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chapter 1: introduction to energy

Lecture Outline
• What is energy?
• Source and type of energy?
• Form of Energy?
• What do mean applied energy conversion ?
• Energy storage ?
• Energy conversion efficieny?
 learning out come

After completing this lecture you will be able to;

• Define energy
• Differentiate between different source of energy
• Differentiate different state and form of energy
• Understand what do mean energy conversion
• energy conversion devices and their efficiency
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What is energy
• Energy is the power to change things. It is the ability to
do work ( dictionary defn)
• *Energy is a property of matter that can be converted
into work, heat or radiation.
• The above definition of energy highlights the fact that
energy conversion is essential for energy utilization
• Work and heat (as well as some types of radiation) are
forms of energy that society needs.
• These are also the energy forms used today for the
production of electric energy (or electricity).
• However, these are not the primitive forms of energy
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energy

The tennis player does work

On her racket

The racket does work on the

ball

The ball does work on the

net
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• The primitive and less palpable forms of energy – such as

solar, gravitational, chemical and nuclear energy – need to
be converted to work, heat and useful radiation
• People have learned how to change energy from one form
to another so that we can do work more easily and live
more comfortably.
• Energy lights our cities, powers our vehicles, and runs
machinery in factories. It warms and cools our homes,
cooks our food, plays our music, and gives us pictures on
television.
• Joule - A unit of energy. One joule equals 0.2388 calories

• 1cal=4.18Joule
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What is energy
• The energy supply sector involves complex
processes for extracting energy resources (such as
coal or oil), for converting these into more
desirable and suitable forms of energy (such as
electricity or gasoline), and for delivering energy
to places where demand exists.
• The end-use part of the system transforms this
energy into energy services (such as illumination
or mobility)
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nature of energy

• Energy is all around you!

You can hear energy as sound.
You can see energy as light.
And you can feel it as wind.
• You use energy when you:
 hit a ball.
 lift your book bag
 compress sprig
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nature of energy
• Energy is involved when:
a bird flies.
a bomb explodes.
rain falls from the sky.
electricity flows in a wire.
• If an object or organism does work (exerts a force
over a distance to move an object) the object or
organism uses energy
• Because of the direct connection between energy
and work, energy is measured in the same unit as
work: joules (J).
• In addition to using energy to do work, objects
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Forms of Energy
• The 7 main forms of energy are:
Heat
Chemical
Electromagnetic
Nuclear
Mechanical
light
electrical
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Form of energy
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Form of Energy
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Heat Energy
• The internal motion of the atoms is called heat
energy, because moving particles produce heat.
• Heat energy can be produced by friction.
• Heat energy causes changes in temperature and
phase of any form of matter.
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Chemical Energy
• Chemical Energy is required to bond atoms
together.
• And when bonds are broken, energy is released
• Fuel and food are forms of stored chemical energy
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Electromagnetic Energy

• Power lines carry electromagnetic energy into

your home in the form of electricity
• Light is a form of electromagnetic energy.
• Each color of light (Roy G Bv) represents a
different amount of electromagnetic energy.
• Electromagnetic Energy is also carried by X-rays,
radio waves, and laser light E=hc/
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Nuclear Energy
• The nucleus of an atom is the source of nuclear energy.
• When the nucleus splits (fission), nuclear energy is
released in the form of heat energy and light energy.
• Nuclear energy is also released when nuclei collide at
high speeds and join (fuse). [Link] bomb, sun
• The sun’s energy is produced from a nuclear fusion
reaction in which hydrogen nuclei fuse to form helium
nuclei
• Nuclear energy is the most concentrated form of energy
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Mechanical Energy
• When work is done to an object, it acquires energy. The
energy it acquires is known as mechanical energy.
• When you kick a football, you give mechanical energy to
the football to make it move
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Electrical Energy

Electrical Energy – Energy of moving

electrons. Is always kinetic.
• The electrical outlets in your home allow you to
use electrical energy
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Sound energy
[Link] – Caused by an object’s vibrations.
Can also be considered mechanical.
Is potential and kinetic

Example: Guitar Strings

Vibrating
Is potential and kinetic
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States of Energy
• All forms of energy can be in either of two states:
Potential
Kinetic
•Kinetic energy (translational energy)
Transitional(KE): energy in motion, energy which crosses system
[Link].
• electrical current
• work
• heat
• electromagnetic radiation
•Potential energy(stored energy)
Stored(PE) energy which has a mass, a position in a force field; eg
electrical potential (voltage), gravitational energy
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States of Energy

KE energy PE energy
•Radiant Energy Chemical Energy
•Thermal energy Stored mechanical energy
•Sound energy Nuclear energy
•Electromagnetic energy Gravitational energy

Potential Energy is stored energy.

• Stored chemically in fuel, the nucleus of atom, and in
foods.
• Or stored because of the work done on it:
Stretching a rubber band.
Winding a watch.
Pulling back on a bow’s arrow.
Lifting a brick high in the air.
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Source of energy
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sources of energy
• ;
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Energy Conversion
• Energy can be changed from one form to another.
Changes in the form of energy are called energy
conversions
• All forms of energy can be converted into other
forms.
– The sun’s energy through solar cells can be converted
directly into electricity.
– Green plants convert the sun’s energy (electromagnetic)
into starches and sugars (chemical energy).
– In an automobile engine, fuel is burned to convert
chemical energy into heat energy. The heat energy is
then changed into mechanical energy.
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efficiency
• A device is a piece of equipment that serves a
specific purpose. An energy conversion device
converts one form of energy into another.

• The efficiency of an energy conversion device is a

quantitative expression of this balance between energy
input and energy output.
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Energy conversion

Chemical  Heat Mechanical

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The Law of Conservation of Energy
Energy can be neither created nor destroyed by
ordinary means.
The Law of Conservation of Energy states
that when one form of energy is converted into
Another
form of energy, no energy is destroyed in the process

–It can only be converted from one form

to another.
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Energy conversion
• Energy conversion engineering has been one of
the central themes in the development of the
engineering profession.
• It is concerned with the transformation of energy
from sources such as fossil and nuclear fuels and
the sun into conveniently used forms such as
electrical energy, rotational and propulsive energy,
and heating and cooling
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Energy conversion /transformation

Most energy transformations

can be traced back to the sun:
the original source of energy for
life on earth
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Battery – powered alarm clock

Old style steam locomotive

Radiant Chemical Thermal Mechanical

Solar-powered car

Radiant Electrical Mechanical

Hand-cranked generator

Chemical Mechanical Electrical Radiant Thermal

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Energy conversion
• In an electric motor, electromagnetic energy is
converted to mechanical energy.
• In a battery, chemical energy is converted into
electromagnetic energy.
• The mechanical energy of a waterfall is converted
to electrical energy in a generator
• In an automobile engine, fuel is burned to convert
chemical energy into heat energy. The heat energy
is then changed into mechanical energy
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Energy conversion
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Efficiency of Energy Conversion
• It is the ratio of useful energy output to energy input
• Efficiency = Useful Energy Out
Total Energy In
• Greater energy efficiency can reduce energy costs to
consumers, enhance environmental quality, maintain and
enhance our standard of living, increase our freedom and
energy security, and promote a strong economy
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Efficiency of Energy Conversion
• In all energy conversions, some energy is wasted.
However, some energy conversion processes
require a large amount of energy in to obtain a
small amount of energy out. Such conversion
processes are inefficient.
• Since every energy conversion process wastes
some energy, the efficiency ratio for any energy
conversion process is less than one
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Energy Efficiency
• Energy efficiency is the amount of useful energy you get
from a system. A perfect, energy-efficient machine would
change all the energy put in it into useful work—an
impossible dream.
• In fact, most energy transformations are not very efficient.
The human body is a good example.
• Your body is like a machine, and the fuel for your machine
is food. Food gives you the energy to move, breathe, and
think. But your body isn’t very efficient at converting food
into useful work. Your body is less than 5% efficient most
of the time. The rest of the energy is lost as heat. You can
really feel that heat when you exercise!
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Efficiency of Heat Engine
• A heat engine is any device which converts heat
energy into mechanical energy.
• Accounts for 50% of our energy conversion
devices

The chemical energy of fossil

fuels is
converted to heat, and it is
primarily this heat that we use in
heat engines to obtain work.
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Carnot Efficiency
• Carnot efficiency is Maximum efficiency that can
be obtained for a heat engine

Temperature is in ° Kelvin !!!!!!!

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Example
• For a coal-fired utility boiler, The temperature of
high pressure steam would be about 540°C and T
cold, the cooling tower water temperature would
be about 20°C. Calculate the Carnot efficiency of
the power plant ?

540 ° C = 540 +273 ° K = 813 °K

20 °C = 20 + 273 = 293 °K

To make the Carnot efficiency as high as possible, either T hot

should be increased or T cold should be decreased.
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Efficiency of a system
• The efficiency of a system is equal to the product
of efficiencies of the individual devices (sub-
systems).
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example
• Calculate the efficiency of a power plant if the
efficiencies of the boiler, turbine and generator are 88,
40 and 98%, respectively.
• Solution.
Epower plant = [Eboiler] [Eturbine] [Egenerator] =
= (0.88) (0.40) (0.98) = 0.35 (35%)
• Note that the efficiency of the system is lower than any
one of the efficiencies of the individual components of
the system.
• In the case of this electric power plant, only 35% of the
chemical energy input is converted to electricity. The
rest is lost to the environment, mostly as heat
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Efficiency of a system
• One of the most important energy conversion systems in our modern
society is the electric power plant.
• The chemical energy is first converted to thermal energy in the boiler;
thermal energy is then converted to mechanical energy in the turbine;
finally, mechanical energy is converted to electricity in the generator.
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Efficiency of home heater –electricity from coal, oil, natural gas
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Energy storage
• Energy can be stored in many forms. Chemical
energy is stored in fuels such as coal, wood, and
food, or in the chemicals in batteries and fuel cells
• Gravitational potential energy is stored by raising
an object to a higher level. Unfortunately,
electrical energy cannot easily be stored in large
amounts.
• Electrical potential energy can be stored in
capacitor
• The ability, or inability, to convert stored energy
limits the forms of energy that may be utilized in
each technology
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Conclusion
• We get energy in different form
• Energy is very essential in our daily life
• All energy available in two state: kinetic or potential
• In order to get usefull form energy we have to convert
or transform from one form to another
• During energy conversion some energy always lost
And conversion efficiency is always less than one
• Improving energy efficiency very important at supply
side and demand side to reduce our energy
consumption with out comporomizing our comfort
• Storage medium is essential to store energy for short to
long time
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•Question ?
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Self- check
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Assignment
• Describe Environmental problems, which appear
due to the energy conversion
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Assignment
• Why electrical energy is widely used form of
energy?
• What energy transformations take place inside a
working battery?
• How about in your mobile phone?
• Flash light?
• Car engine?
• Your body?
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Assignment
1. Define potential and kinetic energy.
2. Name the 7 types of energy and give an example of each.
3. Which energy types are potential? Which are kinetic? Which
are both?
4. Explain the energy transformations from the sun to your alarm
clock.
5. Explain the energy transformations from the sun to you riding a
bike.
[Link] the energy transformations as a pendulum swings.
[Link] renewable and nonrenewable resources and give an
example of each.
 What type /state of energy does each 57

Picture demonstrate?

B
A

C D
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Assignment
1. The energy input into a hair drier is 1000 watts of electricity. The output is 3400
BTUper hour of heat. Determine the efficiency of the hair drier.
2. The energy input into a 40-watt light bulb is 40 watts. The output is 950 lumens.
Determine the efficiency of the light bulb. (Note: One lumen is equivalent
to 0.001496 watts.)
3. General Electric(GE) provides the following information on its EnergyChoice
light bulbs:
compared to the regular (soft white) light bulb, which has a rating of 1170
lumens and 75 watts, the bulb that GE wants you to buy has a rating of 1080
lumens and 67 watts. Are the efficiencies of the two light bulbs different?
4. By how much does the efficiency of a turbine have to increase in order to raise
the efficiency of a power plant from 35 to 40%. The efficiencies of the boiler and
generator are 90 and 95%.