Skeletal

System

By Dr. Ata Ali 1

 PES Modern
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ladies) Moshi-
 Functions of the Skeletal System

SUPPORT: Hard framework that supports and anchors the soft

organs of the body.

PROTECTION: Surrounds organs such as the brain and spinal

cord.

MOVEMENT: Allows for muscle attachment therefore the

bones are used as levers.

STORAGE: Minerals and lipids are stored within bone material

(Calcium homeostasis).
BLOOD CELL FORMATION: The bone marrow is responsible for
blood cell production. Hematopoiesis, the formation of blood cells,
mostly takes place in the red marrow of the bones.
-In infant: most bones
-In adult: in certain bones (sternum, ribs, iliac crest, proximal end of
long bone, body of vertebra)
 PES Modern
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APPENDICULAR AXIAL PES Modern
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SYSTEM SYSTEM ladies) Moshi-
 PES Modern
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 I. Axial Skeleton;
the Skull:
It is made up of
- 22 bones distributed within
Cranium and Facial
bones.
- many smaller cavities such
as inner ear, nose, eyes,
etc..
- 85 openings as foramina,
fissures and canals.

By Dr. Ata Ali 8

1. The Skull: Frontal view

By Dr. Ata Ali 9

Frontal view

Lateral View

Posterior View

inferior View
 1. The Skull - A.
A. Cranium:
Cranium:
• Forms most of the skull, formed of
• vault ( forms superior, lateral and posterior aspects and forehead)
• base (forms the inferior aspect).

• Consists 6 types of 8 bones

• Frontal (1)
• Parietal (2)
• Temporal (2)
• Occipital (1)
• Sphenoid (1)
• Ethmoid (1)
 1. The Skull - A.
Cranium:
1. Frontal BONE: forms 2. Parietal bones form
- the anterior portion of the cranium, - the superior and lateral aspects of
- forehead, the skull.
 1. The Skull - A.
Cranium:
3. Temporal bones
- named due to grey hair
appearance in this area.
- Consist of several regions;
- squamous
- tympanic
- zygomatic process
- styloid
- mastoid

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By Dr. Ata Ali
1. The Skull - A.
Cranium:
Temporal bone regions

By Dr. Ata Ali 14

 1. The Skull - A.
Cranium:
4. Occipital bone
- Form the lower posterior
wall and base of the skull.
- Two Occipital condyles
- Foramen magnum
through which the
inferior part of the brain
connects with the spinal
cord

By Dr. Ata Ali 15

 1. The Skull - A.
5. Sphenoid:
Cranium:
- Butterfly shape
- Keystone of the cranium because
it articulates with all cranial
bones.
- It consists of
a. central body
b. three pairs of processes:
➢ wings (greater and lesser)
➢ pterygoid.
c. saddle like depression called
sella torcica that contains the
pituitary gland.
d. It has also many foramina as,
optic, ovale, etc….
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 1. The Skull - A.
Cranium:
6. Ethmoid : complicated
irregular bone lies between
sphenoid and nasal bones.

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 1. The Skull’s sutures

Squamosal suture

Several sutures with other bones:

a. Coronal suture lies between the frontal and parietal
b. Sagittal suture joins both parietal bones
c. Lambdoidal suture links occipital with parietal
d. Squamosal suture ties temporal with parietal
e. Occipitomastoid suture connects occipital with mastoid portions of temporal.
 1. The Skull -
B. Facial bones:
B. Facial bones: Perform
many functions
●face framework,
●provide cavities of sense
organs, air and food
passages,
●teeth borning
●anchor facial muscles.
 1. The Skull -
B. Facial bones:

- Include 8 types of 14
bones
● maxilla (2)
● Mandible
● zygomatic (2)
● nasal (2)
● lacrimal (2)
● palatine (2)
● inferior nasal
conchae (2)
● vomer

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 1. The Skull -
B. Facial bones:
1. Maxilla bones
- Form:
* upper jaw,
* orbital floor
* mouth roof
* sideway of the nose
- Contain infraorbital
foramen. infra-” means
“below

By Dr. Ata Ali 21

 1. The Skull -
B. Facial bones:

2. Mandible;
- U-shape,
- the largest and strongest bone in the face that forms lower jaw.
- It forms with temporal bones the movable joints of the skull.
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 1. The Skull -
B. Facial bones:
3. Zygomatic bones;
shape the cheek and
the outer margin of
the orbit.
4. Nasal bones: form
the upper part of the
nose where the
cartilage forms the
lower part.
5. Lacrimal bones;
forms the nasal cavity
and median wall of
the orbit.

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 1. The Skull -
B. Facial bones:
6. Palatine bones:
• 2 L-shape, form with palatine process of maxilla the hard palate.

By Dr. Ata Ali 24

 1. The Skull -
B. Facial bones:
7. Inferior nasal conchae bones; form lateral wall of nasal cavity
8. Vomer bone; slender shape forms part of the nasal septum.

By Dr. Ata Ali 25

 PES Modern
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 Special characteristics of orbits , nasal
cavity, paranasal sinuses and hyoid bone

➢ Orbits; Bony cavities of the eyes

Seven bones :(frontal, sphenoid,
zygomatic maxilla, palatine,
lacrimal and ethmoid)
➢ Nasal cavity; five bones
(ethmoid, palatine, inferior nasal
conchae, maxilla, and vomer)
➢ Paranasal sinuses; five bones
(frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, 2
maxilla) to form 4 sinuses (frontal,
ethmoid, sphenoid and maxillary).
These sinuses enhance the
resonance of voice.

By Dr. Ata Ali 27

 Hyoid bone

•U-shaped,
•located above the larynx and
below the mandible.
•It is suspended from the
styloid process by ligaments
•It is the only bone that
doesn’t articulate with any
other bone.
•It controls the movement of
tongue and larynx during
swallowing and speech.

By Dr. Ata Ali 28

 2. Vertebral column
- Known as spine, backbone or spinal
canal.
- Consist of 33 bones (vertebrae) in
childhood and become 26 in
adulthood.
- Divided into 5 regions
● cervical (7),
● thoracic (12),
● lumbar(5),
● sacral (5 bones fused at age 16-25),
● coccyx (4 fused bones).
- Vertebrae are fastened by ligaments
and intervertebral discs.

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 2. Vertebral column
➢ S shape Normal curvatures
➢ increase resilience and flexibility of the spine

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 2. Vertebral column
•
Abnormal curvatures
Abnormal curvatures due to
➢ congenital,
➢ disease,
➢ posture or unequal muscles.
➢ examples of these abnormal curvatures: Scoliosis, Kyphosis
and Lordosis
 2. Vertebral column:
Characteristics of Vertebrae
● A typical vertebra consists of:
1. centrum (body), 2. vertebral arches,
3. spinous and transverse processes 4. vertebral foramen (except
sacrum except the first
and coccyx)

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 2. Vertebral column
vertebra
- The first cervical
vertebra is called atlas,
- The second is axis.
- Thoracic vertebrae
have articular facet
for ribs
- Vertebrae articulate
with each other by
fibrocartilage
ligaments and joints, in
addition to articular
processes.

By Dr. Ata Ali 33

By Dr. Ata Ali 34
 Intervertebral disc herniation
• Old ages affect many parts of skeleton especially the spine. Water
contents of the vertebral discs declines which results in hernia (disc
slipping).
• Herniation could be developed due trauma which ruptures the annulus
fibrous of the disc causing protrusion of nucleus pulposus of the disc
toward spinal cord and spinal nerves.
• Treated by: bed rest, surgical, or enzymatic drug (chymopapain)
2. Vertebral column: Characteristics of
Vertebrae

By Dr. Ata Ali 36

 Sacral and Coccyx

The sacral hiatus appears dorsally and it is the region for sacral
anesthesia

By Dr. Ata Ali 37

By Dr. Ata Ali 38
 3. The Bony Thorax (Rib
Cage)
A. Sternum:
- known as breast bone,
- dagger (knife) shape
- Three bones
● Manubrium: the upper part
articulate with the clavicle (a
bone of pectoral girdle) and the
first two ribs.
● The body: Midportion
articulates with the 2nd to
seventh rib.
● Xiphoid: Small, inferior end of
the sternum. Serve as
attachment with diaphragm and
some abdominal muscles.

By Dr. Ata Ali 39

 3. The Bony Thorax (Rib
Cage)
B. Ribs (Thoracic cage)
- Twelve pairs of ribs with vertebral
column and sternum shape the
thoracic cavity.
- Each rib articulates with both the
body and transverse process of its
corresponding thoracic vertebra.
- Ribs 1 through 7 join a costal
cartilage which attaches it to the
sternum (true ribs).
- the 8th to 10th join the cartilage of
the true ribs and indirectly attached
to the sternum known as false ribs.
- The 11th and 12th ribs are not
attached to the sternum known as
floating ribs.

By Dr. Ata Ali 40

 PES Modern
College of 41
Pharmacy, (for
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The connection
between the ribs
and Vertebrae
By Dr. Ata Ali 43
 II. The
Appendicular
Skeleton
It is composed of
• Girdles (Pectoral and
Pelvic)
• Limbs (Upper and Lower)
attached to these girdler
respectively.
By Dr. Ata Ali 45
 II. The Appendicular Skeleton
1. Pectoral Girdles and Upper
A. Pectoral Girdle: It consists ofLimbs
Clavicle and Scapula

- Clavicle is slender doubly

curved. It is attached to the
sternum by sternal end and to
the scapula by acromial end.
- Scapula is a triangular flat bone.
It has borders, projections,
and processes.
➢ One of the borders forms
the Glenoid cavity where the
head of the humerus bone fits
in
➢ one of the projection is
Acromion which allow
clavicle to attach.
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 II. The Appendicular Skeleton
1. Pectoral Girdles and Upper
Limbs
B. Upper Limb: Made up of
Arm, Forearm, and Hand.
Arm consists a long bone
(Humerus) which has a head
articulate with Glenoid cavity
at the proximal end.
➢ However, two
Epicondyles and one
Trochlea at the distal end.
➢ Median epicondyle makes
the protrusion of the elbow
at the anterior view

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Two Epicondyles and one Trochlea at the
distal end.

Olecranon process
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 II. The Appendicular Skeleton
1. Pectoral Girdles and Upper
Limbs
Forearm includes two
parallel bones Radius and
Ulna.

• Radius is found on the

Thumb side with a nail-
shaped end.
• Ulna, is found on the little
finger side. It is longer
than radius and forms the
Elbow joint with humerus
(Olecranon process)

By Dr. Ata Ali 49

 II. The Appendicular Skeleton
1. Pectoral Girdles and Upper
Hand is composed of Wrist,
Limbs
Palm and Fingers.

• Wrist (Carpal)
consists of 8 bones bound
closely and firmly by
ligaments.

• Palm: (Metacarpal)
consists of 5 bones.

• Fingers (Phalanges):
each finger consists of 3 bones
(distal, middle and proximal)
except the thumb (2 bones)
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• Upper limb

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 II. The Appendicular Skeleton
2. Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb

A. Pelvic Girdle: It is formed by a

pair of Coxal bones unit with
each other anteriorly by pubic
symphysis and with sacrum
posteriorly by sacroiliac joint
- Coxal bone comprises three
bones:
➢ Ilium, Ischium and Pubis.
These 3 bones joined together to
form a deep hemispherical socket
called Acetabulum that
articulate with the head of femur
bone of the thigh.

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Pelvic Girdle

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 II. The Appendicular Skeleton
2. Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb

B. Lower Limbs;
➢ They are made up of
Thigh, Leg and Foot.
➢ Thigh consists of a
Femur bone ( largest,
longest and strongest in
the body). It is organized
to have
● Head, Neck and
Trochanter at the
proximal end
● Condyle and Patellar
surface at the distal
end.

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 II. The Appendicular Skeleton
2. Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
- Leg is formed by two
bones (Tibia and
Fibula):
➢ Tibia is larger,
stronger and
superficially located of
the two bones. It
articulate with the femur
to form the Knee joint.
However, the distal end
form the medial ankle
bulge
➢ Fibula is smaller and
more deep and articulate
with tibia. It forms the
Lateral Ankle bulge.
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 II. The Appendicular Skeleton
2. Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
- Patella is a triangle sesamoid bone guard the knee joint and improve the
raising up of thigh muscle

By Dr. Ata Ali 56

 II. The Appendicular Skeleton
2. Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
Foot consists of Tarsus,
Metatarsus and Toes.
➢ Tarsus is made of 7 bones.
Among these, Calcaneus
bone forms the Heel and
carry the talus on its
superior surface. Achilles
tendon join the calf muscle
with calcaneus bone.
➢ Metatarsus includes 5
bones
➢ Toes (phalanges): each
involves 3 bones except the
great toe (2 bones)

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By Dr. Ata Ali 58
• Complete lower
leg

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 II. The Appendicular Skeleton
2. Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
Three Arches of the foot include:
Lateral longitudinal, Medial longitudinal and transverse arches. The elasticity
of the arches absorbs the pressure

NOTEBY: Strong
ligaments and tendons
normally hold the foot
bones in their arch
positions. However, if they
are weaken arch will be
flattened and resulted in
flat foot.

By Dr. Ata Ali 60

By Dr. Ata Ali 61
Differences between pelves in male &
female
Differences between pelves in male &
female
 Developmental Aspect of the
Skeleton.
• Skull bones of newborn infant are incomplete and connected by unossified
fibrous membranes known as fontanels. These fontanels allow the infant
head to be compressed during birth, and accommodate brain growth.

• Four fontanels can be detected: anterior (between frontal and parietal),

posterior (Parietal and occipital), sphenoid and mastoid fontanels.

By Dr. Ata Ali 64