it work?
Do you know?
How is it made?
Do you know?
Things that go up
Things that go down
Things that go pop!
Things that go round
With special cameras
To show you inside
It's going to be a big surprise
But how does it work?
Do you know?
How is it made?
Do you know?
Do you know?
Let's find out!
Hello, I'm Maddie and I've just sat
down to have my lunch.
Mmm. That was yummy.
I really enjoyed it,
and there's no food left
on my plate.
But what's happening to the food
I've just eaten?
My food is being digested, which
means it's gone into my body,
where it's being broken
down and turned into energy
that will keep me strong
and healthy.
But what's going on inside our
bodies when we digest food?
How does digestion work?
Let's find out.
All living things, like us, need
food, just like a car
needs fuel to go.
Brrum!
Our bodies need food to work
properly.
Food is our fuel.
Do you have a favourite food?
Maybe it's swirly spaghetti...
..or a yummy chicken curry with
rice.
It's important we eat lots of
different types of food
and there are five main food groups.
On the yellow are types of food
that we call carbohydrates.
These include foods like pasta
and rice.
Oh, and there's some bread.
They give us energy.
In the red area is the protein
group.
What can you spot?
Eggs, some meat, fish, nuts, beans
and lentils.
They're like the building
blocks for our body
that help us grow and repair
ourselves.
The green section gives us
vitamins, minerals and fibre.
But what are they?
That's right.
Fruit and vegetables.
And this is important because it
helps us to fight infection,
like a cold or flu, and they keep
us healthy.
The fourth group is dairy.
Most dairy foods come
from animal milk.
Here, we've got cheese, yogurt and
cow's milk, but dairy foods give us
an important mineral called calcium
and calcium helps to keep our teeth
and bones strong and healthy.
You can also get calcium
from milk made out of plants,
like soya or almonds.
And on the purple, we have types
of food called fats and sugars.
It's important for us to have some
fats because they help
keep our bodies warm.
They help us to use vitamins
and they keep our brains
working properly, but there are two
different types of fat.
Healthy fats, like nuts, seeds
and oily fish,
and fats you should eat less of.
They're in things like
cake and chocolate,
which also contain sugar.
Now for the fun part. We need the
right amount of all five food groups
to help our bodies work properly.
We call it a balanced diet.
It's easy to choose a balanced diet.
We just need a plate.
Look, the plate is being split
into different colours.
The yellow is carbohydrate.
Red is protein.
Fruit and vegetables are green.
Dairy is blue,
and fats purple.
This is a balanced diet and shows us
how much of each food group
we should eat.
So, what should I have for my
balanced dinner?
I've got chicken for protein,
rice for carbohydrates,
carrots and beans for vegetables,
with some yogurt for dairy
and banana for fruit.
Instead of chicken,
I could also have some fish
or beans for protein.
That all looked really tasty,
didn't it?
But what happens inside our bodies
when we eat a balanced diet?
To find out, I think we need to take
a closer look.
When we put food in our mouths,
we chew it.
Glands called salivary
glands create saliva,
which make our food wetter and
easier to swallow.
As we swallow, the food goes
down a pipe called the oesophagus
into the stomach.
Inside the stomach, the food mixes
with stomach acid
and special chemicals our body makes
called enzymes.
Enzymes help break down the food
into tiny pieces, which then move
into the small intestine.
The proteins, fats and carbohydrates
are broken down and the vitamins
and energy from the food
are taken in our blood
from the small intestines
to be used around our bodies.
The food that our bodies
can't use is moved along
to the large intestine.
The water is taken away
and the leftover waste is made
into faeces, which we call poo.
And finally, when all the food
is processed, a message is sent
to the brain to tell us
we need to go to the toilet.
That was really interesting,
wasn't it?
Our bodies use the nutrients
from the five food groups
in lots of different ways.
But it's our heart that pumps
the energy from our digested food
around the body in our blood.
So, when I run around,
the more I run, the faster my heart
pumps the energy about my body.
Can you remember what food group
gives us the energy?
That's right.
Carbohydrates.
Every time I jump up and down,
I'm using my muscles and my bones.
Can you remember which food group
helps our bodies to grow and repair?
That's right.
Proteins.
And don't forget fruit and
vegetables
that help keep us healthy.
It was so interesting finding
out how digestion works.
What was your favourite part?
Do you remember the food group
that gives us lots of energy?
That's right.
It's carbohydrates.
Can you remember what pumps energy
around our body so we can play?
Yes, it's our heart.
And did you see all the yummy food
laid out on my colourful food group
table?
Because we've been using
lots of energy,
I think we can have a special treat.
What's your favourite dessert?
I like something that's fruity,
crunchy and gooey
all at the same time.
Fruit and meringue.
But how is a meringue crunchy
on the outside
and gooey in the middle?
Do you know how a meringue is made?
Let's find out.
To find out how meringue is made,
I've come here to a meringue bakery.
Here, they make lots of different
types of meringue in all sorts
of shapes and sizes.
Purple ones...
..big ones and small ones...
..and even meringue drizzled
in chocolate.
The main ingredient we need to make
any meringue is these.
Eggs.
Inside an egg, there are two parts.
A thick, clear, gooey liquid called
the egg white
and a thick yellow part
called the egg yolk.
The bit that we need to make
meringue is the egg white.
The egg whites arrive at this
factory already separated
from the yolks, like this.
The next ingredient we need is sugar
and sugar comes in granules,
like this.
But to make the perfect meringue,
we need hot sugar.
The sugar is spread on these trays
to be heated.
For our meringue mixture,
we need one, two, three, four trays
of sugar, fresh from the sugar oven.
While the sugar is heating, we need
to start work on the egg whites.
First, the right amount of egg white
is weighed on these scales,
then it gets put into a huge mixing
bowl.
Inside the mixing bowl,
the egg whites are being whipped by
a whisk.
You might have a mixer a bit like
this at home,
but here, the whisks are massive.
It's bigger than my head.
Egg whites are made of protein
and inside protein are thousands
of tiny little strings called
amino acids.
When the egg white is runny,
the amino acids are curled
up closely together.
When they're whisked, the amino
acids unfold and wrap around
air bubbles, which the whisk makes
as it spins,
making the mixture fluffy and ready
for sugar to be added.
ALARM BLARES
Can you hear that alarm?
That means the hot sugar is ready
to come out of the sugar oven
and get added to the fluffy
egg whites.
The sugar needs to be whisked
into the egg white for minutes.
Because the whisk moves so quickly,
I'm going to film this with one
of my special cameras.
This camera films in slow motion,
which means
when we watch things back,
we can see them happening
more slowly.
Look, in slow motion you can see the
whisk whipping the solid crystals
of sugar into the fluffy egg white.
And this makes the mixture lovely
and glossy, thick and sticky...
..which means it's time to add
some flavour.
What colour do you think
the strawberry meringue mixture is
going to be?
That's right. Red.
Liam and Kayleigh use big spoons
to scoop out the mixture,
then they give it a swirl and push
it onto a tray with a spatula.
They're really starting to look
like meringues now, aren't they?
They make meringues on a tray and
there are trays on a rack.
That's meringues just here.
And if you stacked each meringue on
top of each other,
they'd be taller than
Buckingham Palace.
These look fantastic and good enough
to eat, but they're not
quite finished yet.
The meringue are wheeled into this
huge oven where they're baked
at a low temperature for around two
hours.
This is to stop the outside of
the meringues from cracking
and to make sure the inside stays
lovely and gooey.
Inside the oven, the meringue is
turned around,
like it's going for a ride on a
carousel.
This makes sure that they're baked
evenly the whole way through,
so that we know the
meringue is definitely cooked.
They look tasty, don't they?
Ooh!
Crunchy on the outside and gooey
in the middle.
I loved finding out how meringue
is made.
What was your favourite bit?
Do you remember the name of the
machine that mixed the egg white?
That's right.
It's called a whisk.
Did you hear the sound
of the oven's alarm when it was
ready to take the sugar out?
ALARM BLARES
And did you see how glossy and thick
the whisk made the egg white
and sugar on my special camera?
So, the next time you see a meringue
or have one as a special treat,
you'll know how it was made,
and now you know what happens
to food when we digest
it in our bodies.
Right. I think it's time to tuck in.
I'll see you next time.
There are lots of things
All around us
Exciting things
That surround us
But how does it work?
Do you know?
How is it made?
Do you know?
Do you know?
Let's find out!

15._Clouds_Rain_and_Radiator
There are lots of things
All around us
Exciting things
That surround us
But how does it work?
Do you know?
How is it made?
Do you know?
Things that go up
Things that go down
Things that go pop!
Things that go round
With special cameras
To show you inside
It's going to be a big surprise
But how does it work?
Do you know?
 How is it made?
Do you know?
Do you know?
Let's find out!
Hello, I'm Maddie and today
I'm finding out about the weather.
I wonder what the weather will be
like today.
I've got some water to drink,
sunglasses because the sun's out and
an umbrella, which...
..I can put up if it starts to rain.
But why does it rain?
And where does the rain come from?
How does rain work?
Let's find out.
Water is really, really important.
We need fresh water to drink
and animals and plants need water
so they can stay healthy too.
You can see water in rivers, streams
and there's lots of salty water
in the sea.
But the really interesting
thing is that water comes
from up there, in the sky, as drops
of rain.
And the drops of rain
that come from clouds
are part of what's
called the water cycle.
Have you ever noticed they're all
sorts of different shapes and sizes?
What shapes can you see?
That cloud looks like a jumping
rabbit.
Oh!
And that cloud looks a bit
like a duck.
There are lots of different types
of clouds, but there are three main
cloud shapes and they all
have special names.
These are cirrus clouds and they
look like little tufts
or wisps of hair.
These are stratus clouds.
They're flat, low in the sky
and we tend to see them
when it's foggy and misty.
And my favourite, cumulus clouds.
Cumulus clouds are fluffy and bumpy.
I think they look a little bit like
cotton wool.
And we can also get rain clouds.
A cumulus could grow into one of
these.
A cumulonimbus.
These are huge, high in the sky,
grey, and if you see a cumulonimbus,
it's probably going to rain.
But to find out how rain comes from
clouds, I think we need to take
a closer look.
When the sun shines on the sea,
the water heats up, turning
the liquid water into a gas
called water vapour.
Water vapour is very light,
so it rises up into the sky.
This is called evaporation.
As the water vapour reaches the sky,
it cools down, turning into tiny
water droplets.
Clouds are made from lots
and lots of water droplets.
They bump into each other and stick
together, getting bigger and bigger
until they're too heavy
and turn into rain.
The rain lands on the ground and
runs back into the rivers and sea,
where the sun heats up the water
and the whole cycle starts again.
This is called the water cycle.
The water cycle is incredible,
isn't it?
But did you know that we can measure
the clouds so that we know
when it might rain?
It's called forecasting.
The weather forecast tells
us what the weather
might be like in the next few days
and it uses special symbols,
like this, which means it's going to
be sunny.
This one means cloudy.
And what do you think this means?
That's right.
It means rain is coming.
To find out where we get the
information for a weather forecast,
I've come to a weather centre.
Forecasting the weather needs
lots of information
and all of that is stored on a very,
very powerful computer.
It's so powerful, they call
it a supercomputer.
Ooh!
Can you hear that whirring noise?
That's the sound of lots of fans
spinning round and round.
The supercomputer works so hard
that the electrics
can get really hot, so the fan
helps to cool them down.
The computer's first job is to work
out where the clouds are
and it does this using a cloud base
recorder.
This sends an invisible beam of
light into the sky.
The beam then hits the base
of a cloud and will bounce back,
telling the cloud base recorder
how high the cloud is.
But there is another way
to see the clouds...
From above.
High up in space, there are special
cameras called satellites that look
a little bit like this.
Weather satellites take pictures
of the clouds and they'll send
all of that information
to dishes, like this one.
Using the information from the cloud
base recorders
and the weather satellites,
the people who work here at the
supercomputer can figure out
where the clouds are going
and whether or not
it's going to rain.
And look, here are some pictures of
clouds that the weather satellites
are seeing from space.
How incredible is that?
Here at the weather centre, all of
that information about clouds
is used to create the weather
forecast and they're filming
one right now.
..and we can expect to see
cloud and rain.
I loved finding out how clouds
are made.
What was your favourite bit?
Can you remember what the clouds are
called that look
a bit like cotton wool?
That's right. They're
called cumulus clouds.
Did you hear the whirring sound
the fan made as it cooled
the supercomputer down?
FAN BLASTS
And did you see the pictures
of the clouds that
the special satellite cameras took
all the way from space?
Sometimes, when it's raining
and chilly outside,
it's fun to do things inside
where it's nice and warm,
like jigsaw puzzles.
Lots of houses are kept warm with
these. Do you know what it's called?
That's right.
A radiator.
A radiator helps to keep our home
warm because it's full of warm water
that travels around our house
through pipes.
But do you know how a
radiator's made?
Let's find out.
To find out how radiators are made,
I've come to a radiator factory.
They make , radiators
here every single day.
That's a lot of radiators.
They make lots of different
types of radiators,
but today we're making a white
radiator...
..with grooves.
Radiators can be made from different
types of metal,
but our radiator is made
from a metal called steel.
Can you see that one piece of metal
is being rolled underneath
and another is rolled on top?
It's a bit like a sandwich.
But the radiator we're making
isn't flat.
It needs grooves in it.
Next, the metal goes through a
really heavy press that chomps
down and it bends the steel into
that bumpy, groovy pattern.
Look.
Chomp and groove.
Chomp and groove.
Chomp and groove.
The pressure, when it chomps down,
is about tonnes,
and that's the same weight as
T-Rex dinosaurs.
But even that much pressure isn't
enough to stick the two panels
of steel together, so they need to
go to the spot welding machine.
The copper tips are really hot.
They melt the steel and that glues
them together.
Now the radiator panels
are stuck together,
it's time for this machine to make
the inside of the radiator.
RHYTHMIC TAPPING
It sounds like a drumming band.
This makes a part called
the convector panel
and it goes in between the front
and back radiator panels.
It's like the radiator sandwich
fillings.
And look, the convector panels are
being stuck to the radiator panels.
The spot-welded radiator panels
have to be sealed at the edges
so all of the water doesn't fall
out.
An electric current passes
through the copper wheels
to the steel, which welds them
together because everything gets
really, really hot.
It melts the steel
a little bit like glue.
Look, you can see all the steam
coming off.
Another steam roller seals the two
ends of the radiator panel.
This is where the two panels,
a front and a back, come together
and will be connected with a pipe,
and that's where the water will
go in and out of our radiator.
And that warm water is what heats
up the radiators and our houses.
Here one comes.
That looks like a radiator,
doesn't it?
But next, it's going for a bath
to be tested for leaks.
Two robot arms plug into the
connector pipe and they fill
the radiators with air, and then
they go for a dunk in the water.
If there are any leaks, we should
see lots of bubbles.
All looks fine here.
Next, the radiators are hung
up on this long line.
It's like a giant washing
line for radiators.
So let's watch where they go
with my special camera.
Look, can you see the radiator
drying off?
The droplets of water are dripping
down the grooves,
but where are they going next?
The radiators go to a huge tank
to be painted.
Let's go see!
This tank is metres long
and the radiators
will be in there for about a minute.
After that, they go into
a big drier.
I can really feel the heat and now,
the first coat of paint is dry.
Then they go into here where they're
sprayed with a second coat of paint.
It's called powder coating
and it gives the radiators
a lovely smooth finish.
And here we have a finished
radiator.
Doesn't it look bright and shiny?
What did you like most about seeing
how radiators are made?
Can you remember the name
of the metal that was used
to make a radiator?
That's right. Steel.
Did you hear the sound the press
made when it made
the convector panel?
RHYTHMIC TAPPING
And did you see my special camera
when it went for a ride
on the radiator?
So the next time you're cosy
inside, you'll know how a radiator
was made to keep us warm,
and if it's raining outside and you
see clouds in the sky,
you'll know how they got there.
I'll see you next time.
There are lots of things
All around us
Exciting things
That surround us
But how does it work?
Do you know?
How is it made?
Do you know?
Do you know?
Let's find out!

16._Metal_Recycling_Centre_and_Road_Sign
There are lots of things
all around us
Exciting things that surround us
But how does it work?
Do you know?
How is it made?
Do you know?
Things that go up
Things that go down
Things that go pop
Things that go round
With special cameras
to show you inside
 It's going to be a big surprise
But how does it work?
Do you know?
How is it made?
Do you know? Do you know?
Let's find out!
Hello, I'm Maddie,
and today, it's recycling day.
I've got an old newspaper,
some glass jars.
And also old food cans.
All of these things
can be recycled at home.
Even old cars can be recycled.
But a car wouldn't fit inside
a recycling bin, would it?
So, how do you recycle a car?
How does that work?
Let's find out!
When a car is broken
or doesn't work any more,
it comes to a place like this,
a metal recycling centre!
And a car has lots of parts
that can be recycled.
Some bits inside the car
are made from plastic.
The tyres are made from rubber.
The windows are made from glass.
But most of the engine and the body
of the car is made from metal.
Lots of these different materials
will be recycled, but today,
we're going to see how the metal
parts of the car are recycled,
ready to be used again.
You must never play or go into
a metal recycling centre
without a grown-up.
But I've got special permission to
be here and show you how it works.
First, the car's wheels
are taken off.
How many wheels does a car have?
Then, the cars are lifted up
into the depollution rig.
This is where all the old petrol,
oils and other liquids
are removed from the car.
Once the dirty liquids
have been removed,
cars are taken to
the scrapping area.
Here, they use massive machines
called grab cranes.
Can you see? They've got
a type of hook on the end
that lets them grab the cars
and bits of scrap metal,
and move everything around.
I've been given permission
to put one of my special cameras
on the arm
so we can see what happens
when the arm goes up.
And I've also put one where the
driver sits.
Here we go!
It's so high!
Look, the grab crane
can crush cars as well.
It made the car look like
a paper bag.
Now the big grab claw
is picking up the car.
Can you hear that noise?
MECHANICAL GROAN
It's lifting the car up so high.
Look at that massive pile of metal.
Oh, and there's another grab crane.
It's like they're playing
pass the parcel with cars.
Wow!
After all the cars have
been crushed...
..the next stage is the mill.
The mill is a gigantic
shredding machine
and it can chomp a car
and all of that scrap metal
up into thousands of pieces.
But to watch it safely,
we're going inside this cabin.
Dave's in control
and he's bringing all the crushed
cars up from the scrapping area.
And he's even got his own
special camera
so he can see what's going
on inside.
Inside the mill, all the different
types of materials from the cars
are now ready to be separated
by another very big machine.
To find out how it works, I think
we need to take a closer look.
After the car has been shredded,
the mill operator sends all the
small pieces to be sorted.
First, they go over a roller with
a very strong magnet inside,
it's called a drum magnet.
The magnet attracts the magnetic
pieces of steel
and they fall into the first pile.
The rest of the pieces fall onto
another conveyor belt.
At the end of the conveyor is
a roller
called an eddy current separator.
Inside, magnets move in a
special way
which creates a magnetic field.
This makes the aluminium and
copper pieces
behave like magnets
for a split second.
And the pieces spring into the air
and into a second bin.
The rest of the car parts that are
made from
plastic, rubber, cloth and glass
fall into the last bin
so they too can be taken away
and recycled.
That was impressive, wasn't it?
Shall we go see the different
piles of material
that have been separated? Let's go.
This pile is all the copper
and aluminium.
And here we've got piles of much
smaller pieces of mixed metal -
there are even some coins in there.
Finally, the steel bay.
This is where the steel goes
down a conveyor belt
and workers check
that no other materials
have fallen onto the wrong pile.
Look how fast it's going.
Then all of that steel travels along
a very long conveyor belt.
It goes from here...
..all the way over there.
It even crosses a road.
And it falls out here onto this
massive pile.
This centre recycles , tonnes
of steel every single week.
That's the same weight as over
, T-Rexs.
And that's a lot of dinosaurs.
And when this pile gets too big,
enormous ships arrive here
and they take the recycled steel
away to other parts of the world
where they're turned into new things
and used again.
I loved seeing how old cars
are recycled.
Did you?
What was your favourite part?
Can you remember the name of the
main metal
that is used to make cars?
That's right, it's steel.
Did you hear the noise that the
grab crane made
when it picked up the cars?
MECHANICAL GROAN
And did you see the grab
crane crush the car
when we looked at it
on my special camera?
Wasn't it fun finding out how
cars can be recycled?
They could be turned into lots
of different things.
Even...
..road signs.
Road signs help drivers
and people walking alongside
the road stay safe.
But do you know
how road signs are made?
Let's find out.
To find out how road signs are made,
I've come here
to a road sign factory.
To make a road sign,
we start in here...
..at a computer that stores all of
the road sign designs.
Look, this one here means that
there's a risk of snow or ice.
And this one, that means that there
might be toads ahead.
Ooh, and that one there, that means
that children are crossing.
Once the design has been chosen,
the computer sends the information
to a printer.
I wonder which road sign
we'll be printing today.
This is a TrafficJet printer.
It's a bit like a printer
you might have at home
only it's much, much bigger.
But road signs aren't printed
on paper.
They're printed on this.
It's called reflective vinyl.
But to show you how it works,
I need to turn the lights off.
Look, if I shine
this torch at the vinyl,
can you see what happens?
The light hits the material
and bounces,
it reflects back
and that makes it really bright.
So when the material has a sign
printed on it,
the drivers will be able to see it
easily, even when it's dark.
Now it's time for some printing.
Here comes our print now
but I can't tell what it is yet.
It is going to take about five
minutes to print
so I'm going to film this with
some of my special cameras.
I'm recording using a time-lapse
camera
which means we can see things
that happen slowly much quicker.
Here it comes.
Look, it's going to be a
red triangle.
That means it's a warning sign.
And there's a person inside
the triangle.
Oh, and there's another one.
Do you know what sign it is?
And there we have it,
it's a school crossing sign.
This one will take about two hours
to dry before it's ready
to go to the next machine.
Next, the sign goes into a machine
called the laminator
where it's coated with a layer of
protective material called vinyl.
But it's all floppy and you couldn't
hang that by a road, could you?
No. So what do you think it needs?
It needs to be stuck on
something stronger,
like metal.
This enormous green machine is
called a hydraulic guillotine
and it cuts the big sheets of metal
into smaller shapes.
And today, we're making
a triangle road sign.
But the guillotine leaves sharp
edges on the metal sign
so the corners need to be
rounded off,
this is called radiusing.
Thank you. Now we have a triangle
with smooth tips.
This makes it safer to handle but,
also, I think it looks nice too.
Our sign is going to be put on a
metal post
and, to do that, a track is fixed
onto the back of the sign
using a riveting machine.
Rivets are metal pins, like this,
and they're fired through the track
into the back of the sign
and this fixes everything in place.
But this is called secret riveting
because you can only see the rivets
from the back.
From the front,
they can't be seen. Shh.
What do you think it sounds like?
I think it sounds like a huge
stapler.
CLA-CLUNK!
CLA-CLUNK!
CLACLUNK!
And now we're ready for the
reflective sign
to get stuck on the metal.
When the vinyl sign is in place,
a backing layer is peeled off
to reveal a sticky side.
It's like a giant sticker.
And then lots of pressure
and rollers are used
to stick the sign on so that there
aren't any bubbles or creases.
And, finally, the vinyl is trimmed
to make sure the sign is neat
and tidy.
Here we are. The tracks have been
fixed to a post and...
..we have a finished
school warning sign.
I loved finding out
how road signs are made.
What was your favourite bit?
Can you remember what a
triangle-shaped sign
tells road users?
That's right.
A triangle is a warning.
Did you hear the sound
that the riveting machine made?
I think it sounds like a
huge stapler.
CLA-CLUNK!
CLA-CLUNK!
And did you see the sign as it was
printed using my special cameras?
So the next time you see
a road sign in the street,
you'll know how it was made.
And if you see an old car,
you'll know how it can be recycled
so the old parts can be used again.
I'll see you next time.
There are lots of things
all around us
Exciting things that surround us
But how does it work?
Do you know?
How is it made?
Do you know?
Do you know?
Let's find out!

17._Lighthouse_and_Bathbomb
There are lots of things
all around us
Exciting things
that surround us
But how does it work?
Do you know?
How is it made?
Do you know?
Things that go up
Things that go down
Things that go pop
Things that go round
With special cameras
To show you inside
It's going to be a big surprise
But how does it work?
Do you know?
How is it made?
Do you know? Do you know?
Let's find out!
Hey, I'm Maddie, and today I'm having
a walk along the seaside.
There are lots of waves, sand,
and look - there's a bird
drying its wings in the breeze.
And what about that building
over there?
Do you know what it is?
That's right. It's a lighthouse.
It helps boats and ships
that are sailing nearby.
But, do you know how a lighthouse
works? Let's find out.
Lighthouses have very important jobs,
and that's to be seen by ships
that are far out at sea.
And so the ships can tell
which lighthouse they're looking at
during the day, sometimes they're
painted with different patterns,
so you can tell them apart from the
other lighthouses that are nearby.
Can you see what colour
and pattern this lighthouse has?
That's right.
It has red and white stripes.
Lighthouses have to be tall,
so they can be seen by ships,
to warn them that there are dangerous
rocks or shallow water nearby.
And this one is m high.
That's about the same height
as five giraffes
standing on top of each other.
But the most important part
of a lighthouse is the bright lamp
that shines on the top.
It's why it's called a lighthouse.
And that lamp is called a beacon.
At night, the lamp can be seen
from miles around.
And like lighthouses are painted
in different ways,
the lighthouse's lamp
flashes in different ways.
This flashing pattern
is called the character,
and it's marked on special maps that
are used by sailors, like this one.
It's called a nautical chart.
And that means that
when a sailor sees the lighthouse
and the pattern, they know
which one they're looking at.
This helps them
to work out where they are.
And this is our lighthouse,
just here.
We can see its name, the Happisburgh,
and its character
is written on the chart too.
And that's what this means.
Can you see the numbers
written on the chart?
It flashes three times
every seconds.
But how does a lighthouse
make a beam of light
that's so bright it can be seen
by ships in the night
that are miles away?
I think we need
to take a closer look.
A lighthouse's bright light
is called the beacon.
When it's dark outside,
or it's foggy, or stormy weather,
inside the lighthouse, a sensor
sends a message to a computer.
The computer switches on the beacon
and controls the flashing character
of the lighthouse.
There are three flashes of light,
then darkness.
The three flashes happen
every seconds.
The light bulb is inside
a big glass container
called a Fresnel lens.
The Fresnel lens is made
from hundreds of pieces
of specially-shaped glass.
The glass makes the individual
beams of light from the bulb
bend and reflect
to make a more focused beam of light.
The glass pieces
also magnify the light,
making it bigger
and even brighter.
The Fresnel lens points the beam
out at sea,
so that ships from miles around
can work out where they are.
Wow! A lighthouse is really clever,
isn't it?
And I've been given
special permission
to show you inside the lighthouse.
But to get to the top...
..we have to climb stairs
up this spiral staircase.
Hello. Are you coming up?
Oh. Wow!
This is the lantern room,
and a lantern is a type of lamp,
and that's just what the beacon is.
The views are incredible.
This is Peter. Hello, Peter. Hello.
He's the lighthouse keeper.
He looks after the lighthouse
and it's his job to keep
the Fresnel lens nice and clean.
And here it is.
Just look at all
of these pieces of glass.
And Peter has given me
special permission
to go inside the Fresnel lens.
Wow!
Wow! This is the light bulb
and really, it's not that big.
Let's see it in action.
Peter, can we switch it on?
Wow!
It's pretty bright, but remember,
the Fresnel lens makes it
much brighter and more focused,
and that's how this light bulb can be
seen by ships from miles away.
But I don't have a ship
to see this lighthouse from.
Up, up and away!
This is a special flying camera
and it's called a drone.
This is Alex
and he's going to fly the drone
and move the camera that's on board
using this controller.
OK, Alex, let's see it fly.
DRONE WHIRS
Whoa, it's really loud!
Sounds like a swarm of bees.
The lighthouse looks incredible
from up there.
We can see the flashing pattern,
the character, really clearly.
Here it goes.
One...
..two...
..three, and it's off.
Wow! And now it's flying out to sea.
The drone is so far away,
but we can still see the lighthouse
really clearly because
of its red and white stripes.
I loved finding out
how a lighthouse works. Did you?
What was your favourite bit?
Can you remember what the special
flashing pattern is called?
That's right.
It's called the character.
Did you hear the sound that the drone
camera made when it took off?
DRONE WHIRS
And did you see how amazing
the lighthouse looked
on my special flying camera?
I love to watch the sea
when the waves come into the rocks.
Can you see how the water goes
all bubbly when the waves crash?
It's a bit like a bubbly bath.
But have you ever used a bath bomb
to make your bath bubble?
Bath bombs are great fun,
because when they go in the water,
they bubble and fizz
and turn it bright colours.
But why is a bath bomb
bubbly and fizzy?
Do you know how a bath bomb's made?
Let's find out.
To find out how a bath bomb's made,
I've come to a bath bomb factory.
Wow! Look at all these bath bombs!
Don't they look great?
Look at all of the colours!
There's even a multicoloured one.
Bath bombs are quite hard,
and they're solid
all the way through.
So how does something hard
become fizzy and disappear
when it's put in water?
This is Brittany
and she's going to show us.
Here they make bath bombs out of
two main ingredients - this powder,
called bicarbonate of soda, and
these granules, called citric acid.
If Brittany puts bicarbonate of soda
in some water on its own,
nothing happens.
If she puts some citric acid
in some water on its own,
nothing happens.
But what do you think will happen
if we mix bicarbonate of soda
and citric acid
in some water together?
Wow! Look at all the bubbles!
It's even bubbling over the top.
The bubbles happen because,
when you mix bicarbonate of soda
and citric acid, and add water,
a chemical reaction happens.
Can you hear it fizzing?
The fizzing happens
because the chemical reaction
makes carbon dioxide bubbles,
which pop.
The same chemical reaction happens
when you put a bath bomb in water.
But, to turn the ingredient into
a bath bomb and make the bubbles
last longer, everything has to be
hard and dry,
so let's find out how they do it.
Brittany starts by putting
the ingredients into a mixing bowl.
Next, goes in this white powder.
It called corn starch,
and it's made from...
..corn.
The corn is ground up
into a really soft powder
and it holds everything together.
It also helps the bubbles last longer
when the bath bomb
goes into the water.
The mixture's really starting
to come together
but it looks a bit plain and
it doesn't really smell of anything,
so Brittany's going to add something
called fragrance.
Fragrance is used in lots
of different things to make them
smell nice, like your clothes when
they've just come out of the wash.
To brighten up the bath bombs,
we're going to add some colour,
using this powder, called pigment.
And a special liquid,
called a wetting agent.
The wetting agent makes the mixture
feel a little bit like wet sand,
but it will go hard really quickly.
Wow! Now we can really see
the pigment.
The bath bombs
are going to be bright pink.
Now it's time to make
the bath bomb shapes.
Brittany does this using a mould.
Can you see it's the same shape
as the bath bomb?
Brittany scoops the mixture into
both sides, squishes it together.
You end up with a doughnut shape.
And here we are,
strawberry pink bath bombs.
Now they have to dry for hours.
That's a whole day and a whole night.
And aren't the colours brilliant?!
This is our strawberry pink one.
They've gone hard, solid like a rock.
But what will happen
if we put them in water?
So we can get a closer look at the
bath bombs fizzing, I'm going to use
my special waterproof camera and put
it inside this container of water.
This is a special waterproof camera,
so you shouldn't do this
with your camera at home.
Here we go.
OK. Let's put the bath bomb in.
Ready? One, two, three.
BUBBLES POP
Whoa! Can you hear that sound?
It's like we're underwater
with the bath bomb.
Wow! Look at all of the pink bubbles!
The bicarbonate of soda
and the citric acid are reacting
when they hit the water.
And it smells really good too.
I loved seeing how bath bombs are
made. What was your favourite bit?
Can you remember what it's called
when the citric acid
and the bicarbonate of soda mix
to create lots of bubbles?
That's right.
It's called a chemical reaction.
Did you hear the sound of
the carbon dioxide bubbles popping?
BUBBLES POP
And did you see the bubbles fizzing
underwater on my special camera?
So the next time
you have a bath with a bath bomb,
you'll know how a reaction
happens between chemicals
inside the bath bomb and the water,
which makes it fizz and pop.
And if you go to a beach
and see a lighthouse,
you'll know how it works,
to help ships
even when they're way out at sea.
I'll see you next time.
There are lots of things
all around us
Exciting things that surround us
But how does it work?
Do you know?
How is it made?
Do you know? Do you know?
Let's find out!

18._Waves_and_Ice_Cream
There are lots of things
all around us
Exciting things
that surround us
But how does it work?
Do you know?
How is it made?
Do you know?
Things that go up
Things that go down
Things that go pop
Things that go round
With special cameras
to show you inside
It's going to be a big surprise
But how does it work?
Do you know?
How is it made?
Do you know? Do you know?
Let's find out!
Hello, I'm Maddie, and today
I'm having fun at the beach.
I love watching the waves.
There are big ones, small ones
and little splashy ones.
Remember, you mustn't play
in the waves or near the water
without a grown-up.
It's really fun to watch the waves
rush against the beach
and then run away from them
so your feet don't get wet!
I love the sound of the waves
crashing on the beach too.
Can you hear them?
WATER WHOOSHES
But do you know why
the sea is always moving?
And where do the waves come from?
How do waves work?
Let's find out.
There's something very important
we need to make waves.
You can sometimes hear it
and you can see it moving things,
like my hair, or this.
But you can't see it.
Do you know what it is?
It's the wind.
Waves can also be made by tides.
This is the rising
and falling of the sea level
as it moves in and out.
When a wave is made by the wind,
the wind blows over the top
of the water, making the wave.
Far out at sea,
hundreds of miles away,
storms and wind will make waves,
and those waves keep moving
until they reach the shore.
Here comes a wave!
Whoa!
So, if all this water
is coming towards us,
why doesn't the beach fill up
with water?
Let's find out.
Imagine that this tub of water
is the sea.
I'm going to make a storm by
blowing through this straw
to show you how
the wind makes waves.
Can you see?
When I blow, my breath
makes small waves
and they carry on until
they reach the end of the tub.
Now I'm going to put
a cork in the water.
What do you think will happen to the
cork when I make waves? Let's see.
The cork bobs up
and down in the water
and the waves move forward, but the
cork just stays in the same place.
That's because the waves don't move
the whole of the sea forward -
it's just the energy in the wave
that moves forward.
The energy moves through
the water to the shore in a wave.
To find out why this happens, I
think we need to take a closer look.
When the wind blows across the sea,
it pushes against the water,
making ripples.
The wind pushes the ripples,
making them bigger,
turning them into waves.
This makes the water spin
in circles.
The more wind, the bigger the
circles and the bigger the waves.
This spinning makes energy
that travels through the water
for miles and miles
until it reaches shallower water.
When the waves reach the beach,
the bottom of the circles hit
the sea floor, slowing them down,
but the top of the circle keeps
moving at the same speed.
This makes the top of the wave
trip over
the bottom part of the wave,
making a breaking wave.
That was really interesting,
wasn't it?
Waves can be great fun.
Look at it go!
I've come to a place that
makes enormous waves
so I can show you
the energy inside them.
It's a surfing park.
Here they make artificial waves
and that means they're not
made by energy from the wind.
Instead, the waves in this pool
are created by a huge machine
that rushes through the water.
Can you see the bar running
alongside the wave?
The bar is attached to a big plough
underneath the water
and as the bar moves through the
water, it makes a circle of energy
and that energy makes the waves that
go all the way to the shoreline.
You must never go in the sea or play
in the waves without a grown-up,
but so I can show you
the energy inside them,
I'm going to get changed
and get in the water myself.
OK, I've got a board and I'm going
to wear two special cameras
so you can see how the wave works
when I'm in the water.
OK, let's switch these on
and ride some waves.
Here goes!
It's a bit cold!
Right, here comes the first wave!
Whoa, look how fast I'm moving!
And can you hear? It sounds like
I'm in a washing machine.
WATER WHOOSHES
MADDIE LAUGHS
OK, I've got to wait another minute
for the next wave.
Phew!
And remember, it's energy
from underneath the water that
pushes my bodyboard
along to the shore.
And now I'm coming into the shore,
the wave is hitting
the bottom of the pool and breaking.
I loved finding out how waves work.
What was your favourite bit?
Do you remember the name
of the force that creates waves?
That's right - it's called energy.
Did you hear the sound the waves
made when I was in my bodyboard?
WATER WHOOSHES
MADDIE LAUGHS
And did you see how quickly
the waves pushed my bodyboard
through the water
on the special camera?
When we come to the beach
to watch the waves,
there are lots of fun things
we can do,
and as a special treat,
you might even have...
..an ice cream.
Mm! Delicious.
And there are lots of
different flavours of ice cream.
Do you have a favourite?
Mine is vanilla.
But how does ice cream get
so creamy,
and how does it get cold?
Do you know how ice cream is made?
Let's find out.
To find out how ice cream is made,
I've come to a farm
that makes ice cream.
The main ingredient we need is milk.
But do you know
where milk comes from?
Here's a clue. Moo!
What animal makes that sound?
Moo!
That's right - it's a cow.
There are lots of
different types of milk,
but this firm makes ice cream
out of cow's milk.
To get milk from the cows,
they all go in here.
It's called the milking parlour.
The cows on this farm are milked
twice a day - once really early
in the morning, at o'clock,
and again in the afternoon,
at o'clock.
And that's Slav's job.
Slav attaches a piece of equipment
called a cluster
to the cows' udders.
That's the part
where the milk comes out.
Each cluster has four cups
and they gently collect
milk from cows' udders.
Moo!
The fresh milk then goes up
these pipes so it can be processed
and used to make ice cream.
Milk is our main ingredient, but we
need a few others to make ice cream.
Here we've got
some milk powder, cream
and a few different types of sugar.
Next, the right amount of
ingredients are measured
using weighing scales.
All of the ingredients
are poured inside this machine.
It's called a batch pasteuriser
and it's a little bit like
a giant mixer.
As the temperature goes up, the
ingredients are added bit by bit.
Including a special type of
liquid sugar called glucose.
The glucose is really gloopy,
isn't it?
The last thing to go in
is the cream,
and Claire has given me
special permission to help.
This is going to taste so good.
Inside the batch pasteuriser
is a huge whisk that's mixing
all of the ingredients together.
But the machine is also
heating the milky mixture up.
The batch pasteuriser heats
the mixture to degrees.
And this will help to get rid
of some of the germs that will
keep the ice cream
fresher for longer,
and this is called pasteurising.
And then it cool
the mixture down to degrees.
The mixture has to stay inside
that machine for a whole day
and a whole night, but here's
some that was made yesterday
inside this huge holding tank.
It's like a giant fridge.
It's really creamy, but it
doesn't look like ice cream yet.
And that's because
it's not cold enough.
To find out the temperature
of the mixture right now,
I'm going to use
one of my special gadgets.
This is an infrared thermometer
and it sends out a beam of light,
so when it hits a surface,
it reflects back to a sensor
and it will tell us
what the temperature is.
Right now, the mix is
about degrees.
But to become ice cream,
it has to get much colder.
So it gets poured inside
this machine.
It's called a batch freezer.
Inside the batch freezer is
a barrel that's surrounded by pipes
which are full of very cold water.
This makes the barrel cold,
so when the mix turns around,
the mixture becomes cold too.
Our mix needs one last thing -
and that's the flavour.
And today we're making
blackcurrant ice cream.
And just take a look at this!
The blackcurrants are mixed
with some of the liquid ice cream...
..and are then poured
into the batch freezer.
As the mixture gets colder,
it also gets thicker,
and that's because tiny
ice crystals are being made,
which thickens it up
and turns it into ice cream.
And the batch freezer
keeps mixing the ice cream
until it's super smooth.
MACHINE BEEPS
Can you hear that beeping sound?
MACHINE BEEPS
That means that time's up and
the ice cream is ready to come out.
Whoa! Now it looks like ice cream.
It's so much thicker.
Let's use my infrared thermometer
to see what temperature it is
as it comes straight out
of the freezer.
And it says...
..it's -!
So the mixture has gone from
degrees when it was a runny liquid
to a solid frozen ice cream,
which is now degrees below zero.
That is so much colder!
And there are now lots and lots of
ice crystals inside the ice cream,
making it really thick.
All that's left to do now
is taste it.
Mm! That is delicious.
I loved finding out
how ice cream is made.
What was your favourite part?
Do you remember the part of the
cow's body where the milk comes out?
That's right -
it's called the udders.
Did you hear the sound
the cows made at the farm?
Moo!
And did you see the temperature
of the ice cream
on my special thermometer when
it came out of the batch freezer?
So the next time you go to
the beach and you watch the waves
crash against the shore,
you'll know how they work.
And, if you have an ice cream
as a special treat,
you'll know how it was made.
Right, I'm going to finish this one!
I'll see you next time.
There are lots of things
all around us
Exciting things
that surround us
 But how does it work?
Do you know?
How is it made?
Do you know? Do you know?
Let's find out!

19._Library_and_Book
There are lots of
things all around us
Exciting things that surround us
But how does it work?
Do you know?
How is it made?
Do you know?
Things that go up
Things that go down
Things that go pop
Things that go round
With special cameras
to show you inside
It's time to be a bit surprised
But how does it work?
Do you know?
How is it made?
Do you know?
Do you know?
Let's find out!
Hello. I'm Maddie. And today
I want to borrow some books.
And do you know where
I can go that has lots
and lots of books to borrow?
That's right. A library.
The great thing about libraries
is that you can borrow a book,
take it home for a few days
and when you've read it
you can bring it back
and swap it for another one.
But there are so many books in
a library!
How can we find the ones we want?
Do you know how a library works?
Let's find out.
I'm looking for a storybook,
a special type of book about maps
called an atlas,
and a book about fire engines.
Right, let's find that storybook.
I like the look of...
Oh! This one! Yes!
Let's see if we can find the atlas.
This one's perfect.
Just one more to look for.
I can't find a book
about fire engines.
Perhaps the librarian can help.
Librarians are people who
work in libraries who help us
to borrow the books that we choose.
This is Mo.
He's a librarian
and first he's going to help me
borrow the two books
that I've picked.
Beep!
Oh, did you hear that sound?
This tells him I'm a member
of the library and can borrow books.
Beep-beep!
There it goes again. Beep-beep!
Mo uses the same scanner
inside the library book.
And this tells the computer
which book I'm borrowing.
Now I'm allowed to take
the books home.
But I still need my book
about fire engines.
The computer has a long list
of all the books in the library,
but some of them might not be here.
Yes. That's the one I'm looking for.
But it's at a different library.
So Mo is going to reserve it for me
and get it sent here.
But how does the librarian find
the books in the library system
and keep track of where they are?
To find out we need to
take a closer look.
Every book in the library
has a call number.
The first number on the top row
tells you what the book is about.
Every department in the library
has a different number.
Books about science start
with the number five.
Books about art start
with the number seven.
Books about history start
with the number nine.
On the second row are letters.
The letters are the start
of the name of the author -
that's the person
that wrote the book.
The scanner reads the number
on the library card.
It sends a message to the computer
telling it
that the book is being borrowed.
The computer shows a date
when the book needs to be
returned back to the library.
The computer stores the information
of all the books that have
been borrowed and all the books
in the library.
If we can't find a book
we're looking for,
the librarian can look up
the call number to find out which
department and on
which shelf the book is.
The librarian sent a reservation -
a little message - asking for the
book that I want to this library.
It's enormous!
So, to find my book on fire engines
I need to find the reservation desk.
This is Zoe, and she uses a trolley
to go all around the library
and collect the reserved books.
So, I'm going to attach some
of my special cameras to it.
I can speed up the footage
from all of the special cameras
so we can see the reserved books
being collected quicker.
Look, Zoe is taking us
down a secret corridor.
And up in a lift.
After checking which books
she needs to collect
on her reservations list...
..it's time for her
to start finding them.
Her trolley is filling up now.
I hope she has room for my book.
Now, where could she be going next?
Oh, look, it's
the children's department,
where my fire engine book should be.
And there it is!
Now Zoe needs to get all the
reserved books to the right places.
And it happens in here.
Here comes the trolley now!
Hello, Zoe!
We need this machine.
It's called a sortation machine,
and it automatically sorts all
the books into the right order
so they end up in the right places.
And it does this by using a scanner.
This scanner doesn't read a barcode,
instead it reads
a little electronic chip.
It's called an RFID tag.
As the book passes the scanner,
the computer reads the tag
and it tells the sortation machine
which department it should go to
or which library has reserved it.
And there's my fire engine book...
..ready to go to the community
library where I reserved it.
I loved finding out
how a library works.
What was your favourite bit?
Do you remember the name of
the person who works in a library?
That's right, it's the librarian.
Do you remember
the sound the scanner made
when it scanned the library card?
Beep-beep!
Beep-beep!
Did you see Zoe find my book in the
big library on my special camera?
Books are fantastic
because they can be full
of great stories
and they help us learn
lots of brilliant ideas.
Most books are made out
of paper and cardboard
and are held or bound together.
But do you know how a book is made?
Let's find out.
To find out how books are made
I've come to a book-making factory.
Here they take plain paper
and turn it into lovely books,
like this one.
Books have words and pictures
printed on each page.
How do they get there?
A book starts out like this -
as a big sheet of metal
called aluminium.
And we call this a plate.
Can you see all the words
and pictures on it?
But how do the words and pictures
get from metal to paper?
For that we need a printing press.
This is Ian,
and he's putting one of the
aluminium plates into the machine,
where it's bent
around a metal roller,
ready to start printing.
As the paper goes into the machine,
the rollers turn round and round,
through a trough of ink down here.
Ah, look at that!
The ink will only stick to the words
and pictures on the plate,
and as it rolls around,
it prints and presses them
onto the paper as it's passing
over the top of it.
Whoa!
Now we've got one large sheet of
paper with pages printed on it -
eight on the front
and eight on the back.
But why do we have one
large sheet with pages?
Well, each sheet gets folded to
make our smaller pages, like this.
One fold...
..two folds...
..three folds.
But all of this folding
would take so much time,
so to help we have
a folding machine.
This amazing machine folds
the printed sheets of paper
really, really quickly.
First these two suckers lift
the sheets one by one
so they can be fed
into the machine...
..where they're folded.
But all this happens so quickly,
I think we should film this with
one of my special cameras.
This camera can film in slow motion,
which means when we play things back
that happened quickly,
they will appear much slower.
Watch this.
Look, the paper is being
sucked up one piece at a time...
..and pulled into the machine
for the first fold.
A metal blade then folds the paper
in half, pushing it down...
..where another metal blade folds it
again, for the third and final time.
Look at all of
these folded sections.
And each one of them is
the right size to go in our book.
But at the moment
they're all loose.
How do they come together
so the pages are in the right order?
Sue does this on
a huge book sewing machine.
And this is the start of
a process called binding.
Can you see the needles
go through the paper,
pulling the sections
together with thread?
The sewing machine makes a really
great sound, doesn't it?
MACHINE CLICKS AND WHIRS
Sue knows that all the pages
are in the right order
because each section
has a little marker on it
and they all line up perfectly
in a little set of steps.
The page edges are still a little
rough, so they're going for a trim.
A big cutter called a trimmer
cuts the edges nice and neat.
That's much better.
Now I can read the book
and look at the pictures without
any of the pages falling out.
But it is missing something.
Do you know what it is?
That's right, it's the cover!
Paul and Danny work together
to make the book covers.
Danny glues a piece of red material
and then uses three bits of card -
one for the front, one for the back
and one for the spine -
and then Paul folds
in all the edges.
We're very nearly finished.
This is the moment the cover
and the pages come together.
After Paul's glued the book and
cover together with a big brush...
..finally, a big press squashes
the books so they're nice and flat.
And here we are! A wonderful book.
I can't wait to read it!
I loved finding out
how a book is made.
What was your favourite part?
Do you remember the name
of the metal sheets that were used
to print the words
and pictures into the pages?
That's right, they're called plates.
Did you hear the sound
the book sewing machine made?
MACHINE CLICKS AND WHIRS
And did you see how
the suckers pulled up
the paper on my special camera?
So, the next time you have fun
looking at a book,
you'll know how it was made - with
printing plates, stitching and glue.
And the next time you go to
a library to borrow or reserve
a book, you'll know how it works.
Right, I'm going to read my new
book. I'll see you next time.
 There are lots of things
all around us
Exciting things that surround us
But how does it work?
Do you know?
But how is it made?
Do you know?
Do you know?
Let's find out!

20._X-Ray_and_Sock
There are lots of things
All around us
Exciting things
that surround us
But how does it work?
Do you know?
How is it made?
Do you know?
Things that go up
Things that go down
Things that go pop
Things that go round
With special cameras
to show you inside
It's going to be a big surprise
But how does it work?
Do you know?
How is it made?
Do you know? Do you know?
Let's find out!
Hey, I'm Maddie,
and today I'm at a hospital.
Have you ever been to hospital?
You might have been
to visit someone who's poorly,
they might have had an accident,
or perhaps you've been
poorly yourself.
Doctors and nurses have lots
of different ways to help people
when they feel poorly or hurt
and sometimes they use
clever machines to help them.
They can look in your ears
with one of these.
It's called an otoscope.
Looking good, Ted.
If they want to listen
to your heartbeat or breathing,
they can use one of these.
It's called a stethoscope.
Just like that.
But if we needed to look
inside your body,
we'd need to use a very special
machine, and it's in here.
I've been given special permission
to have a look.
This is an X-ray machine.
And it can take pictures
inside your body,
like this one.
These are the bones
inside somebody's leg and foot.
How incredible is that?
But do you know how
an X-ray machine works
to take pictures inside our bodies?
Let's find out.
Inside our bodies,
there are lots and lots of bones.
A grown-up has of them.
This is what it looks like
when all those bones are together.
We each have one inside us
and it's called our skeleton.
Skeletons look
really funny, don't they?
But skeletons have
a very important job.
They help to shape our bodies
so that we can move around
and they help move
parts of our bodies,
like our arms,
our legs
and even our heads.
Our bones are really strong and
they help us to stand up straight,
and they protect the soft parts
of our body, but sometimes
if we fall over or have an accident,
a doctor will need to check
if we've broken a bone,
and for that, they might need
to take an X-ray.
An X-ray machine is a special
type of camera that takes pictures
that will show us bones
underneath our skin.
And this is Sarah. Hi, Maddie!
She's a radiographer, and that means
she's in charge of the X-ray
machine at the hospital.
This machine sends out
special rays of light called X-rays
that travel from the machine,
right through your body,
and onto one of these.
It's called a cassette.
Having an X-ray doesn't hurt.
We can't feel the X-rays
when they pass through our body.
And this is what
an X-ray image looks like.
Do you know what part
of the body that is?
Did you guess right?
It's an arm.
And there are three bones
in the arm -
the humerus,
the ulna and the radius.
So this part is the elbow,
but how does an X-ray machine work
to send out those X-rays
and make a picture of our bones?
To find out, I think
we need to take a closer look.
When we have an X-ray, the machine
makes a beam of X-ray light.
X-rays are a type of light
we can't see
and they're measured in wavelengths.
The wavelengths travel through
the air until they reach our body.
X-rays are special because they can
pass through our skin and muscles
but they don't pass
through our bones.
The X-rays are collected
on the flat panel detector
and sent to a computer
so the radiographer can
see the bones inside.
The X-rays that pass through
our body show as black areas and
the X-rays that didn't go through
the bones show as a white shadow.
Wasn't that interesting?
We're going to get to see it
in action for ourselves.
This is James,
and a week ago he broke his wrist.
But today he's getting an X-ray
to find out if his bones
are in the right place
so they can heal properly.
First, Sarah moves
the cassette and X-ray machine
into the right position.
Can you see that red beam of light?
That tells Sarah where
the picture is going to be taken.
Only the person having the X-ray
can stay in the room,
so Sarah and I are just
keeping behind this panel.
When Sarah presses this button...
CLICK!
..the X-rays travel from
the machine, through James' arm,
and down onto
the cassette underneath.
Then Sarah carefully picks up
the cassette that has saved
the X-ray image of James' arm
and puts it into this machine,
which can show us
the X-ray on the screen.
And here we have
an X-ray of James' wrist.
James' broken bone is starting
to heal, but he'll need to
carry on wearing his plaster
cast for another five weeks.
How incredible is that?
Finding out how X-rays work
was really interesting, wasn't it?
What was your favourite bit?
What about yours?
Can you remember what
we call the machine
that saves the X-ray information?
That's right,
it's called a cassette.
Did you hear the sound
the X-ray machine made
when Sarah pressed the button?
CLICK!
And did you see the way
bones show up as a white shadow
on the X-ray image?
Learning about the inside of
our bodies with an X-ray machine
was really interesting, wasn't it?
But what about
the outside of our bodies?
There are lots of things we put
on the outside of our bodies
to protect them.
Hats keep our head warm.
Gloves keep our fingers toasty.
What about our feet? What do we put
on our feet to keep those warm?
That's right. Socks!
But do you know how socks are made?
Let's find out.
To find out how socks are made,
I've come here,
to a sock factory!
They make . million socks
here every single year.
That's enough socks to stretch all
the way from London to Edinburgh.
And they make them in all sorts
of different colours and patterns.
They have blue socks,
pink spotty socks,
stripy socks,
and even socks with flowers on them.
Which one's your favourite?
Sock making starts here,
on a computer.
This is Chloe
and Chloe is a designer
and it's her job to think of
the different colours and patterns
that will be made into socks.
Socks are made from yarn and
all of the yarn is stored in here,
the yarn store.
Yarn is kept on reels
like this, called bobbins,
and they have every colour
you can imagine.
Most of the yarn here is made
from wool, which comes from sheep,
or cotton, which comes from plants.
This machine is automated, and
that means it works all by itself,
and that part is where all of
the threads are knitted together.
And the bobbins are put
at the top of the machine.
There are needles that
work together at the same time,
knitting round and round,
building the sock up like a tube.
They work so quickly,
they can make a pair of socks
in just nine minutes.
Whoo!
On this type of knitting machine,
the sock travels up a tube
as it's being knitted,
and when it's finished...
..it drops out the tube.
Here comes another one.
CLUNK!
That made a fun "plop" sound,
didn't it?
But this sock is missing something.
It's the right tube shape, but look!
Oh, dear! That's not going
to keep my toes warm, is it?
Don't worry. The toes get sewn up.
And they do that here,
in the linking room.
Vicky puts the end of the sock
onto a toe-closing machine
and it's held in place
by little pins called teeth.
Look - now the sock is on the
machine, it trims the top of it off.
And can you see the needle? That's
what's sewing the sock together.
That's better!
Now my toes won't poke out the end.
But all the socks are inside out.
Ta-da!
That looks better, doesn't it?
Because they have so many socks
here, they use a machine
to turn them all the right way out.
I've been given special
permission to have a go.
This is a sock-turning machine
and this part of it is
a little bit like a vacuum cleaner.
All I have to do is pull
the inside-out sock over the end
and then it will suck the sock
the right way round
and then spit it out
the other side. Ready?
Just like that!
Let's have another go.
Inside-out sock over the nozzle.
Let go...
This is lots of fun
but it happens so quickly,
I think we should film this
with one of my special cameras.
This camera films in slow motion,
which means we can film
something that happens really fast
and watch it back much slower.
Here goes.
Look. As I let go of the sock...
..it gets sucked into the tube,
turning the sock
the right way round...
..before it drops down
through the trap door.
I think the sock looks like a snake.
That looks brilliant.
I'd like a sock-turning machine
at home. Would you?
But the socks aren't ready yet.
They need to be cleaned
inside this giant washing machine.
It's a bit like a washing machine
you might have at home,
only this one is five times bigger.
It's massive!
After the socks have been washed,
they need to be dried and ironed.
But they don't iron socks
with an iron like this one.
Here, they use...
..special ironing legs!
The socks are put on the metal feet
that go round a track
into a steam chamber
and inside the chamber,
hot steam irons the socks.
Look, here come the ironed socks.
It's like the grabbers
are pulling the socks off the feet
like we do at the end of the day.
After the grabber has
stacked the socks,
they're put on a conveyor belt,
and then they go
through this machine,
which lifts the socks one at a time
and then places them back down
on another sock
to make the perfect pair.
And two socks make one pair.
And here we have
a finished pair of socks.
They look great, don't they?
I loved finding out how socks are
made. What was your favourite bit?
Do you remember what the coloured
reels of yarn are called?
That's right - bobbins.
Did you hear the sound the door made
when the sock came out of the tube?
CLUNK!
And did you see the sock being
turned the right way round
on my special slow-motion camera?
So the next time
you put on a pair of socks,
you'll know how they were made,
and if you see an X-ray picture,
you'll know how
an X-ray machine works
to show us the bones inside
our bodies. I'll see you next time.
There are lots of things
all around us
Exciting things
that surround us
But how does it work?
Do you know?
How is it made?
Do you know? Do you know?
Let's find out!
21._Tram_and_Map
There are lots of
things all around us
Exciting things that surround us
But how does it work?
Do you know?
How is it made?
Do you know?
Things that go up
Things that go down
Things that go pop
Things that go round
With special cameras
to show you inside
It's going to be a big surprise
But how does it work?
Do you know?
How is it made?
Do you know?
Do you know?
Let's find out!
Hi, I'm Maddie and today I'm going
for a hike in the countryside,
but I've got to get across
the city first.
It's quite a long way.
Too far to walk, but I know
something that can get me there.
It travels on rails.
People climb on board
from a platform.
But it's not a train.
Do you know what it is?
Look, there's one!
Did you guess right?
It's a tram.
But how does a tram move
along the lines
to get us from place to place?
Do you know how a tram works?
Let's find out.
To find out how a tram works,
I've come to a tram depot.
A tram depot is where trams start
and finish their journeys.
It's also where they're mended
after a long day
taking people around the city
and I've been given
special permission to show you
the different parts of the tram.
TRAM WHISTLE BLOWS
It's made up of different sections
for all the people to sit in.
Shall we count them?
It has metal wheels
and eight motors.
Here's one!
The motors make the tram move
because they power the wheels.
A bike gets its power
from your legs,
sailing boats get
their power from the wind
and most cars get their power
from petrol or diesel,
and some use electricity.
But do you know how a tram
gets its power?
If you look above the tram,
can you see the wires?
The wires send electricity into
the tram, which powers the motors
so they can turn the wheels.
Let me explain.
This metal part is a motor.
It's much smaller than
the ones on a tram,
but it works in a similar way.
So I've popped on a wooden wheel.
Just like the tram,
our motor needs electricity
to move the wooden wheel.
We're going to get electricity
from a battery.
Electricity travels from the battery
through this wire
to the motor.
Then through this wire
back to the battery.
And it goes round and
round and round.
We call this an electric circuit.
Look! When the motor is
powered by the battery,
the wheel that's attached to it
spins round.
Let's see what happens
if I make a break in the circuit.
By taking out the battery,
I've made a gap,
so the electricity can't get
round any more and the motor stops.
And the wheel stops spinning.
Electric trams work in the same way.
Can you see the metal arm
on the roof of the tram?
That's called a pantograph
and the wire above it is called
the contact wire
and it carries electricity.
When the pantograph touches
the contact wire,
electricity can travel to the motors
that will power the wheels
to make the tram move.
The tram has become part of
an electric circuit.
But to find out how a tram
moves along the tracks,
I think we should take
a closer look.
For miles and miles, the tram
runs along the electric circuit
on the contact wire,
which is held up
by the messenger wire.
This hangs from smaller wires
called droppers.
The droppers make sure the contact
wire stays nice and straight.
If the contact wire goes wobbly,
the electric circuit breaks
and the tram stops moving.
As the tram goes along,
it picks up more electricity
at stops on the way,
called substations.
Substations are like
big batteries
that give more power
to the contact wire.
As long as the pantograph
is in touch with the contact wire,
it powers the motor,
and the tram can take passengers
on their journey.
How clever is that?
So we can see all of this
in action for ourselves,
I've got special permission
to put some of my special cameras
on the tram.
All the special cameras are set.
It's time to hop on board.
And the driver is letting me ride
at the front of the tram with him.
Darren is the tram driver
and the first thing he does
is press a big yellow button.
This lifts the pantograph up,
and look,
my special camera is showing it
touching the contact wire.
Now the tram has been connected
to the electric circuit,
it has electricity to move
the wheels, so the tram can go.
DING, DING!
And that means it's time to leave.
Can you see the rails?
That's what the tram's
wheels roll on.
And they guide them
in the right direction.
Oh, look, there's another tram.
Hello!
To drive the tram,
Darren uses a lever called
a driving brake controller,
a DBC. When he pushes it forward,
the tram moves forward,
when he pushes it further forward,
the tram moves faster.
SHE LAUGHS
HONK!
Whee!
Look, here's a tram stop!
Thanks for the lift, Darren.
Thank you, Maddie.
I loved finding out how trams work.
What was your favourite bit?
Can you remember the name
of the arm on the roof of the tram?
That's right.
It's the pantograph.
Did you hear the sound of the tram's
bell when it left the depot?
DING, DING!
And did you see how the tram's
wheels followed the track
on my special camera?
If we go on a journey in a tram
or a car, or if we're walking,
we need to know where we're going.
I'm on a hike in the hills,
but I need to make sure
I'm going in the right direction.
What could I use to help me?
That's right, I can use a map.
There are lots of different
types of maps -
digital maps on computers
and phones,
maps that sailors use out at sea...
..and paper maps, like this one.
This map shows us roads, rivers,
hills and footpaths.
But how do we know that
everything's in the right place?
How is a map made?
Let's find out.
To find out how a map's made,
I've come to a housing estate.
Here, some of the roads and houses
are still being built,
or are so new they haven't
been put on a map yet.
I'm going to meet my friend Sarah.
Look, there she is.
Sarah is a surveyor and
it's her job to look at an area,
record everything she sees,
so it can be put on a map.
To record the things she sees,
Sarah has some special gadgets.
This stick is called a staff
and the bit that looks like
a hat on the top
is called a GPS receiver.
A GPS receiver gets messages
from machines called satellites.
Satellites are high up in space
and they have cameras on them
that can see the whole of
planet Earth, where we live.
The satellite sends a message
to the GPS receiver on the staff
to tell Sarah exactly where
we're standing.
And this mark just here,
that is the exact position
of the staff.
In this empty space, there's a new
road and a couple of new houses
that are missing, so Sarah
has to walk around
and draw them on the map.
I'm going to put my special
camera on Sarah's tablet,
so we can see how the map changes
as she draws on the road
and the houses.
OK.
Sarah starts by drawing in
the road and pathways.
And she does this by
walking up and down
and marking the points
where she stands.
Look! Can you see the path
being built on Sarah's tablet?
And now the roads are in place,
Sarah can draw in the house.
Look, Sarah's finished the job,
and now we can see the new road,
the path, and the new house.
Once all the information
has been recorded,
Sarah sends it to
the map-making command centre.
Inside the map-making
command centre,
all of the information collected
by surveyors like Sarah
is made into maps by map-makers.
Map-makers are called cartographers
and all these cartographers
are adding the new information
to a huge map of Great Britain.
It's called the MasterMap.
Martin is a cartographer
and he's looking at a piece
of the MasterMap on his screen.
And, look, that's where
we were with Sarah.
You can see the new road...
..the pathway...
..and the new house.
Wow! This is the server room
and it's full of computers that
store all of the information -
every bridge, road, hill,
building, house that we can see
on a map of Great Britain.
SERVERS HUM
Can you hear that whirring sound?
SERVERS WHIR
That's the noise of all
these computers working away.
There are over half a billion
different things
on a map of Great Britain.
And because new things are built
all the time,
the map changes every day.
There could be up to ,
changes daily!
When all the new information
has been added to the MasterMap,
it can be printed off.
And here it is,
the new part of the map
that we saw Sarah mapping earlier.
And here we are.
The part that was missing
has been filled in.
Here's the new road
and the new house.
This new section of map can now
be added to new paper maps
or maps that you use on your
computer or mobile phone.
I loved finding out
how a map is made, did you?
What was your favourite part?
Can you remember the name of the
people whose job it is to make maps?
That's right, it's a cartographer.
Do you remember the sound
of the room
where all the maps are stored?
SERVERS WHIR
And on my special camera,
did you see Sarah drawing
the map on her tablet?
And this is a finished map,
all ready to help me find my way.
So the next time you use a map
to visit a friend's house
or go on a journey,
you'll know how it was made.
And if you catch a tram,
you'll know how it moves along
using electricity
from the wires above.
I'll see you next time. Bye!
There are lots of
things all around us
Exciting things that surround us
But how does it work?
Do you know?
How is it made?
Do you know?
Do you know?
Let's find out!