Science
1.) CTOOOPCEB
C - Cells
T - Tissues
O - Organ
O - Organ Systems
O - Organisms
P - Population
C - Community
E - Ecosystem
B - Biosphere
2.) Different Body Systems
● Reproductive System/ Sex
Education
● Endocrine System
● Nervous System
GLAND :
Is a specialized organ that reproduces
and releases substances such as
(hormones, enzymes, or sweat).
ORGAN :
Is a body part made up of different
tissues that work together to perform a
specific function vital to the body.
DIFFERENCE: A gland focuses on
secretion, while an organ performs
various body functions.
NERVOUS SYSTEM ;
MAJOR DIVISIONS ;
● Central Nervous System (CNS)
Main components; Spinal Cord & Brain
● Brain
– Main parts; cerebrum, cerebellum,
brain stem
● Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Main components; Somatic Nervous
System ( SNS) & Autonomic Nervous
System (ANS)
● SNS;
– Main parts - Spinal Nerves &
Cranial Nerves
● ANS;
– Subdivisions - Sympathetic
Nervous System &
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Functions of the Nervous System:
Basic -
Motor,Sensory,
Automatic
Higher - Cognition,
Emotions,
Consciousness
A. Axon - The long, slender part of a
neuron
B. Dendrites - Is a Branch Like structure
that receives signals from other neurons
C. Cell Body - The main part of the
neuron that contains the nucleus
The Four (4) Major Functions of
the Nervous System:
1.) Somatic or Voluntary Functions - It is
when the Nervous System enables the
body to move
2.) Sensory Function - The NS helps
detect the stimuli from our internal/
external environment
3.) Autonomic or Involuntary Function -
Enables the important body functions to
be maintained without being aware of it
4.) Cognitive Function - Enables us to
think and to remember
⸻⸻⸻⸻⸻⸻—
⸻⸻⸻⸻⸻⸻—
A.) Neurons - Nerve Cells that “receive,
process, and send information”
throughout the body
B.) Stimuli - “Any change or event” in the
environment that triggers a response in
an organism
C.) Impulse - The “electrical signal” that
travels along neurons to carry messages
D.) Reflex - “A fast, automatic response”
to a stimulus, without conscious thinking
E.) Homeostasis - The body’s ability to
maintain a “stable” internal environment
despite changes outside
⸻⸻⸻⸻⸻⸻—
NEURONS have the special ability to
carry signals or IMPULSES.
A STIMULUS is any factor in the
environment that influences behavior.
A RESPONSE is a reaction to a condition
or stimulus.
To survive, an ORGANISM must be able
to respond to a stimulus.
The NERVOUS SYSTEM is the major
control system to maintain
HOMEOSTASIS.
It provides monitoring response, and
REGULATION of all systems in the human
body and other organisms.
EXAMPLE OF A STIMULI/STIMULUS
Stimulus; Heat from the sun
Automatic function: Sweat, Drooling,
Dehydration
Voluntary Function; The dog will find a
shade
ENDOCRINE GLANDS:
Found near/or on these locations;
A. Brain
-Pituitary Gland (the master gland)
-Hypothalamus ( controls the pituitary)
-Pineal Gland (regulates sleep melatonin)
B. Neck
-Thyroid Gland (controls metabolism)
-Parathyroid Gland (regulates calcium
level)
C. Chest
-Thymus Gland (helps with immune
system development)
D. Stomach
-Pancreas (produces insulin & glucagon)
NOTE; stomach has hormones -
producing cells, but pancreas is the
major endocrine organ in this area
E. Abdomen
-Adrenal Gland (on top of the kidneys,
produces adrenaline & cortisol)
-Ovaries (for females, produces estrogen
and progesterone)
-Testes (for males, located outside but
part of the reproductive abdomen area)
produces testosterone; ADAMS APPLE
CHEMICAL MESSENGER/HORMONES
Is the electrical signals to endocrine
system
METABOLISM
Is the conversion of food into energy
Impulse is to nervous system as
HORMONES is to endocrine system
WE SHOULD MAINTAIN:
Water Level
Blood Sugar
Body Temperature
ESTROGEN
Prepares the uterus for pregnancy
HYPOTHALAMUS
Starts the menstrual cycle
PITUITARY GLAND
located below the hypothalamus
“master gland”
controls the endocrine system
PINEAL GLAND
Pinea-cone shaped
Sleep & Wake cycle
Melatonin (hormones)
THYROID GLAND
Metabolism
ADRENAL
Located on top of each kidney
Adrenaline & Cortisol (hormones)
OVARIES
Located in each of the uterus
Estrogen & Progesterone (hormones)
PARATHYROID GLAND
Controls the calcium level inside your
body and normalizes bone growth
Parathormone (hormones)
Located in the neck
THYMUS
Enables the body to produce T cells
before puberty
Thymosin (Function)
Located in front of the heart
T-Cells
White blood cells that fights infections/
cancer cells, produced by thymus
TYPES OF DISORDERS AND ITS
RESPECTIVE GLANDS:
Dwarfism & Gigantism - Pituitary
Gland
Acromegaly - Pituitary Gland
Hyperthyroidism/ gave’s disease -
Thyroid gland
Osteoporosis - Parathyroid Gland
Infertility - Reproductive Gland
Diabetes - Pancreas
Insomnia - Pineal Gland
Lupus - Thymus
Obesity - Pancreas
Low Metabolism - Thyroid
3.)THE CENTRAL DOGMA OF
BIOLOGY (PROTEIN SYNTHESIS)
Who proposed the Central Dogma of
Biology?
● FRANCIS CRICK & JAMES
WATSON
According to the Central Dogma of
Biology, the DNA holds the instructions
for the •PROTEIN , to be synthesized
the RNA are found in the NUCLEUS of
the cell. The dna to the cytoplasm where
the ___ makes the proteins.
The AMINO ACIDS are the building
blocks of proteins
The DNA are made of four nitrogen
bases, namely; ADENINE, GUANINE,
CYTOSINE, THYMIN
THE RNA; ADENINE, GUANINE,
CYTOSINE, URACIL
DNA Full Name - Deoxyribonucleic
RNA Full Name - Ribonucleic
Function of DNA - Stores genetic
information
Function of RNA - Transfers genetic
information
Shape of DNA - DOUBLE STRAND
Shape of DNA - DOUBLE STRAND
Shape of RNA - SINGLE STRAND
Composition of DNA - Thymine
Composition of RNA - Uracil
Location of DNA - Nucleus
Location of RNA - Nucleolus
Sugar of DNA - Deoxyribose
Sugar of RNA - Ribose
THE PROCESS
DNA undergoes REPLICATION to make
first a copy of itself before the central
dogma of biology “starts” where the DNA
undergoes TRANSCRIPTION where it is
copied into RNA that goes out of the
nucleus to pass the code to the
ribosomes. The ribosomes do
TRANSLATION the production of
PROTEIN
4.) MUTATION & BIODIVERSITY
III. GENE MUTATIONS
What is a Mutation?
A mutation is a change in the DNA
sequence.
Like a typo in the instruction book.
Causes of Mutations:
Errors during DNA replication
Mutagens:
Radiation
Chemicals
UV light
IV. TYPES OF GENE MUTATIONS
1. Point Mutation
Change in one nucleotide
Substitution
One base is replaced by another
Example: AAG → ATG
2. Frameshift Mutations
Shifts the reading frame of DNA
Usually more harmful
Insertion
Extra nucleotide is added
Deletion
A nucleotide is removed
V. EFFECTS OF MUTATIONS ON
PROTEINS
Mutations can change the amino acid
sequence
This can:
Change protein shape
Affect protein function
Cause diseases or new traits
VI. EFFECTS OF MUTATIONS
1. Harmful Mutations
Protein does not function properly
Can cause diseases
Example: Cystic Fibrosis
2. Beneficial Mutations
Gives survival advantage
Helps organisms adapt
Examples:
Disease resistance
Antibiotic resistance in bacteria
3. Neutral Mutations
No noticeable effect
Reasons:
Same amino acid is coded
Change occurs in non-critical part of
protein
VII. BIODIVERSITY
What is Biodiversity?
The variety of life in an ecosystem
Includes:
Genetic diversity
Species diversity
Ecosystem diversity
Importance of Biodiversity
Increases survival of species
Provides food, medicine, clean air &
water
Makes ecosystems more resilient
VIII. STABILITY OF ECOSYSTEMS
Ecosystem Stability
Ability of an ecosystem to resist and
recover from disturbances
Relationship Between Biodiversity &
Stability
Higher biodiversity = more stable
ecosystem
If one species disappears, others can fill
its role
Low biodiversity = ecosystem easily
collapses
Role of Mutations in Stability
Mutations create genetic variation
Variation helps species adapt to
environmental changes
Leads to evolution and long-term
ecosystem stability
QUICK SUMMARY (EXAM TIP)
Mutations → genetic variation
Genetic variation → biodiversity
High biodiversity → ecosystem stability
Adaptation
Adaptation is how
organisms survive in
their environment
through body features
or behaviors.
Types of Adaptation
Structural (Physical) – body parts that
help survival
Camouflage (frog)
Shell (turtle)
Mimicry (praying mantis)
Chemical defense (skunk)
Behavioral – actions animals do to
survive
Hibernation (bear)
Migration (birds)
Playing to learn hunting (tigers)
Learned Behavior – behaviors learned
from parents or experience
Ducklings following mother
Trained dogs
Biodiversity
Biodiversity is the variety of living
organisms in an ecosystem.
High biodiversity = more stable and
resilient ecosystem
Values of Biodiversity
Direct Economic Value – food, medicine,
shelter (trees, crops)
Indirect Economic Value – clean air,
water, flood control (mangroves)
Aesthetic Value – beauty of nature
(parks, rice terraces)