Computer Education

Unit 1
Introduction to computer and operating system
Computer and block diagram of computer

A computer is a programmable device that stores, retrieves, and processes data. The term "computer"
was originally given to humans (human computers) who performed numerical calculations. The term
was later given to mechanical devices as they began replacing human computers. Today's computers
are electronic devices that accept data (input), process that data, produce output, and store (storage)
the results (IPOS).

Today, computers do jobs that used to be complicated much simpler. For example, you can write a
letter in a word processor, edit it anytime, spell check, print copies, and send it to someone across the
world in seconds. All these activities would have taken someone days, if not months, to do before.
Also, these examples are a small fraction of what computers can do.
Generations of Computers

1. First generation (1940 - 1956)

The first generation of computers used vacuum tubes as a major piece of technology. Vacuum
tubes were widely used in computers from 1940 through 1956. Vacuum tubes were larger
components and resulted in first-generation computers being quite large in size, taking up a lot of
space in a room. Some first-generation computers took up an entire room.

The ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) is a great example of a first-
generation computer.

2. Second generation (1956 - 1963)

The second generation of computers saw the use of transistors instead of vacuum tubes.
Transistors were widely used in computers from 1956 to 1963. Transistors were smaller than
vacuum tubes and allowed computers to be smaller in size, faster in speed, and cheaper to build.
The first computer to use transistors was the TX-0 and was introduced in 1956.

3. Third generation (1964 - 1971)

The third generation of computers introduced the use of IC (integrated circuit) in computers.
Using IC's in computers helped reduce the size of computers even more than second-generation
computers, and also made them faster.

4. Fourth generation (1971 - 2010)

The fourth generation of computers took advantage of the invention of the microprocessor, more
commonly known as a CPU (central processing unit). Microprocessors, with integrated circuits,
helped make it possible for computers to fit easily on a desk and for the introduction of the laptop

5. Fifth generation (2010 to present)

The fifth generation of computers is beginning to use AI (artificial intelligence), an exciting
technology with many potential applications around the world. Leaps have been made in AI
technology and computers, but there is still room for much improvement.

Brief History of Computer

The first digital computer and what most people think of as a computer was called
the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer). It was built during World War II
(1943-1946) and was designed to help automate the calculations being done by human computers.
By doing these calculations on a computer, they could achieve results much faster and with fewer
errors.

Early computers like the ENIAC used vacuum tubes and were large (sometimes room size) and
only found in businesses, universities, or governments. Later, computers began
utilizing transistors and smaller and cheaper parts that allowed the ordinary person to own a
computer.

Computer Milestones in History

 1896 – Developed by Herman Hollerith, the Tabulating Machine read and sorted data from
punched cards.
 1942 – Built at Iowa State by Professor John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry, the Atanasoff Berry
Computer (ABC) weighed in at 750 lb. and had a memory storage of 3,000 bits (0.4K).
 1944 – The Mark I was constructed by Harvard’s Professor Howard Aiken – it stood 50 feet
long and 8 feet tall.
 1946 – The ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was the world’s first
electronic computer. It weighed 30 tons and measured 50 x 30 feet. Since there was no software
to reprogram the computer, it had to be rewired to perform different functions.
 1951 –The UNIVAC (punch card technology) was introduced by Remington Rand. At over 40
systems sold, it was the first commercially successful computer. It used magnetic tapes that
stored 1MB of data.
 1969 – The Internet, originally the ARPAnet (Advanced Research Projects Agency network),
began as a military computer network.
 1976 – The CRAY 1, the world’s first electronic digital computer, was a 75MHz, 64-bit
machine, the world’s fastest processor at the time.
 1978 –The age of PCs (personal computers) began. Many versions of desktop computers were
developed by startup and existing companies all over the world.
 1990 – Tim Berners-Lee invented the networked hypertext system called the World Wide
Web.
 1996 – PDAs (Personal Digital Assistants) became available to consumers. The first portable
computing devices.

Computers Today

We use desktop and laptop computers at home, at work and for play, and depend on servers and
the Internet for a multitude of reasons. Today, this vast interconnection of computers has
expanded our resources, allowing us instant access to almost any recorded information

Application of computer

Business

Computer is used in business organisations for: Payroll calculations, Sales analysis, Budgeting,
Financial forecasting, Managing employees database and Maintenance of stocks etc.

Education

Computers have its dominant use in the education field which can significantly enhance
performance in learning. Even distance learning is made productive and effective through
internet and video-based classes.

Marketing
  Advertising - With computers, advertising professionals create art and graphics, write
and revise copy, and print and disseminate ads with the goal of selling more products

 Home Shopping - Home shopping has been made possible through use of computerised
catalogues that provide access to product information and permit direct entry of orders to
be filled by the customers.

Banking
Today banking is almost totally dependent on computer. Banks provide the facilities of:
Banks provide online accounting facility, which includes current balances, deposits, overdrafts,
interest charges, shares, and trustee records.

Communication
Communication means to convey a message, an idea, a picture or speech that is received and
understood clearly and correctly by the person for whom it is meant for. Some main areas in this
category are: Chatting, E-mail, Usenet, FTP, Video-conferencing and Telnet.

Health Care
Most of the medical information can now be digitized from the prescription to reports. Computation in
the field of medicine allows us tooffer varied miraculous therapies to the patients. ECG’s, radiotherapy
wasn’t possible without computers.

Military
Computers are the main tools which help in developing missiles and other equipment in the deference
system. Designing and the maintenance are possible only through computers. Computer builds the links
between the soldiers and commanders through the satellite.

Introduction to Digital Computer

A digital computer is a digital system that performs various computational tasks. To perform tasks,
the digital computer uses a binary number system with two digits, 1 and 0. People call a binary digit a
bit. It uses electronic technology to generate, process, and store different data types.
Various Types of Digital Computers

1. Micro Computer

Micro computer is small size and less expensive computer with containing the different types of
microprocessor as its CPU. This computer is designed with using of microprocessor, memory as well
as input/output circuitry embedded on the one printed circuit board. Few microcomputers are enabled
with other components like as counters, timers, and analogue-to-digital converters. They are built
with minimum one data storage device like as RAM. This computer uses the many types of monitor,
mouse, and keyboard for input and out.

Microcomputer Examples are: PDA, PC, Laptop, Handheld Computer, Smartphone, Notebooks,
and Tablet devices.

Applications are: Education, Application processing, and Amusement, so on.

2. Mini Computer

Minicomputer was firstly introduced in mid-1960 year. Minicomputers are also called as mid-range
computers. They consist one or multiple types of processors that are linked to a common memory and
similar peripheral devices to perform different kinds of tasks simultaneously. Minicomputer also
consists has great complexity compare to microcomputers.

Examples are: Smart phones, PCs, Laptops, Mini-Desktop and high end MP3 player.

Applications are: Processing monitoring, Data acquisition, Feedback, and etc.

3. Mainframe Computer

Mainframe computer was firstly designed in 1930 but this was properly functional in 1943. Harvard
Mark 1 was the first mainframe computer. Mainframe computers are mostly used in large
organizations to handle complex operations like as transaction processing, bulk data processing, and
enterprise resource planning. They are able to perform higher to any other types of computer system;
and they consist a enlarge of memory and multiple ultra-processors.
 Mainframe computer Examples are: Banking, Government, Insurance, Education system
mainframe computer and more.

Applications are: Large IT organizations, Walmart, NASA, etc.

4. Super Computer

Super Computer has thousands of processors that able to execute trillions instructions in per second.
Supercomputer needs an entire room for its set up and performing their operations. So, this needs also
a external cooling pipes to control the generated heat. Therefore, this computer is mostly used such
organizations where needs to massive calculations like as National Nuclear Security Administration,
NASA, ISRO, etc.

Super Computer Examples are: Titan, Sequoia, K Computer, Mira, JUQUEEN, SuperMUC, etc.

Applications are: Weather forecasting, stock analysis, Gas exploration, Polymers, Biological macro
molecules, Crystal’s scientific simulations, etc

Hardware and Software

Computer Hardware

Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer. Computer Hardware is any part of the
computer that we can touch these parts. These are the primary electronic devices used to build up the
computer. Examples of hardware in a computer are the Processor, Memory Devices, Monitor, Printer,
Keyboard, Mouse, and Central Processing Unit.

 Input Devices
 Output Devices
 Storage Devices
 Internal Component
1. Input Devices: Input Devices are those devices through which a user enters data and
information into the Computer or simply, User interacts with the Computer. Examples
of Input Devices are Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, etc.

2. Output Devices: Output Devices are devices that are used to show the result of the
task performed by the user. Examples of Output Devices are Monitors, Printers,
Speakers, etc.

3. Storage Devices: Storage Devices are devices that are used for storing data and they
are also known as Secondary Storage Data. Examples of Storage Devices
are CDs, DVDs, Hard Disk, etc

4. Internal Component: Internal Components consists of important hardware devices

present in the System. Examples of Internal Components are the CPU, Motherboard,
etc.

Computer Software

Software is a collection of instructions, procedures, and documentation that performs

different tasks on a computer system. we can say also Computer Software is a
programming code executed on a computer processor. The code can be machine-level
code or code written for an operating system. Examples of software are MS- Word,
Excel, PowerPoint, Google Chrome, Photoshop, MySQL, etc.

Types of Computer Software

 System Software
 Application Software

1. System Software: System Software is a component of Computer Software that directly

operates with Computer Hardware which has the work to control the Computer’s Internal
Functioning and also takes responsibility for controlling Hardware Devices such as Printers,
Storage Devices, etc. Types of System Software include Operating systems, Language processors,
and Device Drivers.

2. Application Software: Application Software are the software that works the basic
operations of the computer. It performs a specific task for users. Application Software basically
includes Word Processors, Spreadsheets, etc. Types of Application software include General
Purpose Software, Customized Software, etc.

Translators

Any program written in a high level language is known as source code. However, computers
cannot understand source code. Before it can be run, source code must first be translated into a
form which a computer understands - this form is called object code.

A translator is a program that converts source code into object code. Generally, there are three
types of translator:

 compilers

 interpreters

 assemblers

Compilers

A compiler takes the source code as a whole and translates it into object code all in one go. Once
converted, the object code can be run unassisted at any time. This process is called compilation.

Compilers have several advantages:

 Compiled programs run quickly, since they have already been translated.

 A compiled program can be supplied as an executable file. An executable file is a file

that is ready to run. Since an executable file cannot be easily modified, programmers
prefer to supply executables rather than source code.
Compilers have several disadvantages:

 Because the source code is translated as a whole, there must be enough memory space
to hold the source code, the compiler and the generated object code. There also needs
to be temporary working space for the compiler to perform the translation. Modern
systems either have enough memory or use virtual memory to hold all the data.

 Compilers do not usually spot errors - the program has to be compiled and run before
errors are encountered. This makes it harder to see where the errors lie.

Interpreters
An interpreter translates source code into object code one instruction at a time. It is similar to a
human translator translating what a person says into another language, sentence by sentence, as
they speak. The resulting object code is then executed immediately. The process is
called interpretation.

Interpreters have several advantages:

 Instructions are executed as soon as they are translated.

 Since instructions are executed once translated, they are not stored for later use. As a
result, interpreters require less available memory.

 Errors can be quickly spotted - once an error is found, the program stops running and
the user is notified at which part of the program the interpretation has failed. This
makes interpreters extremely useful when developing programs.

Interpreters also have several disadvantages:

 Interpreted programs run more slowly as the processor has to wait for each instruction
to be translated before it can be executed.

 Additionally, the program has to be translated every time it is run.

  Interpreters do not produce an executable file that can be distributed. As a result, the
source code program has to be supplied, and this could be modified without
permission.

Assemblers

Assemblers are a third type of translator. The purpose of an assembler is to translate assembly
language into object code. Whereas compilers and interpreters generate many machine code
instructions for each high level instruction, assemblers create one machine code instruction for
each assembly instruction.

Operating system

An operating system (OS) is the program that, after being initially loaded into the computer by a
boot program, manages all of the other application programs in a computer. The application
programs make use of the operating system by making requests for services through a defined
application program interface (API).

Types of Operating System

1. Batch Operating System

 There is no direct communication between the computer and the OS

 There is an intermediate, the Operator, which needs to distribute the work into batches
and sort similar jobs

 Multiple users can use it

 Can easily manager a large amount of work

2. Real-Time Operating System

 It has a data processing system

 The processing time is very small between the user’s command and the output

 Used in fields where the response needs to be quick and rapid

3. Time-Sharing Operating System

 Multiple people at various terminals can use a program at the same time

 The main motive is to minimize the response time

4. Distributed Operating System

 When two or more systems are connected to each other and one can open files which are
not present in their system but in other devices connected in the network

 Its usage has now increased over the years

 They use multiple central processors to serve real-time applications

 Failure of one system does not affect the other systems connected in the network

5. Embedded Operating System

 These special Operating systems are built into larger systems

 They generally are limited to single specific functions like an ATM

6. Network Operating System

 They have one main server which is connected to other client servers

 All the management of files, processing of data, access to sharing files, etc. are
performed over this small network

 It is also a secure operating system for working with multiple users

7. Mobile Operating System

 With the advancement in the field of technology, smartphones now are released with an
Operating system.

 They are designed in a manner that they can help a small device work efficiently

Functions of Operating System

 It helps with memory management. It keeps a track of the files being saved in the Main
memory and the primary memory of the computer device
  Whenever a computer is turned on, the Operating system automatically starts to work.
Thus, the booting and rebooting process of a computer device is also an important
function of the OS

 It provides a user interface

 Managing of basic peripheral devices is done by the operating system

 Using the password protection option of an operating system, the data in the device can
be kept secure

Unit 2
Word Processing Software
The word “word processor” means it processes words with pages and paragraphs. Word processors
are of 3 types which are electronic, mechanical, and software.
The word processing software is used to apply the basic editing and design and also helps in
manipulating the text to your pages whereas the word processor, is a device that provides editing,
input, formatting, and output of the given text with some additional features.

It is a type of computer software application or an electronic device. In today’s generation, the

word processor has become the word processing software or programs that are running on general-
purpose computers.

Examples or Applications of a Word Processing Software :

 Wordpad
 Microsoft Word
 Lotus word pro
 Notepad
Features :

1. They are stand-alone devices that are dedicated to the function.

2. Their programs are running on general-purpose computers
3. It is easy to use
4. Helps in changing the shape and style of the characters of the paragraphs
5. Basic editing like headers & footers, bullets, numbering is being performed by it.

Functions :

 It helps in Correcting grammar and spelling of sentences

 It helps in storing and creating typed documents in a new way.
 It provides the function of Creating the documents with basic editing, saving, and
printing of it or same.
 It helps in Copy the text along with moving deleting and pasting the text within a
given document.
 It helps in Formatting text like bold, underlining, font type, etc.
Advantages :

 It benefits the environment by helping in reducing the amount of paperwork.

 It is used to manipulate the document text like a report
 It provides various tools like copying, deleting and formatting, etc.
 It applies the basic design to your pages
 It makes it easier for you to perform repetitive tasks
 It is a fully functioned desktop publishing program
 It is time-saving.

Disadvantages :

 It does not give you complete control over the look and feel of your document.
 It did not develop out of computer technology.

Document operation
A workflow function that provides an interface for authorized users to manipulate the XML data
that defines a document in workflow. It allows you to access and open a document by Document
ID for the purpose of performing operations on the document.

Starting a new document

Word files are called documents. Whenever you start a new project in Word, you'll need
to create a new document, which can either be blank or from a template. You'll also need to
know how to open an existing document.

To create a new blank document:

When beginning a new project in Word, you'll often want to start with a new blank document.

1. Select the File tab to access Backstage view.

2. Select New, then click Blank document.

3. A new blank document will appear.

Correcting/ editing a document :

To make changes to a document, in the upper-right corner, select Edit Document > Edit.

If someone else created the document, they might not allow editing. You can go to File > Save
as, save it with another name, and edit the new document. Or you can ask the document owner to
enable editing.

You can do these simple tasks in Reading view:

 View and add comments

 Share a document so you can work together with other people at the same time
 Download a copy
 Print
Save your document

1. Click FILE > Save, pick or browse to a folder, type a name for your document in
the File name box, and click Save.
2. Save your work as you go - hit Ctrl+S often.
3. To print, click the FILE tab, and then click Print.

Check spelling and grammar all at once

1. On the Review tab, click Spelling & Grammar.

2. Word displays the issues it finds in the Spelling & Grammar dialog box.

3. To address an issue, do one of the following: ...

4. After you correct, ignore, or skip an issue, Word moves to the next one. ...

5. Click OK to return to your document.

Word count
To count the number of words in only part of your document, select the text you want to
count. Then on the Tools menu, click Word Count. Just like the Word desktop program, Word
for the web counts words while you type.

Previewing and print document

1. Click File > Print.

2. Do one of the following: To preview your file, click Print Preview. To go back to your
file and make changes before you print it, click the File tab again. To print your file
and check or change the properties for your printer, click Print.

Working with Multiple Files

In Word, Excel, and PowerPoint, you can open and view or edit more than one file at a time. To
open multiple files using the common dialog boxes, follow these steps:

1. Choose File, Open (or press Ctrl+O) to display the Open dialog box.
 2. Hold down the Ctrl key and click to select multiple filenames.

3. Click the Open button or press Enter to open all selected files.

To open multiple files from an Explorer window, hold down the Ctrl key and click each icon;
then right-click and choose Open.

Text formatting
Introduction
Formatted text can draw the reader's attention to specific parts of a document and emphasize
important information. In Word, you have several options for adjusting text,
including font, size, and color. You can also adjust the alignment of the text to change how it
is displayed on the page.

To change the font size:

1. Select the text you want to modify.

2. On the Home tab, click the Font Size drop-down arrow. Select a font size from the
menu. If the font size you need is not available in the menu, you can click the Font
Size box and type the desired size, then press Enter.

3. The font size will change in the document.

To change the font:

1. Select the text you want to modify.

2. On the Home tab, click the drop-down arrow next to the Font box. A menu of
font styles will appear.

3. Select the font style you want to use.

4. The font will change in the document.

When creating a professional document or a document that contains multiple paragraphs, you'll
want to select a font that's easy to read. Along with Calibri, standard reading fonts include
Cambria, Times New Roman, and Arial.

To change the font color:

1. Select the text you want to modify.

2. On the Home tab, click the Font Color drop-down arrow. The Font Color menu
appears.

3. Select the font color you want to use. The font color will change in the document.

Your color choices aren't limited to the drop-down menu that appears. Select More Colors at the bottom
of the menu to access the Colors dialog box. Choose the color you want, then click OK.

To use the Bold, Italic, and Underline commands:

The Bold, Italic, and Underline commands can be used to help draw attention to important words
or phrases.

1. Select the text you want to modify.

2. On the Home tab, click the Bold (B), Italic (I), or Underline (U) command in
the Font group. In our example, we'll click Bold.

3. The selected text will be modified in the document.

To change text case:

When you need to quickly change text case, you can use the Change Case command instead of
deleting and retyping text.

1. Select the text you want to modify.

 2. On the Home tab, click the Change Case command in the Font group.

3. A drop-down menu will appear. Select the desired case option from the menu.

4. The text case will be changed in the document.

To highlight text:
Highlighting can be a useful tool for marking important text in your document.

1. Select the text you want to highlight.

2. .From the Home tab, click the Text Highlight Color drop-down arrow. The Highlight
Color menu appears.

3. Select the desired highlight color. The selected text will then be highlighted in the
document.

To change text alignment:

By default, Word aligns text to the left margin in new documents. However, there may be
times when you want to adjust text alignment to the center or right.

1. Select the text you want to modify.

2. On the Home tab, select one of the four alignment options from
the Paragraph group. In our example, we've selected Center Alignment.

3. The text will be realigned in the document.

Inserting a pictures

Insert a picture from my computer: On the Insert tab, click Picture, browse to, and select the
picture you want, and click Open. Insert a picture from the web: On the Insert tab, click Online
Pictures, and in the Search Bing box, type a word that describes the picture you're looking for,
such as 'cat'.

Inserting a references
1. On the References tab, in the Citations & Bibliography group, click the arrow next
to Style and click the style that you want to use for the citation and source. For example,
social sciences documents usually use the MLA or APA styles for citations and sources.
2. Click at the end of the sentence or phrase that you want to cite.
3. On the Reference tab, click Insert Citation and then do one of the following:

 To add the source information, click Add New Source, and then, in
the Create Source dialog box, click the arrow next to Type of Source,
and select the type of source you want to use (for example, a book
section or a website).
 To add a placeholder, so that you can create a citation and fill in the
source information later, click Add New Placeholder. A question mark
appears next to placeholder sources in Source Manager.

If you chose to add a source, enter the details for the source. To add more
information about a source, click the Show All Bibliography
Fields check box.

Click OK when finished. The source is added as a citation at the place you
selected in your document.

Inserting a breaks :

1. Select where you want a new section to begin.

2. Go to Layout > Breaks.
3. Choose the type of section break you want:
 Next Page Section break starts the new section on the following page.
  Continuous Section break starts the new section on the same page.
This type of section break is often used to change the number of
columns without starting a new page.

 Even Page Section break starts a new section on the next even-
numbered page.

 Odd Page Section break starts a new section on the next odd-
numbered page.

Inserting a page number ;

1. Select Insert > Page Number, and then choose the location and style you want.
2. If you don't want a page number to appear on the first page, select Different First
Page.
3. If you want numbering to start with 1 on the second page, go to Page
Number > Format Page Numbers, and set Start at to 0.
4. When you're done, select Close Header and Footer or press Esc.
Inserting a drawing :
1. Click in your document where you want to create the drawing.

2. On the Insert tab, in the Illustrations group, click Shapes.

3. You can do any of the following on the Format tab, which appears after you insert a
drawing shape: Insert a shape.

Insert a comment

1. Select the text you want to comment on, or click at the end of the text.
2. On the Review tab, click New Comment.
3. Type your comment. Word shows your comment in a balloon in the document's
margin.

Drawing tables :

Add a cell
1. Click in a cell that is to the right of or above where you want to insert a cell.
2. Under Table Tools, click the Layout tab.
3. Click the arrow at the bottom, right-hand corner of the Rows & Columns section.
4. Click one of the following options.

Click To
Shift cells Insert a cell and move all other
right cells in that row to the right.

Note: Word does not insert a new

column. This may result in a row that
has more cells than the other rows.
Shift cells Insert a cell and move the
down existing cells down one row. A
new row is added at the bottom
of the table.
 Click To
Insert Insert a row above the cell that
entire row you clicked in.
Insert Insert a column to the left of
entire the cell that you clicked in.
column

Add a row above or below

1. Click in a cell above or below where you want to add a row.
2. Under Table Tools, on the Layout tab, do one of the following:
 To add a row above the cell, click Insert Above in the Rows and
Columns group.
 To add a row below the cell, click Insert Below in the Rows and
Columns group.

Add a column to the left or right

1. Click in a cell to the left or right of where you want to add a column.
2. Under Table Tools, on the Layout tab, do one of the following:
 To add a column to the left of the cell, click Insert Left in the Rows
and Columns group.
 To add a column to the right of the cell, click Insert Right in the Rows
and Columns

Splitting and Merging Cells in a Table

You can split and merge cells in a table. Splitting cells is similar to adding a row or column, but
it all takes place in one cell instead of a group of cells. Merging cells, however, is similar to
deleting a cell and then adjoining it with a neighboring cell.

Splitting Cells in a Table

To split cells in a table, perform these tasks:

 1. Place your mouse cursor in the cell you want to split.
2. Right-click and choose Cell, then Split Cell Horizontally or Split Cell Vertically,
depending on whether you want to split the cell into two columns or rows.

Merging Cells in a Table

To merge cells in a table, perform these tasks:

1. Place your mouse cursor in the cell to merge.

2. Right-click and choose Cell, then Merge Right or Merge Down, depending on whether
you want to merge the cell with the cell on its right or with the cell below it.

Splitting a table :

Once you have a table in Word, you might decide to split that table into two or more tables. This
way, you can create smaller tables, or add text in between two tables.

1. Put your cursor on the row that you want as the first row of your second table. In the
example table, it’s on the third row.

When you click inside the table, two new Table tools tabs appear on the
ribbon: DESIGN and LAYOUT. These tools are visible only when you are in the
table, for example, when you add content to the cells.

2. On the LAYOUT tab, in the Merge group, click Split Table.

 The table splits into two tables.

You can split the table further, as long as there are multiple rows.

Sort data in a table

 Select a cell within the data.
 Select Home > Sort & Filter. Or, select Data > Sort.
 Selectan option: Sort A to Z - sorts the selected column in an ascending order. Sort Z to
A - sorts the selected column in a descending order.

Use of text alignment, indenting line , character spacing :

 Text alignment is a paragraph formatting attribute that determines the appearance of the
text in a whole paragraph. For example, in a paragraph that is left-aligned (the most
common alignment), text is aligned with the left margin. In a paragraph that is justified,
text is aligned with both margins.

 Indentation, the much-maligned formatting technique, provides readers with a

sense of continuity. Indentations signal to the reader that she is about to dive
into another topic or start a new section of a novel.

 Character spacing allows you to increase and decrease the space between characters in a
document, spreadsheet, or presentation. This can be used to improve readability, give a
more modern look to your content, or control the text layout on a page.
Bullets and numbering
Word lets you make two types of lists: bulleted and numbered. Bulleted and numbered lists
help to simplify steps or items to readers. Teachers often use bulleted lists to highlight important
pieces of their lessons. Manuals often include numbered lists to assist readers with step-by-step
instruction.

A bullet is usually a black circle, but it can be any other symbol used to highlight items in a list.
Use bullets to list items that do not have to be in any particular order.

Numbers—or letters—are used when information must be in a certain order. You can use
the default bullets and numbering settings by clicking the appropriate button on
the Formatting toolbar.

Creating bulleted and numbered lists

To create a bulleted list:

 Click the Bullets button on the Formatting toolbar.
 Type the first item on your list, and press Enter.
 The next line will begin automatically with a new bullet.
 Type the next item on your list, and press Enter.
 When your list is complete, press the Enter key twice to stop the bulleted list.

To create a numbered list:

1. Click the Numbering button on the Formatting toolbar.
2. Type the first item on your list, and press Enter.
3. The next line will begin automatically with the next number.
 4. Type the next item on your list, and press Enter.
5. When your list is complete, press the Enter key twice to stop the numbered list.

Use of header and footer :

A header is text that is placed at the top of a page, while a footer is placed at the bottom, or foot,
of a page. Typically these areas are used for inserting document information, such as the name of
the document, the chapter heading, page numbers, creation date and the like.

Page Setup

 Parameters defined by the user help in determining how a printed page will appear.
 Those parameters include everything from size, margins, page orientation, and
quality of print. Page setup options are usually available in "Page Layout" menu.
 Unless you open an existing document, Word always opens a blank document using
the present formatting defaults.
 You can use these defaults or customize the setting for features such as Margins,
Paper Size, And Layout Through The Page Setup Option.
 To change settings, click page setup menu.
 Margins icon will be displayed in page setup window.
 Click on any of the up or down arrows to increase the top, bottom, left or right
margins as per your requirement.
 You can also set the position of header and footer.
 To change the orientation of a page, choose either landscape or portrait.
 By clicking the respective icons, you can also make paper source and layout changes
under layout, you can also set margins for headers and footers.
 Unit 3
Spreadsheet ( tool MS Excel )
Spreadsheet software is a widely used application software for calculations. Millions of people use
spreadsheet software to perform different tasks more quickly and accurately. It provides
worksheets to enter data.

The collection of rows and columns is known as a worksheet. It allows the user to make different
calculations using formulas and built-in functions.

Application of Spreadsheet

 It can be used by corporations to track profits and losses.

 Economists can generate growth graphs of the country’s economy.
 Statisticians can calculate the probability of crashing the market.
 Women can manage their household budgets.

Advantages of Spreadsheet Software

 It increases the ease and speed of calculating.
 It makes it easy to change information and recount it automatically.
 It displays data which is in number form as a chart or graph.
 It incorporates numeric data into another software application.

Spreadsheet Layouts
A spreadsheet layout is a convenient way to combine sets of formatting options into one
collection. This feature is used to specify and apply different formats for different components of
a spreadsheet. Once you have created a spreadsheet layout, it can be applied to any spreadsheet
for a consistently formatted appearance

Ribbon bar. Select the Format tab. In the Spreadsheet group, click Layouts to display
the Spreadsheet Layouts dialog box.
Classic menus. From the Format menu, select Spreadsheet to display the Spreadsheet
Layouts dialog box.

There are several predefined spreadsheet layouts divided into two groups: General and System
spreadsheet layouts. The General spreadsheet layout affects the data, header, case and variable
headers, and info box of spreadsheets. The System spreadsheet layouts include: Active Cell
Header, Marked Cells, Print Filter, Printed Marked Cells, Reporting Tables Default, Selected
Cells Header, and Selection Conditions. These spreadsheet layouts only affect very specific
characteristics associated with spreadsheet interactions.

Create a new document :

Create a workbook
1. Open Excel.
2. Select Blank workbook or press Ctrl+N.
3. Start typing.

Create a workbook from a template

1. Select File > New.

2. Double-click a template.

3. Click and start typing.

How to Open Workbooks in Excel

1. Click the File tab.
2. Click Open. Press Ctrl + O to quickly display the Open tab of the Backstage view.
3. Select the location where the file is saved. You can choose from: Recent: Recent files
you've worked on. ...
4. Select the file you want to open.
5. Click Open.
Saving a workbook
Every workbook created in Excel must be saved and assigned a name to distinguish it from other
workbooks. The first time you save a workbook, Excel will prompt you to assign a name through
the Save As operation. Once the file is assigned a name, any additional changes made to the text,
numbers, or formulas must be saved using the Save operation.

To save a new workbook:

 Choose File Save As from the menu bar.

 The Save As dialog box appears.

 Click the Save In: drop-down menu and locate where the file will be saved.
Choose 3 1/2 Floppy (A:) to save the file to a floppy disk or Local Disk (C:) to
save the file to your computer.

 Type a name for your file in the File Name: box.

 Click the Save button.

What are the steps in editing a document?

1. Step A: Read the text. Read it all the way through without editing. ...

2. Step B: Fine-toothed comb. Fix the typos, fix the punctuation, fix usage and grammar
mistakes, make sure everything follows style.
 3. Step C: Big picture. ...

4. Step D: Fact-checking. ...

5. Step E: Revise. ...

6. Step F: Display type.

Inserting and deleting Rows and columns in documents :

Insert or delete a column
1. Select any cell within the column, then go to Home > Insert > Insert Sheet
Columns or Delete Sheet Columns.
2. Alternatively, right-click the top of the column, and then select Insert or Delete.

Insert or delete a row

1. Select any cell within the row, then go to Home > Insert > Insert Sheet
Rows or Delete Sheet Rows.
2. Alternatively, right-click the row number, and then select Insert or Delete.

Here are the steps to use Fill Series to number rows in Excel:
1. Enter 1 in cell A2.
2. Go to the Home tab.
3. In the Editing Group, click on the Fill drop-down.
4. From the drop-down, select 'Series..'.
5. In the 'Series' dialog box, select 'Columns' in the 'Series in' options.
6. Specify the Stop value. ...
7. Click OK.

Formulas
What is Excel Formula?
In Microsoft Excel, a formula is an expression that operates on values in a range of cells. These
formulas return a result, even when it is an error. Excel formulas enable you to perform
calculations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. In addition to these, you
can find out averages and calculate percentages in excel for a range of cells, manipulate date and
time values, and do a lot more.

Formulas in Excel:

 Choose a cell.

 To enter an equal sign, click the cell and type =.

 Enter the address of a cell in the selected cell or select a cell from the list.

 You need to enter an operator.

 Enter the address of the next cell in the selected cell.

 Press Enter.

There is another term that is very familiar to Excel formulas, and that is "function". The two
words, "formulas" and "functions" are sometimes interchangeable. They are closely related, but
yet different. A formula begins with an equal sign. Meanwhile, functions are used to perform
complex calculations that cannot be done manually. Functions in excel have names that reflect
their intended use.

The example below shows how we have used the multiplication formula manually with the ‘*’
operator.

Sample Formula: "=A2*B2"

Fig: Microsoft Excel Formula

This example below shows how we have used the function - ‘PRODUCT’ to perform
multiplication. As you can see, we didn’t use the mathematical operator here.

Sample Formula: "=PRODUCT(A2,B2)"

Fig: Microsoft Excel Function

Excel formulas and functions help you perform your tasks efficiently, and it's time-saving. Let's
proceed and learn the different types of functions available in Excel and use relevant formulas as
and when required.

Creating a formulas :

1. Select a cell.

2. Type the equal sign =.

3. Type or select a cell, or type in a function, like SUM.

4. Enter an operator, like minus -, or select the cells or range that are part of the function.

5. Press Enter for the result. The result shows in the cell, but you can always see the
formula in the Formula bar.

Mathematical operations:

For writing formulas, Excel has a standard set of math operators for performing addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and exponentiation (raising to the power of). In addition, Excel also
provides operators for cell ranges, range intersects, and implicit intersection. The symbols used
for these operations are summarized in the table below.

Symbol Operation Example

+ Addition =2+3=5

- Subtraction =9-2=7

* Multiplication =6*7=42

/ Division =9/3=3

^ Exponentiation =4^2=16

() Parentheses =(2+4)/3=2

& Concatenation ="Z"&100="Z100"

: Range =SUM(F5:F14)=55

space Range Intersect =F1:F14 A10:G10 = 6

@ Implicit intersection @F5:F14 = 10

Exponential operation:
Excel has an exponential Excel function called the EXP function, categorized as a Math/Trig
function that returns a numeric value equal to e raised to the power of a given number.

Exponential Excel Formula

Exponential in Excel Example :

Suppose we have a sample for organic solutions. At time t=0 hours, the lab examiner puts one
hundred bacteria into the solution to determine the suitable growth medium. After 5 hours, the
examiner needs to calculate the count of bacteria. The growth rate of the bacteria in the given
organic solution is 0.25/hour.
 Total number of bacteria count at t=0 100

Total time for growth of bacteria (in hrs) 5

Rate of Growth of Bacteria 0.25

Total number of bacteria after 5 hrs 129

For the rate of growth or decay, we have a formula:

A=Pekt

 Where A is the ending amount

 P is the initial amount
 t is the time of growth or decay
 k is the rate of decay or growth

In this case, A= 500, t = 5 hours, k = 0.25, P=?

So, to calculate the value of k in Excel, we have to use the exponential in Excel and the LOG
function.

P = A/ekt

Therefore, P = A/EXP(k*t)

In Excel, the formula will be:

=ROUND(D3+D3/(EXP(G3*F3)),0)
After 5 hours, the total number of bacteria in the given organic solution will be near around 129
in a count.

Percentage operation :
The percentage is calculated as the proportion per hundred. In other words, the numerator is
divided by the denominator and the result is multiplied by 100. The percentage formula in Excel
is = Numerator/Denominator (used without multiplication by 100). To convert the output to a
percentage, either press “Ctrl+Shift+%” or click “%” on the Home tab’s “number” group.
Let us consider a simple example.

On a 15-day vacation, Mr. A spent 10 days in his hometown and 5 days in the USA. What
percentage of days did he spend in the USA?

The calculations are given as follows:

 Percentage formula=Portion days/Total days*100

 Percentage of days spent in the USA=5/15*100=33.33%
 Percentage of days spent in hometown=10/15*100=66.66%

Hence, Mr. A spent approximately 33% of his vacation period in the USA.

Copying formula
Copy a formula to non-adjacent cells / ranges

1. Click the cell with the formula to select it.

2. Press Ctrl + C to copy the formula.

3. Select a cell or a range of cells where you want to paste the formula (to select non-adjacent ranges,
press and hold the Ctrl key).
4. Press Ctrl + V to paste the formula.
Relative references :

Introduction
There are two types of cell references: relative and absolute. Relative and absolute references
behave differently when copied and filled to other cells. Relative references change when a
formula is copied to another cell. Absolute references, on the other hand, remain constant no
matter where they are copied.

Relative references

By default, all cell references are relative references. When copied across multiple cells, they
change based on the relative position of rows and columns. For example, if you copy the
formula =A1+B1 from row 1 to row 2, the formula will become =A2+B2. Relative references
are especially convenient whenever you need to repeat the same calculation across multiple
rows or columns.

To create and copy a formula using relative references:

In the following example, we want to create a formula that will multiply each item's price by
the quantity. Rather than create a new formula for each row, we can create a single formula in
cell D2 and then copy it to the other rows. We'll use relative references so the formula correctly
calculates the total for each item.

1. Select the cell that will contain the

formula. In our example, we'll select
cell D2.

2. Enter the formula to calculate

the desired value. In our
example, we'll type =B2*C2.
 3. Press Enter on your keyboard.
The formula will be calculated,
and the result will be displayed
in the cell.

4. Locate the fill handle in the lower-right

corner of the desired cell. In our example,
we'll locate the fill handle for cell D2.

5. Click, hold, and drag the fill

handle over the cells you wish
to fill. In our example, we'll
select cells D3:D12.

6. Release the mouse.

The formula will
be copied to the
selected cells
with relative referen
ces and the values
will be calculated in
each cell.

You can double-click the filled cells to check their formulas

for accuracy. The relative cell references should be different
for each cell, depending on its row

Absolute references
There may be times when you do not want a cell reference to change when
filling cells. Unlike relative references, absolute references do not change
when copied or filled. You can use an absolute reference to keep a row
and/or column constant.
An absolute reference is designated in a formula by the addition of a dollar
sign ($) before the column and row. If it precedes the column or row (but
not both), it's known as a mixed reference.

You will use the relative (A2) and absolute ($A$2) formats in most
formulas. Mixed references are used less frequently.

When writing a formula in Microsoft Excel, you can press the F4 key on
your keyboard to switch between relative, absolute, and mixed cell
references, as shown in the video below. This is an easy way to quickly
insert an absolute reference.

To create and copy a formula using absolute

references:

In our example, we'll use the 7.5% sales tax rate in cell E1 to calculate the
sales tax for all items in column D. We'll need to use the absolute cell
reference $E$1 in our formula. Because each formula is using the same tax
rate, we want that reference to remain constant when the formula is copied
and filled to other cells in column D.

1. Select the cell that will contain the formula. In our example,
we'll select cell D3.

2. Enter the formula to calculate the desired value. In our

example, we'll type =(B3*C3)*$E$1.
 3. Press Enter on your keyboard. The formula will calculate, and
the result will display in the cell.

4. Locate the fill handle in the lower-right corner of the desired

cell. In our example, we'll locate the fill handle for cell D3.

5. Click, hold, and drag the fill handle over the cells you wish to
fill, cells D4:D13 in our example.

6. Release the mouse. The formula will be copied to the selected

cells with an absolute reference, and the values will be
calculated in each cell.

You can double-click the filled cells to check their formulas for
accuracy. The absolute reference should be the same for each cell,
while the other references are relative to the cell's row.

What if analysis :

What-If Analysis is the process of changing the values in cells to see how
those changes will affect the outcome of formulas on the worksheet.

Three kinds of What-If Analysis tools come with Excel: Scenarios, Goal
Seek, and Data Tables. Scenarios and Data tables take sets of input values
and determine possible results. A Data Table works with only one or two
variables, but it can accept many different values for those variables. A
Scenario can have multiple variables, but it can only accommodate up to 32
values. Goal Seek works differently from Scenarios and Data Tables in that
it takes a result and determines possible input values that produce that result.
In addition to these three tools, you can install add-ins that help you perform
What-If Analysis, such as the Solver add-in. The Solver add-in is similar to
Goal Seek, but it can accommodate more variables. You can also create
forecasts by using the fill handle and various commands that are built into
Excel.

For more advanced models, you can use the Analysis ToolPak add-in.

Functions
Inserting a chart :
1. Select the data for which you want to create a chart.
2. Click INSERT > Recommended Charts.
3. On the Recommended Charts tab, scroll through the list of
charts that Excel recommends for your data, and click any chart
to see how your data will look.

If you don’t see a chart you like, click All Charts to see all the
available chart types.

4. When you find the chart you like, click it > OK.
5. Use the Chart Elements, Chart Styles, and Chart
Filters buttons, next to the upper-right corner of the chart to add
chart elements like axis titles or data labels, customize the look
of your chart, or change the data that is shown in the chart.
6. To access additional design and formatting features, click
anywhere in the chart to add the CHART TOOLS to the
ribbon, and then click the options you want on
the DESIGN and FORMAT tabs.
Chart types :
Excel offers many charts to represent the data in different manners, such as -
Pie charts, Bar charts, Line charts, Stock charts, Surface charts, Radar charts,
and many more. You can use them according to your data and analysis. All
these charts

There is a list of basic and advanced level of charts used for different purposes
to interpret the data.

1. Column Chart
2. Line Chart
3. Bar Chart
4. Area chart
5. Pie chart or Doughnut chart
6. Surface chart

Column Charts

A column chart is basically a vertical chart that is used to represent the data
in vertical bars. It works efficiently with different types of data, but it is
usually used for comparing the information.

For example, a company wants to see each month sell graphically and also
wants to compare them. Column charts are best for it that help to analyze and
compare each month's data with each other.
Excel offers 2D and 3D column charts.

Line Chart

Line charts are most useful for showing trends. Using this chart, you can
easily analyze the ups and downs in your data over time. In this chart, data
points are connected with lines.

For example, a company wants to analyze the sell of products for the last five
years graphically. Additionally, it also wants to analyze the ups and downs of
each year product sell.
Excel offers 2D and 3D line charts.

Bar chart

Bar charts are horizontal bars that work like column charts. Unlike column
charts, Bar charts are horizontally plotted. Or you can say that bar charts and
column charts are just opposite to each other.

For example, a company uses the bar chart to analyze the data through
vertical bars to represent the data graphically. You can see as well as compare
the values to each other, respective to data.
Area chart

Area charts are just like line charts. Unlike the line charts, gaps are filled with
color in area charts. Area charts are easy to analyze the growth in business as
its shows ups and downs through line.

Similar to the line charts, data points in area charts are connected with lines
Pie chart

A pie chart is a rounded shape graph that is divided into slices of pie. Using
this chart, you can easily analyze data that is divided into slices. It makes the
data easy to compare the proportion.

Pie charts make it easy to analyze which values make up the percentage of
whole. Pie chart is also known as Doughnut chart. Excel offers 2D and 3D
pie charts.

Print a chart

1. Click the chart within your workbook.

2. Click File > Print. Tip: You can also use the keyboard shortcut,
Ctrl + P, to open the Print option.

3. Click the Printer drop-down menu, and select the printer you want
to use.

4. Click Print.
 Unit 4

Power point

Create a presentation

1. Open PowerPoint.
2. In the left pane, select New.
3. Select an option:
 To create a presentation from scratch, select Blank
Presentation.
 To use a prepared design, select one of the
templates.
 To see tips for using
PowerPoint, select Take a
Tour, and then select Create, .

Add a slide

1. In the thumbnails on the left pane, select the slide you want your
new slide to follow.
2. In the Home tab, in the Slides section, select New Slide.
3. In the Slides section,
select Layout, and then
select the layout you
want from the menu.

Add and format text

1. Place the cursor inside a text box, and then type something.
 2. Select the text, and then select one or more options from
the Font section of the Home tab, such as Font, Increase Font
Size, Decrease Font Size, Bold, Italic, Underline, etc.
3. To create bulleted or numbered lists, select
the text, and then
select Bullets or Numbering.

Add a picture, shape, and more

1. Go to the Insert tab.

2. To add a picture:
 In the Images section, select Pictures.
 In the Insert Picture From menu, select the source
you want.
 Browse for the picture you want, select it, and then
select Insert.
3. To add illustrations:
 In the Illustrations section,
select Shapes, Icons, 3D Models, SmartArt,
or Chart.
 In the dialog box that opens when you click one of
the illustration types, select the item you want and
follow the prompts to insert it.

Delivering presentation:

1. Create a simple design template. ...

2. Use appropriate font and size. ...

3. Use good quality images. ...

4. Avoid too many special effects. ...

 5. Limit the number of slides. ...

6. [Link] to navigate your presentation in a non-linear fashion. ...

7. Do not read from your slides or speak to them

Unit 5
Internet
Email management:

Email management is a specific field of communications management for

managing high volumes of inbound electronic mail received by
organizations. Today, email management is an essential component of
customer service management.

Internet Browser

A web browser (commonly referred to as a browser) is a software

application for retrieving, presenting, and traversing information resources
on the World Wide Web (also known as the internet or the Net). The most
popular web browsers are Google Chrome, Microsoft Edge (formerly
Internet Explorer), Mozilla Firefox, and Apple’s Safari. If you have a
Windows computer, Microsoft Edge (or its older counterpart, Internet
Explorer) are already installed on your computer. If you are running an
Apple computer, you already have Safari installed on your computer. You
may also have other browsers installed on your computer. If the browser you
want to use is not installed on your computer, download links for Chrome
and Firefox are in their respective sections below.
This course will focus first on the three primary browsers (Chrome, Firefox,
and Edge) and then walk through a set of tools and skills which can be used
in any browser.

USES OF SEARCH ENGINE

A search engine is a software program or script available through

the Internet that searches documents and files for keywords and returns the
results of any files containing those keywords. A search engine is a site on
the WWW that allows you to search for other websites. It is more powerful
than a web directory. It will search the web or the basis of the keyword that
you give.

Search Engine Components

Generally, there are three basic components of a search engine as listed

below:

 Web Crawler

 Database

 Search Interfaces

Web crawler

It is also known as spiders or bots. It is a software

component that traverses the web to gather information.
Database

All the information on the web is stored in a database. It consists of huge

web resources.

Search Interfaces

This component is an interface between a user and the database. It helps the
user to search through the database.

EXAMPLE OF SEARCH ENGINES

Search
Engine Description

It was originally called BackRub. It is the most popular search engine

Google globally.

It was launched in 2009 by Microsoft. It is the latest web-based search

Bing engine that also delivers Yahoo’s results.

It was launched in 1996 and was originally known as Ask Jeeves. It

Ask includes support for match, dictionary, and conversation question.

It was launched by Digital Equipment Corporation in 1995. Since

AltaVista 2003, it is powered by Yahoo technology.

[Link] It is powered by Google.

It is the top 5 internet portal and 13th largest online property according
LYCOS to Media Matrix.
 It is a subsidiary of Amazon and used for providing website traffic
Alexa information.

USES OF SEARCH ENGINES

 To carry out research.

 To search for information about peoples, places and products.
 Get the definition of words, acronyms, etc.
 Download applications from the internet.
 To lookup other websites.

Online educational resources:

Online Education Resources or OER is a digital technology, which helps

you in personalizing the overall learning experience. In addition, it also
helps students to learn according to their own pace and to have quick access
to all the latest information. This particular digital technology is important
for many reasons. It provides you with a chance to improve education by
shifting away from costly, proprietary resources such as textbooks, to more
open, updated and shareable ones.

Educational database:

Education database means the Department’s online

system for activity relating to approval of providers, courses, course
offerings, instructors, and the filing of rosters and other information relating
to pre-licensing courses required by rule or statute to be filed with the