J. Astrophys. Astr.

(0000) 000: ####

DOI

Exoplanet Detection : A Detailed Analysis

Mahima Kaushik1,* , Aditee Mattoo1 and Dr. Ritesh Rastogi2

1
Department of [Link] Integrated (CSE), Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida, 201310,
U.P, India
2
Department of CS, Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida, 201310, U.P, India.
*
Corresponding author. E-mail: mahimakaushik333@[Link]
arXiv:2404.09143v2 [[Link]] 17 Apr 2024

Abstract. The exoplanet detection is the most exciting and challenging field of astronomy. The discovery of
many exoplanets has revolutionized our understanding of the formation and evolution of planetary systems and
has showed new ways to search for extra terrestrial life. In recent years, some primary methods of exoplanet
detection like transit, radial velocity, gravitational microlensing, direct imaging and astrometry have played a
important role for the discovery of exoplanets. In this paper we explored detection methodologies with all the
implications and analytics of comparison between them. Here we also discussed on different machine learning
algorithms for exoplanet detection and visualization. Finally, concluded with the significant discoveries made
by some missions and their implications on our understanding for the properties, environmental conditions and
importance of exoplanets in the universe.

Keywords. Exoplanet Detection—Transit—Missions—Exoplanets—Gaia.

1. Introduction fers distinct perspectives, strengths, limitations, and

other details, often represented in tabular and graphi-
Since the discovery of exoplanets began, they have con- cal forms. By analyzing the light that passes through
tinually surprised us with the hidden secrets of the cos- the atmosphere of a planet, scientists can understand its
mos. Here on earth, wealth is often associated with composition. Some exoplanets have been found to have
the possession of precious rocks and metals. But what atmospheres containing elements such as carbon diox-
about worlds made of these rocks and metals? For ide, methane, and even water vapor Perryman (2018).
instance, 55 Cancri e is an exoplanet made of dia- If we compare a piece of wood and a piece of diamond
monds and orbits a sun-like star. It was discovered by to see which one is more expensive, the correct an-
McArthur McArthur et al. (2004) using the radial ve- swer is wood. This is because, so far, earth is the only
locity method by observing the spectrum of one of the place in the universe where wood is produced, while di-
parent stars in a binary system located 40 light-years amonds are present on different exoplanets like 55 Can-
from the planet Earth. Exoplanets are poised to be- cri e. Gliese 667Cc is a super-earth exoplanet that lies
come a significant part of human civilization in various 22 light-years away from earth. It’s a potentially habit-
aspects, such as energy sources, colonization of other able super-earth with a mass of 3.8 times that of earth.
planets, transportation, space exploration, employment, Humans are still in the race of hunting for those habit-
and many others. Since the first exoplanet was dis- able exoplanets, on which we can grow more plants and
covered, astronomers have been working tirelessly to expand human colonization beyond Earth.
discover other extrasolar planets. Numerous missions 51 Pegasi b, the first exoplanet, orbiting around
have been conducted by several space agencies to study a star similar to sun, was found using the radial ve-
exoplanets, and the results have been truly fulfilling. locity approach by Mayor & Queloz. Several space
Till date, approximately 5500+ exoplanets have been agencies are running missions specifically for exo-
discovered Akeson et al. (2013), with many of them planet detection using different detection methods Shafi
undergoing detailed studies. Exoplanets come in vari- (2021). These missions include hubble, spitzer, corot,
ous types such as earth-size, neptune-size, super-earth, kepler/K2, gaia, TESS, CHEOPs, webb, and many
jupiter-size, sub-earth, super-jupiters, brown dwarfs, more, which continuously monitor the universe, and as-
and stellar companions. There are also various tech- tronomers keep detecting exoplanets with their help. In
niques for detecting exoplanets Wei (2018), including the future, there will be missions for specific exoplanets
radial velocity, transit method, astrometry, direct imag- to understand their properties in detail and their envi-
ing, and gravitational microlensing. Each method of- ronmental conditions. However, as of now, it’s hard to
© Indian Academy of Sciences 1
#### Page 2 of 10 J. Astrophys. Astr. (0000) 000: ####

Figure 1. Exoplanet detection methods, shown on a logarithmic mass scale, show current and upcoming measuring possibilities. Open arrows show
previous evaluations, whereas solid arrows represent discoveries. Data collected from the NASA Exoplanet Archive (2018) Perryman (2018).

travel to even nearby exoplanets within a lifetime. Fur- Exoplanet research is essential because it can increase
ther more, introduced space missions briefly, includ- our knowledge of planetary systems and the conditions
ing details about data formats and other details. As- necessary for habitability and the possibility that life
tronomers use various machine learning Kumari et al. exists elsewhere in the cosmos.
(2023) and data cleaning algorithms to work on the data
that comes from these missions. Such algorithms in- 2.1 Stars That Host Planets
clude the BLS algorithm, light curve analyzer, CNN,
On average, each star Scalo et al. (2007) is believed to
and other algorithms. all exoplanets are formed by nor-
host at least one planet. It’s estimated that around 20%
mal matter but some scientists assumes that some exo-
of sun like stars have an ”earth-sized” planet in their
planets could me formed through dark matter Bai et al.
habitable zones. The majority of known exoplanets or-
(2023). Introduction about exoplanets with there basic
bit stars similar to our Sun, specifically those in the
details are going to be dicsussed in the next section.
main-sequence spectral categories F, G, or K Lee et al.
(2012) Perryman (2018) Meunier et al. (2023). Planets
2. The exoplanets detectable by the radial-velocity method are less com-
mon around lower mass stars, such as the red dwarfs
Extrasolar planets, also referred to as exoplanets, are in the M spectral group Ananyeva et al. (2023). De-
planets that circle stars outside of our solar system. spite this, the transit method, which excels at detect-
From the first exoplanet to be discovered in the early ing smaller planets, has enabled the kepler telescope to
1990s to the current booming field with thousands of identify dozens of planets orbiting near red dwarfs.
confirmed planets, the growth of exoplanet investiga-
tion has been incredible wikipedia (2022). Section 2 2.2 Detection methods
discusses the crucial roles that various detection meth- Various detection methods Rouan & Lagrange (2023)
ods have had in this process. Technological develop- exist for exoplanets, and astronomers continuously
ments like adaptive optics, space-based observatories work toward developing new ways of detection. Some
like kepler and TESS, and high-precision spectrographs effective methods include radial velocity, which led to
have made these approaches far more useful Woodrum the discovery of the 1st exoplanet in the late ’90s; the
et al. (2023). The discovery of smaller and farther-off transit method, which analyzes light curves and peri-
planets has been made feasible by these developments.
J. Astrophys. Astr. (0000)000: #### Page 3 of 10 ####

Figure 2. Diagram showing the habitable zones surrounding certain

stars. The green area indicates where water on a planet’s surface can stay
liquid at the ideal distance from the star. The blue area is too cool, and the
red area is too heated.

odograms Bozza et al. (2016); direct imaging, cap-

turing exoplanets through images; gravitational mi-
crolensing; and astrometry Perryman (2018). Table 1
shows the total number of exoplanets discovered by
various methods of detection till beginning of 2024 Figure 3. planet masses are categorized based on solar system objects,
as suggested by Stevens & Gaudi (2013). The solar system’s planet masses
NASA (2024). data taken from NASA exoplanet are displayed on the right, with the size of the circles corresponding to the
archive Akeson et al. (2013). planets’ radii Perryman (2018) Mathur et al. (2021).

Table 1. Exoplanets discovered by various methods till date 2.4 Atmospheric conditions

Method of discovery Number of planets Finding transiting exoplanets is a significant break-

through that provides previously unattainable knowl-
Astrometry 3
edge about the composition and physical properties of
Disk Kinematics 1
these far-off worlds Yakovlev et al. (2022). Transit and
Radial Velocity 1071
eclipse spectroscopy allows the investigation of atmo-
Eclipse timing variations 17
Orbital brightness modulations 9
spheric dynamics Walker et al. (2018) and heat trans-
Transit 4146 port processes, especially for hot Jupiters, while the re-
Transit timing variations 28 sulting densities, derived from detailed measurements
Pulsar timing variations 7 of masses and radii, offer important hints regarding in-
Microlensing 204 ternal structures and compositions. These discoveries
Imaging 69 have been made possible in large part by drawing on
Pulsation timing variations 2 knowledge amassed over the previous 50 years from re-
search on the planets and satellites of the solar system
Jakka (2023).
2.3 Types of exoplanets Future developments in photometric and spectro-
scopic observations, such as those brought about by
As of the conclusion of 2023, the existence of over the 2020 launch of the James Webb Space Telescope
5500 planets had been confirmed. In an attempt to bet- (JWST), are very promising. Advanced diagnostics
ter understand these celestial bodies, scientists have un- may reveal the precise atmospheric compositions of ex-
dertaken numerous initiatives to categorize them based oplanets that are located in the ”habitable zone Jagtap
on various attributes, including their size, mass, and et al. (2021), ” which is where liquid water may be
composition Perryman (2018).Table 2 shows the classi- present. These compositions may include indications
fication of exoplanets based on mass, size and chemical of either primitive or advanced life forms. These de-
compositions of known gases such as ZnS , H2 O, CO2 velopments advance not only the hunt for extraterres-
& CH4 Forestano et al. (2023). trial life but also help answer the important question of
#### Page 4 of 10 J. Astrophys. Astr. (0000) 000: ####

existence:
Table 2. Types of exoplanets based on various factors
Factor Planet type Parameter Radial Velocity: When a planet orbits a star,
Size Earth size (1.25 − 2R⊕ ) both celestial bodies revolve around a shared center
Super Earth size (2 − 6R⊕ ) of mass, termed the barycenter. The star’s motion
Jupiter size (6 − 15R⊕ ) around this point results in a periodic fluctuation in its
radial velocity Hatzes (2016), which signifies its speed
Mass Earth (0.1M⊕ − 2M⊕ ) moving towards or away from an observer located on
Sub Earth (10−8 M⊕ − 0.1M⊕ ) Earth. It is discovered by spectroscopic studies that
Super Earth (2M⊕ − 10M⊕ ) this radial velocity shift exists. The spectral lines of a
Neptunes (10M⊕ − 100M⊕ ) star change towards the blue end of the spectrum as it
Jupiters (100M⊕ − 103 M⊕ ) travels towards the observer, and to the red end when it
Super Jupiters (103 M⊕ − 13M J ) goes away (blueshift and redshift, respectively) Bozza
Brown Dwarfs (13M J − 0.07M⊙ ) et al. (2016) Chen (2023).
Stellar Companions (0.07M⊙ − 1M⊙ )
Angular (Astrometric) Position in the Sky: The star
Composition Hot super Earths (187 − 1.12) moves in a modest circular or elliptical path around the
(stellar flux) Warm Super Earths (1.12 − 0.30) shared center of mass due to the gravitational attraction
Cold super Earth (0.30 − 0.0030) of an orbiting planet Pham et al. (2024) Bozza et al.
Hot Rocky (182 − 1.0) (2016). The star’s angular location in the sky changes
Warm Rocky (1.0 − 0.28)
periodically, indicating its motion. Astrometric mea-
Cold Rocky (0.28 − 0.0035)
sures entail monitoring the star’s apparent location with
Hot Sub Neptunes (188 − 1.15)
accuracy over time. Measurements of radial velocity
Warm Sub Neptunes (1.15 − 0.32)
Cold Sub Neptunes (0.32 − 0.0.0030)
have been used more frequently than this approach,
Hot Sub Jovians (220 − 1.65) which is more difficult Perryman (2018) Chen (2023).
Warm Sub Jovians (1.65 − 0.45)
Cold Sub Jovians (0.45 − 0.0030) Time of Arrival of Periodic Reference Signal:
Hot Jovians (220 − 1.65) Variations in the arrival times of periodic signals, such
Warm Jovians (1.65 − 0.40) pulsar pulses or eclipse timings in binary star systems,
Cold Jovians (0.40 − 0.0025) can be caused by the gravitational interaction between
a star and its circling planet Bozza et al. (2016).
Timing variations in these signals of reference may
indicate the existence of an unseen planet and offer
how common or uncommon life is in the universe Sea- additional evidence of its impact Fischer et al. (2015).
ger & Deming (2010). The dynamic interplay between
theoretical models and observational methods is set to Radial velocity Dumusque et al. (2017) measure-
propel future research and transform our knowledge of ments revealed the first credible discovery of an ex-
exoplanetary systems. oplanet in 1995 Perryman (2018). Since then, a
number of exoplanets have been found using this
method because to technological and observational
3. Exoplanet detection methods breakthroughs. Via radial velocity metrics, 1075 exo-
planets had been found as of 02/05/2024; some of these
As discussed previously there are various detection planets have been observed to transit their host stars, al-
methods which played an important role to present this lowing the star’s light to periodically fade as the planet
unique field of study. all methods works on various passes in front of it.
different properties such as light, noise Smith et al.
(2008), EMwaves etc. some of them are explained here. 3.2 Transit method

3.1 Radial Velocity Method Astronomy achieved a major milestone in 1999 with
the ground-breaking observation of the first transit of
The radial velocity technique for identifying exo- an extrasolar planet Perryman (2018) Chen (2023).
planets involves tracking the reflexive movement of a The ’hot Jupiter’ system HD 209458 was observed
star, which is triggered by the gravitational force of photometrically Perryman (2018), which allowed for
a planet in orbit. This method assesses three visible this observation. A gas giant planet known as a ”hot
characteristics of the star that are altered by the planet’s Jupiter” has a close orbit around its host star, which
J. Astrophys. Astr. (0000)000: #### Page 5 of 10 ####

increases the planet’s temperature somewhat. other tant that this imaging idea is not the same as reaching
star systems found by radial velocity surveys came the planetary surface’s spatial resolution Bozza et al.
into focus after this finding Fischer et al. (2015). (2016). Additionally, it is distinct from techniques
After a planet passes in front of its host star, causing a that detect fluctuations in the total brightness Manfredi
periodic dimming of the star’s brightness, researchers et al. (2020) of the planet and star system as a re-
kept an eye on these systems in the hopes of finding sult of things like secondary eclipses, reflected light, or
other transits Yang (2023). Identifying exoplanets changes in the stellar spectrum Birkby (2018) through-
became increasingly dependent on this methodology, out a transit. In 2005, the first imaging detections
particularly for those that were not initially found were reported, namely the identification of huge, youth-
via the radial velocity method Bozza et al. (2016). ful, self-luminous planets in broad orbits Bozza et al.
Dedicated surveys were rapidly launched to perform (2016) Perryman (2018). The NASA exoplanet archive
”blind hunts,” initially from space then from ground- listed 44 of these discoveries as at the end of 2017 Per-
based observatories Perryman (2018). The goal of ryman (2018). Prominent instances comprise planets
these surveys was to find new planets only by using discovered in well researched debris disk systems such
the periodic transit fingerprints observed in star light as β Pic and fomalhaut, in along with multi-planet sys-
curves. With this method, scientists were able to find a tems like HR 8799 (which includes four planets) and
wide variety of exoplanets without any prior awareness LkCa 15 (containing two planets) Perryman (2018).
of their presence Chen (2023). There are certain deep learning models are used to in-
hance the capabilities of detection such as deep PACO
In the field of exoplanet research, transiting planets Flasseur et al. (2024)
are especially significant Afanasev (2018). The light Researchers have been able to determine the orbital
curves acquired during transits yield important details velocity of planets in systems such as β Pic, HR
on planet sizes since the radii of the planets may be 8799, and fomalhaut thanks to multi-epoch research.
estimated due to the star’s periodic dimming of light Over the past ten years, developments in imaging in-
Perryman (2018) Fischer et al. (2015). Through tech- strument technology Daglayan et al. (2023) Hebrard
niques like radial velocity measurements, astronomers et al. (2018) have led to an emergence of cutting-
can establish the transiting planet’s mass as well as its edge devices specifically intended for exoplanet imag-
density, providing preliminary information about the ing Beuzit et al. (2006). VLT-SPHERE, Gemini-GPI
planet’s composition Bozza et al. (2016) Chen (2023). Galicher et al. (2014), and Subaru-HiCIAO are a few
Around the end of the year of 2023, exoplanet research examples Fischer et al. (2015). It is important to
had undergone a major transformation. There were now remember that these devices can only directly pic-
close to 4153 transiting planets known, with the Kepler ture massive planets that are young, warm, and self-
space observatory detecting nearly 2778 of them as re- luminous at this time Perryman (2018). It is expected
ported by NASA. Kepler began operations in 2009 and that with the next 30–40-meter telescopes, direct de-
has been a key player in the area of transiting exoplanet tection of point source pictures resulting from reflected
research, providing an abundance of data that has made starlight would become possible Bozza et al. (2016)
significant effects Panahi et al. (2022) Chen (2023). A Perryman (2018). On the other hand, picturing planets
wide range of exoplanetary systems have been found similar to earth is still a distant objective Chen (2023).
as a result of the joint efforts of ground-based surveys It is crucial to take into account imaging Koechlin et al.
Perryman (2018), such HAT and WASP, which revealed (2005) at radio and X-ray wavelengths while study-
bright and easily detectable transiting systems, and Ke- ing star-planet systems. These other wavelength ranges
pler’s numerous discoveries, particularly those of close- may provide light on many facets of the interactions
orbiting multi-planet systems Afanasev (2018). These that take place between stars and their planets Flasseur
systems contribute to our understanding of the diver- et al. (2023). There is talk about the potential to expand
sity of planetary systems outside of our solar system by imaging capabilities to X-ray and radio wavelengths,
displaying a wide range of physical attributes and cir- which implies a more thorough investigation of obser-
cumstances. vational methods in exoplanet studies Rosa & do Nasci-
mento Dias (2023) Daglayan et al. (2023).
3.3 Direct imaging method
3.4 Gravitational Microlensing
”Imaging” in the context of modern exoplanet research
is the process of recognizing a planet as an individual The general relativity-based observation method known
source of light Perryman (2018) Chen (2023). This may as gravitational microlensing Perryman (2018). Us-
happen as a result of the planet’s own thermal emis- ing gravitational microlensing, scientists found 210 ex-
sion or light reflected from the host star. It is impor- oplanets by the end of 2023. This technique uses
#### Page 6 of 10 J. Astrophys. Astr. (0000) 000: ####

Figure 4. Exoplanets detection methods. fig 4.1 represents Number of exoplanets detected by Radial velocity method in previous years, fig 4.2 represents
Number of exoplanets detected by Transit method in previous years, fig 4.3 represents Number of exoplanets detected by Gravitational Microlensing method
in previous years, fig 4.4 represents Number of exoplanets detected by Direct Imaging method in previous years, fig 4.5 represents Number of exoplanets
detected by Timing method in previous years, fig 4.6 represents Number of exoplanets detected by Astrometry method in previous years .

tistically noticed without a clear resolution of individ-

ual objects. Specific circumstances within gravitational
lensing are described by the introduction of specialized
words. Mesolensing is the term used to characterize
the astrometric displacement that accompanied a high-
proper motion foreground star, whereas nanolensing
is the lensing caused by planetary-mass objects Gaudi
(2012). Relative motion between the source, lens, and
observer causes time-varying amplification of pictures
.
Depending on the characteristics of the radiation source
Figure 5. Representing the periodogram of exoplanet KIC and the lens, this amplification takes place across an
6922244 assortment of intervals, from hours to years. A more
complex light curve may be seen from the background
source if the foreground lensing object is gravitation-
the gravitational potential of a foreground object (the ally complex, such a star with planets or a cluster of
lens) to bend light beams from a distant background galaxies Wright & Gaudi (2012). This complexity re-
object (the source) Bozza et al. (2016) Perryman sults from the changing alignment geometry’s time-
(2018). Depending on how the source, lens, and ob- varying magnification. Significant discoveries have
server are aligned, the outcome is a distorted image been made using gravitational microlensing Tamanini
of the source, sometimes in many images Chen (2023) & Danielski (2019) in exoplanet exploration. In 2004,
Beaulieu (2023). The effects of gravitational lensing a 4MJ planet was first clearly detected at approximately
can be observed, leading to the classification into var- 4 astronomical units (au) Perryman (2018). A 5M ⊕
ious domains Jones (2008). Robust lensing, observ- planet was then found in 2006. An observation of a
able at the level of individual objects, is further classi- two-planet system in 2008 made it possible to quantify
fied into macro- and microlensing. Whereas microlens- orbital motion during the lensing event. In 2015, the
ing deals with discrete, unresolved multiple visuals, lens mass and microlens parallax were measured. In
macrolensing generates multiple resolved images, or early 2018, evidence for planets flying freely was pro-
”arcs.” Weak lensing is a different regime that is sta- posed. These results validate gravitational microlens-
J. Astrophys. Astr. (0000)000: #### Page 7 of 10 ####

ing as an independent and potent probe of exoplanets, 4. Comparative analysis of detection methods
especially over an important mass and orbital radius re-
gion Bozza et al. (2016). Count of detected exoplanets by specific method is
the proof of its importance. Every method of ex-
3.5 Astrometry trasolar planet detection works on different principles
and scientific concepts Perryman (2018) Chen (2023).
The exact measurement of the motions and positions
While transit photometry and radial velocity methods
of different celestial objects, from bodies of the solar
are playing main role for the majority detection. after
system and stars within our galaxy to, theoretically,
discovery there are various parameters and properties to
entire galaxies and clusters, is known as astrophysicist.
know for detecting habitable planet, which is possible
Determining stellar parallaxes and proper movements
through other methods Meunier et al. (2012). hence ev-
has historically been a major goal of astrometry, as
ery detection method have its own advantages and dis-
these are essential for comprehending the character-
advantages Fischer et al. (2015). The transit photom-
istics of host stars Perryman (2018). In the present
etry method coveres wide range of stars but its false
development, astrometry plays a new role: it seeks
positive rate is high Tembhare et al. (2023). transit
to identify the crosswise element of the displacement
method works for star-planet systems, which have or-
of a host star due to an orbiting planet’s gravity.
bits aligned in such a way that, they can be visible from
Measures of radial velocity, which are sensitive to the
earth. those exoplanets should move in between host
concomitant movement of the photocenter along the
star and earth. Radial velocity method is highly prolific
line-of-sight, are closely associated with this dynamic
and works for many planets but they must be close to
manifestation in the sky Saffe et al. (2005).
the spectator McArthur et al. (2004). Timing method
works for limited materiality, but provide accurate data
It has been difficult to achieve high-accuracy as-
of exoplanets residing far from earth. Direct imaging
trometry; hipparcos and the fine guidance sensors on
also works for few stars but straight forward detection
the hubble space telescope, for example, achieved ac-
of exoplanets. Large orbital radii planets can be de-
curacies of about 1 milliarcsecond (mas). Still, this de-
tected by gravitational microlensing, but here measure-
gree of accuracy has only just touched the tip of the
ments alignments can’t be repeated and questionable
iceberg in terms of how much star position displace-
Hebrard et al. (2018). The majority of precise searches
ments caused by planets in orbit can be identified. By
employ multiple methodologies to collect multifaceted
the end of 2023, astrometry had only found three exo-
information on a certain planet. In particular exoplanet
planets, two of which were 5MJ and 2.26MJ in mass,
HD 86266 c alternative name TOI-652 c detected by
and one of which was a substellar partner with a mass
primary transit method in 2020 and gave radius param-
28 times that of jupiter (28MJ). These discoveries were
eter details. Table 3 shows the comparative analysis of
recorded in the NASA exoplanet archive. Since the gaia
detection methods with important parameters.
Ranalli et al. (2018) mission was launched in 2013,
the field of astrophysicists has seen a dramatic change
Panahi et al. (2022). Over a billion stars with magni-
5. Space missions for exoplanets
tudes up to V = 20–21 are being actively measured by
gaia, with accuracies of about 20–25 microarcseconds
There are several missions are working towards ex-
(µas) for stars with a magnitude of 15 Perryman (2018).
oplanets and there discoveries. these missions are
Our knowledge of planetary systems is predicted to be
running by various space agencies like NASA, ESA,
completely transformed by this astounding increase in
JAXA, SETI etc. some missions ended up working and
precision Hodgkin et al. (2021) Panahi et al. (2022).
some are currently doing good work. here is the details
Several thousand planetary systems with correct planet
of some space missions for exoplanets. The landscape
masses and absolute orbits free of the sin i ambiguity
of exoplanet exploration has been significantly shaped
(the uncertainty surrounding the inclination angle of the
by a series of pioneering space missions, each con-
planetary orbit) should be found thanks to gaia’s large
tributing unique insights into the vast diversity of plan-
dataset Panahi et al. (2022) Perryman (2018). More-
etary systems beyond our solar neighborhood Galicher
over, gaia will provide insightful data on planetary sys-
et al. (2014). Among these missions, TESS (Transit-
tems’ co-planarity, illuminating the configuration and
ing Exoplanet Survey Satellite) Kane et al. (2020) and
behaviour of several planets within a system wikipedia
GAIA Ranalli et al. (2018) stand as ongoing endeavors,
(2022).
tirelessly scanning the celestial expanse for transit-
ing exoplanets and providing precise astrometric data
for over a billion stars, [Link] are various
#### Page 8 of 10 J. Astrophys. Astr. (0000) 000: ####

Table 3. Comparative analysis of methods

Detection method Principle Measurements Advantages speciality Drawbacks Equipement
Radial velocity Gravitational m p , T, a large amount large planets, its for only plan- Spectrometer
Wobble of planets can small cool stars ets closer to ob-
be observe at server
once, preci-
sion
Transit photome- Light Dip r p , T, a High sen- precise evalua- False posi- Photometer,
try stivity, Large tion of properties, tives,intersecting TESS, Ke-
sample short period and sort period pler, CoRoT
planets planets
Direct Imaging Visual Obser- m p , T, a characterization large size and a, needed stability, cornograph
vation , atmospheres hot, planet close glare and infrared
to observer telescope
Gravitational Mi- Gravitational mp Distant plan- background to- doubtful align- Warsaw tele-
crolensing Lensing ets, galactic wards center of ment, single trial scope, OGLE
scale galaxy, large a
Astrometry Stellar Wob- RA, Dec,.. High preci- precise extremely hard Gaia, keck
ble sion, Long
baselines

a joint venture by NASA, ESA, and CSA, is poised to

Table 4. Space missions for exoplanet detection
revolutionize infrared astronomy and deepen our un-
Mission Status derstanding of exoplanet atmospheres Hebrard et al.
TESS Ongoing (2018).
GAIA Ongoing Looking ahead, a new wave of planned missions,
Kepler completed (2013) including ARIEL (Atmospheric Remote-sensing In-
K2 Completed (2018) frared Exoplanet Large-survey), RST (Roman Space
CHEOPS On going Telescope), TOLIMAN, PLATO (PLAnetary Transits
JWST On going and Oscillations of stars), and more, signal a future
ARIEL Planned of expanded horizons and enhanced capabilities in ex-
RST Planned oplanet detection and characterization. Reflecting on
TOLIMAN Planned
the completed missions, CoRot and Spitzer played piv-
PLATO Planned
otal roles, with CoRot contributing to the discovery of
CoRot Completed(2006)
rocky exoplanets and Spitzer providing invaluable in-
SPitzer Completed (2020)
frared observations until its completion in 2020. To-
gether, these missions have propelled exoplanet science
machine learning techniques Barboza et al. (2020) are into a dynamic era, where each undertaking adds layers
used to study and detect exoplanets Jin et al. (2022). to the evolving narrative of the cosmos beyond our solar
Table 4 shows the list of missions working on exoplanet system wikipedia (2022).
wikipedia (2022) .
Kepler, although completed in 2013, left an en- 6. Conclusion and future scope
during legacy by unveiling thousands of exoplanets
through the meticulous scrutiny of stellar light curves. A wide range of creative techniques used by as-
Its successor, K2, continued this mission, expanding tronomers and researchers have allowed the science
our understanding of exoplanets until its completion in of exoplanet detection to advance and diversify quite
2018. Ongoing missions such as CHEOPS (Charac- significantly. this detailed analysis of various exo-
terizing Exoplanet Satellite) and JWST (James Webb planet detection methods has illuminated the diverse
Space Telescope) Alderson et al. (2023) hold promise approaches and technological advancements that have
for further revelations Agrawal et al. (2015). CHEOPS shaped our understanding of distant planetary systems.
focuses on characterizing known exoplanets, scrutiniz- Each method, from the radial velocity and transit tech-
ing their atmospheres and compositions, while JWST, niques to direct imaging, gravitational microlensing,
J. Astrophys. Astr. (0000)000: #### Page 9 of 10 ####

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next-generation space telescopes and ground-based ob- 527, 1534
servatories, hold the promise of further refining existing
methods and unveiling new avenues for exoplanet dis- Flasseur, O., Bodrito, T., Mairal, J., et al. 2023, in 2023
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