(ERIKA) Learners have different needs, making assessment
more difficult.
Evolution of Inclusive Education
Best Practices
1. History of Inclusive Education
Use different assessment methods.
Inclusive education means all students, including those with Involve teachers, parents, and other stakeholders.
disabilities, learn together in the same classroom with the
support they need. 3. Models of Disability
Stages of Inclusive Education These are different ways of understanding disability.
1. Segregation (Early 20th Century) A. Moral / Religious Model
o Students with disabilities studied in separate
schools or classrooms. One of the oldest views.
o They had little interaction with other Believes disability is connected to sin, divine will, or
students. spiritual causes.
2. Integration (Mid-20th Century) Today, this model is generally outdated and not used
o Students with disabilities entered regular in education.
schools.
o However, they received limited support and B. Biomedical / Individual Model
were expected to adapt to the school.
3. Inclusive Education (Late 20th Century – Present) Disability is viewed as a medical condition.
o Schools adapt to meet the needs of all Focus is on diagnosing and treating the disability.
learners. Doctors and therapists usually make decisions.
o Diversity is accepted and every student has
equal learning opportunities. Characteristics:
2. Evaluation of Special and Inclusive Education Disability is seen as something that should be cured
or fixed.
Evaluation is the process of checking whether students are Medical professionals lead treatment.
learning and whether teaching methods are effective. The person with a disability may have little
involvement in decision-making.
Goals of Evaluation
C. Functional / Rehabilitation Model
Measure student progress.
Improve teaching strategies. Focuses on helping people become as independent as
Identify students' needs. possible.
Help teachers make better decisions. Uses therapy, training, and assistive tools.
Tools Used Characteristics:
IEP (Individualized Education Program) reviews. Teaches daily living skills.
Checklists. Uses physical, occupational, and speech therapy.
Standardized tests (when appropriate). Encourages independence.
Interviews and portfolio. Professionals work together to support the person.
Feedback from teachers, parents, and students.
D. Social Model of Disability
Focus of Inclusive Education Evaluation
Disability is caused mainly by barriers in society, not
Check if learning materials are accessible. by the person's condition.
Monitor student participation. Society should remove obstacles and make
Assess teacher preparedness. environments accessible.
Track academic and social development.
Challenges
Impairment vs. Disability: The Philippine Context
Impairment: A loss or problem in body structure or 1. Policy of Practice Gap: The Philippines has
function. inclusive education laws, but many schools lack
Disability: Limitations caused by barriers in society resources to fully implement them.
that prevent participation. 2. Cultural Support Systems: Filipino values like
Example: A student who uses a wheelchair has an Bayanihan and Kalinga encourage community
impairment. If the school has no ramp, the inability to support for learners.
enter the classroom is the disability because the 3. Primary Constraints: Challenges include limited
environment creates the barrier. facilities, lack of teacher training, and social stigma
toward students with disabilities.
E. Rights-Based Model
Based on human rights. (CJ)
People with disabilities have the same rights,
disability, and opportunities as everyone else.
Governments and schools must protect these rights. United Kingdom
o SEND framework, assistive tech + teaching
Four Key Factors: assistants in mainstream classes.
Italy
o Full inclusion, no separate special school.
1. Government is the duty-bearer.
2. The child is the rights-holder. Somalia
3. Parents are duty-bearers and perspectives. o Removes physical/sensory barriers.
4. Teachers are both duty-bearers and rights-holders. Kyrgyz Republic
o Early childhood inclusion.
Finland
F. Twin Track Approach
o Three-tier system (General, Intensified,
Special support)
This combines the Social Model and the Rights- o no "special needs" label.
Based Model.
Students with disabilities should be included in
regular classrooms wherever possible. Principles of EQUITY & SOCIAL JUSTICE
They should also receive specialized support when
needed (such as therapy, assistive devices, or special From "Deficit" to "Systemic" responsibility
programs). Recognition of deep diversity and intersectionality
Example: A student with hearing impairment attends Systematic removal of barriers
a regular class but also receives sign language The twining of Equity and quality.
support. "All means All"
Global Trends and Perspectives
1. Rights-Based Frameworks
(Around) Inclusive education is a human right, and
all learners should have equal access to education.
2. Systemic Interventions
Countries provide teacher training, IEPs, and support
systems to help all students learn.
3. Broadened Scope
Inclusion covers students with disabilities and those
from different cultural, social, and economic
backgrounds.
(BELE) Special Education (SpEd)
OVERVIEW OF SPECIAL AND INCLUSIVE Special Education is classes or instruction designed for
EDUCATION students with disabilities, giftedness, and talents.
In the Philippines, this change was strengthened through The purpose of SPED is to provide educational services that
reforms led by the Department of Education, particularly meet the learner's unique needs.
DepEd Order No. 21, s. 2019 and DepEd Order No. 42, s.
2017, which guide teachers in creating inclusive learning Special Educational Needs (SEN): learners who
environments and responding to learner diversity. have impairments that require additional support.
Inclusive education Integration vs. Mainstreaming vs. Inclusion
Inclusive Education is about putting the right to Integration: In integration, the learner enters the
education into action by including all learners, regular classroom, but the classroom usually stays the
respecting their diverse needs, abilities, and same. The learner is expected to adjust.
characteristics, and eliminating all forms of Mainstreaming: Mainstreaming means the learner
discrimination in the learning environment. participates in regular classes only when appropriate.
(UNESCO, 2009) Inclusion: Inclusion goes one step further. Instead of
"The process of strengthening the capacity of the asking the learner to adjust, the school adjusts. The
education system to reach out to all learners." teacher adjusts. The curriculum adjusts. The
(UNESCO 2017) classroom adjusts.
What is DepEd Order No. 21, s. 2019? Philippine Definition of Inclusive Education
It is the Policy Guidelines on the K to 12 Basic Education A process where all types of learners with diverse needs are
Program, which emphasizes that Inclusive Education is a key given equal opportunities for a meaningful life in non-
standard and core principle of the K to 12 Curriculum. discriminatory environments. These environments foster
belongingness through culturally or spiritually sensitive,
The policy says education should be: learner-centered curriculum, learning processes, delivery
modes, and settings.
Learner-centered
Developmentally appropriate Inclusive Education vs. Special Education
Culture sensitive
Relevant
Gender-responsive Inclusive Education Special Education
Contextualize
DepEd Order No. 42, s. 2017
Focuses on learners with
Includes all learners in the
Philippine Professional Standards for Teachers (PPST) disabilities, giftedness, or
regular classroom whenever
talents who require
possible.
What is PPST? The PPST serves as a guide for teachers from specialized instruction.
the beginning of their careers until they become highly
proficient educators. It describes the knowledge, skills, and Ensures that every learner is
Provides specialized services
values expected of every professional teacher. welcomed, respected, and
for learners with exceptional
given equal opportunities to
educational needs.
7 Domains: learn.
Content Knowledge and Pedagogy Key Concepts and Terminologies
Learning Environment
Diversity of Learners
Curriculum and Planning Special and inclusive education is built upon a shared
Assessment and Reporting vocabulary that helps teachers, parents, and learners
Community Linkages and Professional Engagement understand how to support students with diverse needs and
Personal Growth and Professional Development abilities. Below are the key terms that form the foundation of
this field, each explained with supporting examples.
learning content and goals remain the same; only the method
of teaching, learning, or assessment is adjusted to fit the
1. Learner with Disability learner's needs.
A learner with disability is a person who has long-term
physical, mental, intellectual, or sensory impairments that may
affect his or her participation in school. These impairments
can influence how a learner moves, communicates, processes
information, or interacts with the environment, but with proper
support, these learners can still succeed academically and
socially.
Examples:
Blindness: a learner who has partial or total loss of
vision and may require Braille materials or audio
resources.
Deafness: a learner who has partial or total loss of
hearing and may rely on sign language or visual cues.
Autism Spectrum Disorder: a learner who may
experience challenges in communication and social
interaction.
Intellectual Disability: a learner who has limitations
in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior.
Cerebral Palsy: a learner with a motor disability
affecting movement and posture.
2. Exceptional Learner
An exceptional learner is someone whose abilities differ
significantly from the average, whether below or above typical
expectations. This term covers a broad range of learners, not
only those with disabilities but also those who are gifted and
talented.
This includes:
Learners with disabilities
Gifted and talented learners
3. Individualized Education Program (IEP)
An Individualized Education Program, or IEP, is a written
educational plan that is specifically designed for a learner with
disability. It serves as a roadmap that guides teachers and
specialists in providing the right kind of support for the learner
throughout the school year.
It contains:
Learning goals
Accommodations
Services
Methods of assessment
4. Accommodation
Accommodation means changing how the learner learns
without changing what he or she is expected to learn. The