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Nutrition is the process by which organisms obtain and utilize food for energy, growth, repair, and health maintenance. Nutrients, including carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, water, and fiber, are essential for survival and proper body function. A balanced diet containing all these nutrients is crucial for preventing diseases and maintaining overall health.

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2 views9 pages

Cre

Nutrition is the process by which organisms obtain and utilize food for energy, growth, repair, and health maintenance. Nutrients, including carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, water, and fiber, are essential for survival and proper body function. A balanced diet containing all these nutrients is crucial for preventing diseases and maintaining overall health.

Uploaded by

sunbeamweb01
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Nutrition (Biology) Notes

1. Introduction to Nutrition

Nutrition is the process by which living organisms obtain food and use it for:

 Energy

 Growth

 Repair of body tissues

 Maintenance of health

Food contains nutrients that are needed for the proper functioning of the
body.

2. Nutrients

Nutrients are substances in food required by organisms for survival.

Types of Nutrients

1. Carbohydrates

 Main source of energy.

 Made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

 Broken down into glucose.

Sources:

 Rice

 Bread

 Potatoes

 Sugar

 Fruits

Function:

 Provide energy for daily activities.

2. Proteins
 Body-building nutrients.

 Made up of amino acids.

Sources:

 Meat

 Fish

 Eggs

 Milk

 Beans

Functions:

 Growth of the body

 Repair of damaged tissues

 Formation of enzymes and hormones

3. Fats

 Provide stored energy.

 Help maintain body temperature.

 Protect internal organs.

Sources:

 Butter

 Oils

 Nuts

 Seeds

4. Vitamins

Vitamins are organic substances needed in small amounts.


Deficiency
Vitamin Function
Disease

Vitamin A Good eyesight Night blindness

Vitamin
Energy metabolism Beriberi
B1

Vitamin Healthy gums and


Scurvy
C immunity

Vitamin
Strong bones Rickets
D

Bleeding
Vitamin K Blood clotting
problems

5. Minerals

Minerals are inorganic nutrients required for body functions.

Miner
Function
al

Calciu Strong bones and


m teeth

Formation of
Iron
haemoglobin

Iodine Thyroid function

Sodium Nerve function

6. Water

Water is essential for:

 Transport of nutrients

 Removal of waste

 Temperature control

 Chemical reactions in cells


7. Fibre (Roughage)

 Helps digestion.

 Prevents constipation.

Sources:

 Fruits

 Vegetables

 Whole grains

3. Balanced Diet

A balanced diet contains all nutrients in the correct amounts.

A balanced diet includes:

 Carbohydrates

 Proteins

 Fats

 Vitamins

 Minerals

 Water

 Fibre

Importance:

 Provides energy

 Supports growth

 Prevents diseases

 Maintains good health

4. Modes of Nutrition

A. Autotrophic Nutrition
Organisms make their own food.

Example:

 Green plants

Process:
Photosynthesis

Sunlight

CO₂

Water

Oxygen

Glucose

All inputs are low, so the photosynthesis rate is low; none is more available
than the others

Light

LowMediumHigh

LowMediumHigh

CO₂

LowMediumHigh

LowMediumHigh

Water

LowMediumHigh

LowMediumHigh

Plants require:

 Sunlight

 Chlorophyll

 Carbon dioxide

 Water

Equation:
Carbon dioxide +Water → Glucose+Oxygen

B. Heterotrophic Nutrition

Organisms depend on other organisms for food.

Types:

1. Holozoic Nutrition

 Taking in and digesting solid food.

Examples:

 Humans

 Animals

2. Saprophytic Nutrition

 Feeding on dead and decaying matter.

Examples:

 Fungi

3. Parasitic Nutrition

 Obtaining food from a living host.

Examples:

 Tapeworm

 Cuscuta

5. Human Digestive System

Digestion is the process of breaking down complex food into simpler


substances that can be absorbed.

Main organs:

1. Mouth

2. Oesophagus

3. Stomach
4. Small intestine

5. Large intestine

6. Rectum

7. Anus

6. Process of Digestion

1. Mouth

 Food is chewed.

 Saliva mixes with food.

 Enzyme amylase starts digestion of carbohydrates.

2. Oesophagus

 Moves food to the stomach by muscular movement called peristalsis.

3. Stomach

 Produces hydrochloric acid.

 Protein digestion begins.

 Enzyme pepsin breaks proteins.

4. Small Intestine

Pancreas

Bloodstream

Skeletal muscle cell

Insulin

Glucose

The pancreas releases insulin when blood glucose rises

Insulin

NormalDeficiencyResistance

NormalDeficiencyResistance

Functions:
 Completes digestion.

 Absorbs nutrients into blood.

Receives:

 Bile from liver

 Pancreatic juice from pancreas

5. Large Intestine

 Absorbs water.

 Forms faeces.

7. Digestive Enzymes

Enzym Food
Product
e Digested

Amylas Carbohydrat
Glucose
e es

Pepsin Proteins Amino acids

Fatty acids +
Lipase Fats
glycerol

8. Deficiency Diseases

Deficiency Disease

Protein Kwashiorkor

Protein and
Marasmus
energy

Iron Anaemia

Night
Vitamin A
blindness

Vitamin C Scurvy

Vitamin D Rickets
Deficiency Disease

Iodine Goitre

9. Importance of Nutrition

Good nutrition:

 Provides energy

 Helps growth

 Repairs body tissues

 Improves immunity

 Maintains healthy organs

Quick Revision Points

 Nutrition is the process of obtaining and using food.

 Nutrients are needed for energy, growth, and repair.

 Plants use autotrophic nutrition through photosynthesis.

 Humans use heterotrophic nutrition.

 Digestion converts food into simpler substances.

 A balanced diet prevents deficiency diseases.

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