🔴 PROBLEM 2: 'javac' is not recognized

This error means:

❌ Java is NOT installed

OR
❌ Java is installed but PATH is not set

Without fixing this, NO Java program will compile or run.

✅ SOLUTION PART A: Check if Java is

installed
Type:
java -version

Case 1: If you see version info ✅

Java is installed → PATH issue only

Case 2: If you see:

'java' is not recognized

Java is NOT installed → you must install JDK

SOLUTION PART B: Install JDK

(MANDATORY)
Step 1: Download JDK

 Download JDK 8 (best for applet syllabus)

 Install it normally (Next → Next → Finish)
After installation, note this path (example):
C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_361

✅ SOLUTION PART C: Set JAVA PATH

(MOST IMPORTANT STEP)
Step 1: Open Environment Variables

1. Press Windows key

2. Search: Environment Variables
3. Click Edit the system environment variables
4. Click Environment Variables

Step 2: Edit PATH

1. Under System Variables, find Path

2. Click Edit
3. Click New
4. Add this path (example):
C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_361\bin

5. Click OK → OK → OK

Step 3: Restart Command Prompt

❗ Close CMD
❗ Open CMD again (important!)

✅ VERIFY FIX
Now type:
javac -version

You should see something like:

javac 1.8.0_361

Then test:
appletviewer

If no error → ✅ SUCCESS

▶ NOW RUN YOUR APPLET (FINAL

STEPS)
Step 1: Go to Desktop
cd Desktop

(or cd OneDrive\Desktop if needed)

Step 2: Compile
javac [Link]

(no output = success)

Step 3: Run Applet

appletviewer [Link]

🎉 Your graphics applet window will open!

PRACTICAL 2
Java Applet to Demonstrate Graphics, Font, and Color Classes

Aim
To write a Java Applet that demonstrates the use of:

 Graphics class
 Font class
 Color class

by drawing text, shapes, and using different fonts and colors.

Basic Concept (Before Code)

1⃣ Applet

 An applet is a Java program that runs inside a browser or applet viewer.

 It does not have main() method.
 Graphics are drawn using the paint(Graphics g) method.

⚠ Note (for exams):

Applet is deprecated in modern Java, but still included in syllabus for understanding
graphics.

2⃣ Graphics Class

Used to draw:

 Text
 Lines
 Rectangles
 Ovals
 Polygons
 Arcs

3⃣ Font Class
Used to define:

 Font name
 Font style (BOLD, ITALIC)
 Font size

4⃣ Color Class

Used to apply colors like:

 [Link]
 [Link]
 [Link]
 etc.

Code
import [Link];
import [Link].*;

public class GraphicsMethods extends Applet {

String s = new String();

String s1 = new String(), s2 = new String();

Font f1 = new Font("Courier New", [Link], 20);

public void paint(Graphics ga) {

[Link](f1);
[Link]([Link]);
[Link]("Illustration of methods of Graphics Class", 200,
520);

Font f2 = [Link]();
s = [Link]();
[Link](s, 5, 540);

[Link]([Link]);
Color col = [Link]();
s2 = [Link]();
[Link](s2, 5, 560);

[Link](160, 500, 70, 90);

[Link](160, 5, 60, 60);
[Link](10, 120, 155, 95);

[Link]([Link]);
[Link](700, 140, 50, 150);

[Link]([Link]);
[Link](380, 100, 200, 180);
 [Link](400, 150, 180, 280, 90, 70);

int[] x2 = {200, 120, 280, 240};

int[] y2 = {260, 370, 370, 270};

[Link]([Link]);
[Link](x2, y2, 4);

[Link]([Link]);
[Link](15, 15, 30, 50);

FontMetrics f3 = [Link]();
s1 = [Link]();
[Link](s1, 5, 580);

[Link]([Link]);
[Link](510, 400, 90, 80, 20, 20);
}
}

Step-by-Step Code Explanation

🔹 Step 1: Import Statements

import [Link];
import [Link].*;

 [Link] → Needed to create an applet

 [Link].* → Provides Graphics, Font, Color classes

🔹 Step 2: Class Declaration

public class GraphicsMethods extends Applet

 Class inherits Applet

 Makes it a Java Applet program

🔹 Step 3: Variable Declaration

String s, s1, s2;
Font f1 = new Font("Courier New", [Link], 20);

 String variables store font & color details

 Font object created with:
o Font Name: Courier New
o Style: Bold
 o Size: 20

🔹 Step 4: paint() Method

public void paint(Graphics ga)

 Called automatically whenever applet is displayed

 Graphics ga is used to draw shapes and text

🔹 Step 5: Setting Font and Color

[Link](f1);
[Link]([Link]);

 Applies font and blue color

 Affects all following drawings until changed

🔹 Step 6: Drawing Text

[Link]("Illustration of methods of Graphics Class", 200, 520);

 Displays text at position (x=200, y=520)

🔹 Step 7: Getting Current Font & Color

Font f2 = [Link]();
Color col = [Link]();

 Retrieves current font and color

 Converts them to string and displays

🔹 Step 8: Drawing Rectangles

[Link](160, 500, 70, 90);
[Link](160, 5, 60, 60);

 fillRect() → Filled rectangle

 drawRect() → Outline rectangle
🔹 Step 9: Drawing Ovals
[Link](10, 120, 155, 95);
[Link](700, 140, 50, 150);

 drawOval() → Hollow oval

 fillOval() → Filled oval

🔹 Step 10: Drawing Line & Arc

[Link](380, 100, 200, 180);
[Link](400, 150, 180, 280, 90, 70);

 Line between two points

 Arc with start angle & sweep angle

🔹 Step 11: Drawing Polygon

int[] x2 = {200, 120, 280, 240};
int[] y2 = {260, 370, 370, 270};
[Link](x2, y2, 4);

 Creates a filled polygon using coordinate arrays

🔹 Step 12: Font Metrics

FontMetrics f3 = [Link]();

 Gives font measurement details

 Displayed using drawString()

🔹 Step 13: Rounded Rectangle

[Link](510, 400, 90, 80, 20, 20);

 Draws rectangle with rounded corners

Applet HTML Code

<applet code="[Link]" width="800" height="600">
</applet>

▶ Execution Steps (Exam-Ready)

Step 1:

Save file as:

[Link]

Step 2:

Compile:

javac [Link]

Step 3:

Run using Applet Viewer:

appletviewer [Link]

🖥 Output Description (Important for Viva)

 Blue heading text using Courier New font
 Multiple shapes:
o Rectangles
o Ovals
o Line
o Arc
o Polygon
o Rounded rectangle
 Different colors applied to each shape
 Font and color information printed as text

📷 Expected Output (Visual Idea)

PRACTICAL 3
Design a Calculator using AWT (with Event Handling)

Aim
To design a simple calculator using AWT/Swing components that performs:

 Addition
 Subtraction
 Multiplication
 Division
 Clear operation

using ActionListener for event handling.

Concepts Used (Before Code)

1⃣ GUI Components

 JFrame → Main window

 JLabel → Text labels
 JTextField → Input/output fields
 JButton → Operation buttons

2⃣ Event Handling

 ActionListener interface
 actionPerformed() method
 Button click detection using getSource()

3⃣ Layout

 null layout → Manual positioning using setBounds()

Given Code (As Provided)
import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;

public class Calculator extends JFrame implements ActionListener {

private JTextField num1Field, num2Field, resultField;

private JButton addButton, subtractButton, multiplyButton,
divideButton, clearButton;

public Calculator() {
setTitle("Simple Calculator");
setSize(400, 300);
setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
setLayout(null);

JLabel num1Label = new JLabel("First Number:");

[Link](20, 20, 100, 20);
num1Field = new JTextField();
[Link](130, 20, 100, 20);

JLabel num2Label = new JLabel("Second Number:");

[Link](20, 60, 100, 20);
num2Field = new JTextField();
[Link](130, 60, 100, 20);

JLabel resultLabel = new JLabel("Result:");

[Link](20, 100, 100, 20);
resultField = new JTextField();
[Link](130, 100, 100, 20);

[Link](false);

addButton = new JButton("Add");

[Link](20, 140, 80, 30);
subtractButton = new JButton("Subtract");
[Link](110, 140, 80, 30);
multiplyButton = new JButton("Multiply");
[Link](200, 140, 80, 30);
divideButton = new JButton("Divide");
[Link](290, 140, 80, 30);
clearButton = new JButton("Clear");
[Link](20, 180, 80, 30);

[Link](this);
[Link](this);
[Link](this);
[Link](this);
[Link](this);

add(num1Label);
add(num1Field);
add(num2Label);
add(num2Field);
add(resultLabel);
add(resultField);
add(addButton);
add(subtractButton);
 add(multiplyButton);
add(divideButton);
add(clearButton);

setVisible(true);
}

public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {

try {
double num1 = [Link]([Link]());
double num2 = [Link]([Link]());
double result = 0;

if ([Link]() == addButton) {
result = num1 + num2;
} else if ([Link]() == subtractButton) {
result = num1 - num2;
} else if ([Link]() == multiplyButton) {
result = num1 * num2;
} else if ([Link]() == divideButton) {
if (num2 == 0) {
[Link]("Cannot divide by zero");
return;
}
result = num1 / num2;
} else if ([Link]() == clearButton) {
[Link]("");
[Link]("");
[Link]("");
return;
}

[Link]([Link](result));

} catch (NumberFormatException ex) {

[Link]("Invalid input");
}
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

new Calculator();
}
}

Step-by-Step Code Explanation

🔹 Step 1: Import Statements

import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;

 [Link].* → GUI basics

 [Link].* → Event handling
  [Link].* → Advanced GUI components

🔹 Step 2: Class Declaration

public class Calculator extends JFrame implements ActionListener

 JFrame → Creates application window

 ActionListener → Handles button click events

🔹 Step 3: Declaring Components

private JTextField num1Field, num2Field, resultField;
private JButton addButton, subtractButton, multiplyButton, divideButton,
clearButton;

 Text fields → Input and output

 Buttons → Arithmetic operations

🔹 Step 4: Constructor (GUI Design)

public Calculator() {

This is where the entire GUI is created.

Window Settings
setTitle("Simple Calculator");
setSize(400, 300);
setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
setLayout(null);

 null layout → manual positioning

Labels & Text Fields

JLabel num1Label = new JLabel("First Number:");
num1Field = new JTextField();

 Label shows text

 TextField takes user input
Result Field
[Link](false);

 Prevents manual editing of result

Buttons Creation
addButton = new JButton("Add");
subtractButton = new JButton("Subtract");

 Creates calculator buttons

Event Registration
[Link](this);

 Registers button click events

🔹 Step 5: Adding Components to Frame

add(num1Label);
add(num1Field);
...

 Makes components visible in window

🔹 Step 6: actionPerformed() Method

public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e)

 Automatically executed when any button is clicked

Input Conversion
double num1 = [Link]([Link]());

 Converts text input to numbers

Operation Selection
if ([Link]() == addButton)

 Detects which button is clicked

Division by Zero Handling
if (num2 == 0) {
[Link]("Cannot divide by zero");
}

 Prevents runtime error

Exception Handling
catch (NumberFormatException ex)

 Handles invalid input like letters or symbols

🔹 Step 7: main() Method

public static void main(String[] args) {
new Calculator();
}

 Starts the application

▶ Execution Steps (Very Important for Exams)

Step 1:

Save file as:

[Link]

Step 2:

Compile:

javac [Link]

Step 3:

Run:

java Calculator
Output Description
 Window titled Simple Calculator
 Two input fields
 Result display field
 Buttons for:
o Add
o Subtract
o Multiply
o Divide
o Clear
 Displays result or error message