Fluid Mechanics & Machinery
Prepared
by Mr. Shuvajit
Ghosh
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Lecturer in Mechanical
Engineering Ranaghat
Government Polytechnic
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Chapter 1
Properties of Fluids
Lesson 3
Fluid Properties
Cohesion & Adhesion:
Force of attraction between same molecules is known as cohesion while force of attraction between
different molecules is known as adhesion.
Some characteristics of cohesion & adhesion are,
• Cohesion enables a liquid to resist tensile load while adhesion enables it to stick to other surface.
• In case of liquid cohesion is dominating but in case of gas cohesion is negligible due to random
moment of molecules.
• On increasing the temperature of liquid, randomness of liquid molecules leading to decrease in
cohesion.
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Viscosity:
It is a property of a real fluid (an ideal fluid has no viscosity) which determine its resistance to shearing stresses. It is
primarily due to cohesion, relative motion, and molecular momentum exchange between fluid layers.
In case of liquid reason for viscosity is relative motion and cohesion whereas for gases it is due to molecular
collision.
Fig. Viscosity
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When two layer of fluid at the distance of 𝑑𝑦 apart, move one over the other at different velocities, say 𝑢 and 𝑢 + 𝑑𝑢, the
viscosity together with relative velocity causes shear stress acting between layers. This shear stress, (𝜏) is proportional to the
rate of change of velocity with respect to 𝑦.
Mathematically,
𝜏 ∝ 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑢
∴𝜏=𝜇
𝑑𝑦
where, 𝜏 = Shear
stress
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑦 = Velocity gradient or rate of shear
strain
𝜇 = Coefficient of viscosity
Fig. Velocity variation
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Unit of viscosity:
𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝜇
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓
= 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐� �ൗ 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
=
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 1
× 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
= 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
ൗ 2
1
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 × 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
=
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ2
𝑁𝑠
∴ SI unit of viscosity =
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𝑘𝑔𝑓−𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑚2
, MKS unit of viscosity =
𝑚
2
𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒−𝑠𝑒𝑐
& CGS unit of viscosity= = 1 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒
𝑐𝑚2
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𝑵𝒔
Relation between 1 poise and 1 ,
𝒎𝟐
𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒−𝑠𝑒𝑐
1 𝑔𝑚 × 1𝑐𝑚 ×
1 𝑔𝑚
1 poise = 𝑐𝑚2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 × 𝑐𝑚
𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝑐𝑚
2
1
1000𝑘𝑔 1 𝑘𝑔
= 1 =
𝑠𝑒𝑐 × 10 𝑠𝑒𝑐 × 𝑚
𝑚
∴ 1 poise = 𝑘 100
1 𝑔
10 𝑠𝑒𝑐×𝑚
------------------------(a)
𝑵𝒔
Now, From SI unit we get the unit of viscosity is
𝒎𝟐 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑁𝑠 1𝑘𝑔 × 1𝑚 ×
1 2 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝑚
2
𝑚
𝑚2
∴ 1
𝑁𝑠 =
𝑘𝑔
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𝑠𝑒𝑐×𝑚
(b)
Comparing equation (a) & (b) we can write as,
1 𝑁𝑠
1 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 =
10 𝑚2
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Effect of temperature on viscosity:
The relation between viscosity and temperature for gases and liquids are,
For gas,
The viscosity of gases is expressed as a function of temperature by the Sutherland correlation as
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𝑎𝑇2
𝜇= 𝑏
1+
𝑇
where, T is absolute temperature & a and b are experimentally determined constants.
On increasing temperature, randomness of gas molecules increases which further increases
molecular collisions, hence viscosity of gas increases.
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For liquid,
For liquids, the viscosity is approximated as
𝑏
𝜇= 𝑎10𝑇−𝑐
where, T is absolute temperature & a, b, and c are experimentally determined constants.
On increasing temperature, cohesion decreases leading to deceases in viscosity.
Fig. Viscosity-Temperature diagram for liquids & gases
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Newton’s law of viscosity:
The shear stress on a fluid element layers is directly proportional to the velocity gradient (or rate of
shear strain). The constant of proportionality is called the coefficient of viscosity (absolute
viscosity, dynamic viscosity, or simply viscosity). It is denoted as μ. Mathematically, it is expressed
as
𝑑𝑢
𝜏=𝜇
𝑑𝑦
where, 𝜏 = Shear stress
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑦
= Velocity gradient or rate of shear strain
𝜇 = Coefficient of viscosity
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Quiz Test
1. Poise is the unit of
(a) density (b) kinematic viscosity
(c) viscosity (d) specific gravity
Answer: (c)
2. Newton’s law of viscosity state that
(a) shear stress is directly proportion to the velocity
(b) shear stress is directly proportion to the rate of shear strain
(c) shear stress is directly proportion to the shear strain
(d) shear stress is directly proportion to the viscosity
Answer: (b)
3. Property of a fluid by which its own molecules are attracted is known as
(a) viscosity (b) adhesion
(c) cohesion (d) surface tension
Answer: (c)
4. Dimension of viscosity is
(a)[𝑀−1𝐿−1𝑇−1] (b) [𝑀𝐿−1𝑇−1]
(c) [𝐿𝑇−2] (d) [𝑀−1𝐿−1𝑇−2]
Answer: (b)
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Workout Example
𝑚
Example: A plate 0.1 mm distant from a fixed plate moves at 2 and requires a force of 3.8 to maintain this
𝑁
𝑠 𝑚2
speed. Find the viscosity of the fluid between the plates.
Solution:
Given,
Distance between two plate, (𝑑𝑦) = 0.1 𝑚𝑚 = 1 × 10−4 m
𝑚
Velocity of the movable plate (i.e. upper plate), 𝑢 = 2
𝑠
𝑚
Change of velocity, (𝑑𝑢) = 𝑢 − 0 = 𝑢 = 2
𝑠
Change of distance, (𝑑𝑦) = 0.1 𝑚𝑚 = 1 × 10−4 m
𝑁
Force per unit are, (𝜏) = 3.8
𝑚2
We know that, 𝜏 = 𝜇
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑦 2
∴ 3.8 = 𝜇
1 × 10 𝑁𝑠
−4
∴ 𝜇 = 1.9 × 10 −4
𝑚2
The viscosity of the fluid between the plates (𝜇) is 1.9 × 10−4 𝑁𝑠 .
𝑚2 13
References
1. Er. R.K. Rajput, A text book of Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines, [Link] publication.
2. Dr. R.K. Bansal, A text book of Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines, Laxmi Publications (P) Ltd, India.
3. S.K. Som, G. Biswas, S. Chakraborty, Introduction to Fluid Mechanics and Fluid machines, McGraw-Hill, India.
4. Yunus A. Çengel, John M. Cimbala, Fluid mechanics, McGraw-Hill, New York.
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Thank You!