Unit 2- Principle Of Planning For Differently Abled Publics

Planning for differently abled publics means designing buildings,

infrastructure, and public spaces in such a way that people with
physical, sensory/visual, cognitive, or mobility impairments can use
them safely, comfortably, and independently.

This concept is commonly known as:

 Accessible design
 Barrier-free design
 Universal design
 Inclusive design

The objective is to create an environment that is usable by all people

regardless of age or ability.

Need for accessibility in built environment

 Ensures equal opportunities for all citizens.
 Promotes independence and dignity.
 Improves mobility and safety.
 Helps elderly persons, children, and injured people in addition
to disabled persons.
 Supports social inclusion and participation.

Principles of Planning for Differently Abled Publics

A. Equitable Use

 Facilities should be usable by everyone.

 No discrimination between disabled and non-disabled persons.

Examples

 Common entrances for all users.

  Accessible public transport facilities
B. Flexibility in Use

 Accommodate different abilities and preferences.

 Easy operation for all users.

Examples

 Adjustable furniture
 Multiple modes of communication ( lift, staircases, escalators )

C. Simple and Intuitive Design

 Spaces and system should be Easy to understand.

 Clear signboards and symbols.

Example- clear signage, simple circulation paths

D. Perceptible Information

 Information should be communicated effectively to all users.

 Use visual, tactile, and audible information.
 Braille signs and audio announcements.

Example – Braille signage, Audible signals, visual indicators

E. Tolerance for Error

 Design should minimize hazards and accidental risks.

Example - Provide safety features like handrails and non-slip

flooring.
F. Low Physical Effort

 Buildings should require minimum physical effort to use.

Example :

 Doors should open easily.

 Ramps should have gentle slopes.
  Automatic doors where possible.
G. Adequate size and Space

 Sufficient space for wheelchair movement.

 Wide corridors and turning areas.

Accessibility Features in Buildings

Entrance

 Barrier-free entrance.
 Ramps with handrails.
 Non-slip flooring.
 Automatic or easy-to-open doors.

Circulation

 Wide corridors.
 Wheelchair turning space.
 Slip-resistant floors.
 Adequate lighting.

Vertical Movement

 Accessible lifts.
 Handrails on stairs.
 Braille buttons in lifts.
 Audible floor announcements.

Toilets

 Wheelchair-accessible toilets.
 Grab bars.
 Adequate turning space.
 Emergency call button.

Parking

 Reserved accessible parking.

  Located near the entrance.
 Proper signage.

Ramps

 Gentle slope for wheelchair users

 Handrails on both sides
 Non-slip surface
 A commonly recommended slope is 1 in 12

Staircase

 Uniform riser and treads

 Handrails
 Tactile warning strips

Pathways and corridors

 Obstruction-free movement
 Adequate width
 Smooth flooring

Standardization of Accessibility in built environment

Standardization means establishing uniform technical guideline
and specifications to ensure accessibility in all buildings and
public spaces.

Objectives of standardization
 Ensure safety and usability
 Maintain uniformity in design
 Facilitate independent movement
 Promote legal compliances
Important standardized elements
1. Door width
 Doors should be wide enough for wheelchairs.
2. Ramp dimensions
 Proper slope, width, and landing provisions.
3. Corridor width
 Enough space for wheel chair movement
4. Toilet design standards
Accessible fittings and turning radius
5. Elevators standard
 Accessible controls and adequate cabin size.
6. Signage standards
 Readable fonts, tactile signs, and visual contrast

Common Accessibility Standards

Facility Recommended Standard
Ramp slope 1:12 (preferred maximum slope)
Minimum clear door width 900 mm
Corridor width ≥1500 mm
Wheelchair turning radius 1500 mm
Lift door width 900 mm (minimum)
Handrail height 750–900 mm
Accessible parking width 3600 mm (including access space)

Contextualization of Accessibility
Contextualization means adapting accessibility features according to:

 Local climate.
 Building type (school, hospital, office, residence).
 User needs.
  Cultural and social conditions.
 Available technology.
 Economic feasibility.

Examples

 Hospitals: Wheelchair-accessible corridors, ramps, lifts, tactile

flooring.
 Schools: Accessible classrooms, ramps, accessible toilets.
 Railway stations: Lifts, tactile paving, audio announcements.
 Shopping malls: Accessible parking, elevators, accessible
washrooms.
 Rural areas- low cost ramps and pathways, community based
accessible infrastructure.
 Urban areas- smart accessible systems, integrated transport
accessibility
 Educational buildings- accessible classroom and laboratories


Long Questions
1. Explain the principles of planning for differently abled persons.
2. Discuss the standardization of accessibility in the built environment.
3. Describe the accessibility features required in public buildings.
4. Explain the importance of Universal Design with suitable examples.

MCQs
1. A barrier-free environment is designed for:

 A) Children only
 B) All users, including persons with disabilities ✅
 C) Office staff only
 D) Tourists only

2. The recommended maximum slope for an accessible ramp is:

 A) 1:5
 B) 1:8
 C) 1:12 ✅
  D) 1:20

3. Braille signs are mainly provided for:

 A) Hearing-impaired persons
 B) Visually impaired persons ✅
 C) Elderly persons only
 D) Children

4. Which of the following is an accessibility feature?

 A) Ramp
 B) Lift with Braille buttons
 C) Accessible toilet
 D) All of the above ✅

Overview Of Accessibility Codes (National And

International Perspective)
Accessibility codes are standards and guidelines that ensure
buildings, transportation systems, and public spaces are safe, usable,
and accessible for all people, including persons with disabilities,
older adults, and children. These codes promote universal design
and help create an inclusive built environment.

National Perspective (India)

A. National Building Code (NBC) 2016
NBC 2016 provides comprehensive guidelines for barrier-free and accessible
buildings.

Major Recommendations

 Barrier-free entrances.
 Ramps (recommended maximum slope 1:12).
  Accessible lifts.
 Wide doors and corridors.
 Handrails on ramps and staircases.
 Accessible toilets.
 Tactile flooring for visually impaired persons.
 Reserved parking spaces.
 Braille and tactile signage.
 Audible announcements in lifts.

B. Rights of Persons with Disabilities (RPwD) Act, 2016

The Act aims to ensure equal rights and accessibility for persons with
disabilities.

Key Provisions

 Equal opportunity.
 Accessible public buildings.
 Inclusive education.
 Accessible transport.
 Non-discrimination.
 Universal accessibility.

C. Harmonised Guidelines and Standards for Universal

Accessibility (2021)
These guidelines provide technical standards for:

 Government buildings.
 Educational institutions.
 Hospitals.
 Public transport.
 Streets and footpaths.
 Parks and recreational areas.

International Perspective
A. Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), USA
The ADA Standards for Accessible Design require:

 Accessible entrances.
  Wheelchair-accessible routes.
 Accessible toilets.
 Accessible parking.
 Elevators.
 Signage and communication aids.

B. ISO 21542
ISO 21542 – Accessibility and Usability of the Built Environment provides
international guidance on:

 Building access.
 Ramps.
 Stairs.
 Lifts.
 Doors.
 Signage.
 Emergency evacuation.

Long Questions

1. Explain the accessibility provisions of NBC 2016.

2. Write the important national and international accessibility codes.

1. Which Indian code provides accessibility guidelines for buildings?

 A) IS 456
 B) National Building Code (NBC) 2016 ✅
 C) IRC Code
 D) CPWD Manual

2. The RPwD Act was enacted in:

 A) 2014
 A) 2015
 C) 2016 ✅
 D) 2018

3. Which international standard provides guidance on accessibility in the built

environment?

 A) ISO 9001
 B) ISO 21542 ✅
 C) ISO 14001
 D) ISO 45001
4. The main objective of accessibility codes is to:

 A) Increase construction cost

 B) Ensure equal and barrier-free access for all users ✅
 C) Increase building height
 D) Reduce ventilation

Design for Inclusion: A Holistic Approach

 Design for Inclusion is the process of designing buildings, public
spaces, and infrastructure so that they are usable, accessible,
safe, and comfortable for everyone, regardless of age, gender,
physical ability, or social background.
 Inclusion design focuses on making everyone feel welcomed
and equally valued. Instead of designing only for an average
person, inclusive design considers the needs of people with
different abilities and lifestyles.
 A holistic approach means looking at the complete experience
of users- physical, emotional, social, and environmental – while
designing spaces.

Need For Inclusive Design

Inclusive design is important because every person interacts
with the built environment differently. Poorly design spaces can
create barriers for differently abled persons, elderly people,
children, pregnant women, temporarily injured persons.

Inclusive design helps to create:

 Equal access
 Safety
 Independence
 Comfort
 Social participation
 Holistic Approach to Inclusive Design
A holistic approach considers all aspects of a building rather than
focusing on a single feature.

It includes:

 Physical accessibility
 Psychological comfort
 Social inclusion
 Environmental sustainability
 Functional efficiency

The design process should not focus only on structures, but also on
human experience and well-being.

User-Centric Approach to Design

A user-centric approach means designing spaces based on the needs,
abilities, and experience of the people who will actually use them. In
this method, user becomes the central focus of the design process.

Key features of user-centric design

1. Understanding user needs
Designers study:

 User behaviour
 Physical limitations
 Daily activities
 Comfort requirements

2. Participation of users
Users are involved during:

Planning, design, testing and feedback spaces.

 This helps to create practical and functional spaces

3. Accessibility for all

The design should support:

Wheelchair users, elderly persons, children, person with sensory

impairments.

4. Simplicity and convenience

The environment should be easy to understand and use.

Example

 Clear pathways
 Simple controls
 Easy navigation

5. Continuous improvement
Design should improve according to user feedback and changing
requirements.

WINIT Model
The WINIT model is an inclusive design approach that focuses on
making environments usable and beneficial for everyone.

WINIT represents important principles that support universal and

inclusive design.

Components of WINIT model:

1. W- Welcoming

Spaces should make all users feel accepted and comfortable.

 Features:

 Friendly environment
 Equal access
 Inclusive atmosphere

2. I- Inclusive

The design should include people of all abilities and

backgrounds.

Features:

 Barrier free access

 Equal participation
 Social integration

3. N- navigable

User should be able to move and understand spaces equally.

Features:

 Clear signage
 Easy circulation
 Logical layout

4. I- Interactive

The environment should support communication and

interaction.

Features:

 User friendly systems

 Accessible information
 Smart technology integration

5. T- Transparent
 The design and facilities should be simple, understandable, and
easy to use.

Features:

 Clear instructions
 Visible pathways
 Easy access to services

Application Of WINIT Model In Buildings

RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS
 Accessible entrances
 Comfortable living spaces
 Safe circulation areas

EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
 Accessible classroom
 Inclusive playgrounds
 Clear wayfinding systems

HOSPITALS
 Wheelchair friendly movement
 Easy navigation
 Comfortable waiting areas

PUBLIC BUILDINGS
 ACCESSIBLE Transport connections
 Inclusive toilets
 Barrier-free public services
Long Questions

1. Explain the concept of Design for Inclusion using a holistic approach.

 2. Discuss the user-centric approach to building design with suitable
examples.
3. Describe the WINIT model and its application in the built environment.
4. Explain the benefits of inclusive design for sustainable development.

MCQs

1. Inclusive design mainly focuses on:

 A) Only persons with disabilities

 B) All users regardless of age or ability ✅
 C) Only children
 D) Only elderly people

2. A user-centric approach begins with:

 A) Construction
 B) Identifying users and understanding their needs ✅
 C) Demolition
 D) Landscaping

3. In the WINIT model, the letter "N" stands for:

 A) Nature
 B) Navigate ✅
 C) Network
 D) Normal

4. Which of the following is an example of inclusive design?

 A) Accessible toilets
 B) Ramps
 C) Braille signage
 D) All of the above ✅

Accessibility Elements of the Built Environment

 Accessibility elements are the physical features provided

in buildings, roads, streets, and public spaces to ensure
that everyone, including persons with disabilities (PwDs),
 elderly people, children, and pregnant women, can move
safely and independently.
 These elements are important in both urban and rural
areas and support the concept of a barrier-free
environment.
 Accessibility requirements may differ in urban and rural
areas, but the main goal remains he same – equal access
for all.

Accessibility In Urban And Rural Contexts

Urban context
Urban areas usually have:

 High population density

 Heavy traffic
 Multi-storey buildings
 Complex transportation systems

Therefore, urban accessibility focuses on:

 Pedestrian safety
 Public transport access
 Smooth movement in crowded spaces
 Smart and standardized infrastructure

Examples

 Kerbs ramp at crossing

 Elevators in metro stations
 Tactile paving
 Accessible footpaths
Rural context
Rural areas generally have:

 Lower population density

 Limited infrastructure
 Uneven pathways
 Fewer public facilities

Accessibility solutions in rural areas should be:

 Simple
 Economical
 Durable
 Easy to maintain

Examples

 Low cost ramps

 Smooth village pathways
 Handrails near community buildings
 Accessible water points

ACCESSIBILITY ELEMENTS
A. Kerb Ramp
A kerb ramp is a sloping surface provided between the footpath and
the road to help wheelchair users, elderly people, parents with
strollers, and cyclists move safely.
Features
 Smooth and non-slip surface.
 Gentle slope (about 1:12 maximum recommended).
 Tactile warning tiles at the road crossing.
 Proper drainage to avoid water accumulation.

Importance of kerb ramps

 Helps wheelchair movement
 Improves pedestrian safety
 Assists visually impaired users
 Provides smooth transition between road and walkway.

Urban Application
Road intersections, Bus stops, Railway stations, commercial
areas.
Rural Application
Panchayat buildings, schools, Health centres, Village roads

B. BOLLARDS
Bollards are short vertical posts installed to:
  Control vehicle
 Protect pedestrians
 Prevent unauthorized vehicle entry

Features
 Proper spacing (min 900mm) allows for clear wheelchair access.
 Features rounded edges to prevent injuries.
 Utilizes reflective or high-contrast colours for visibility
 Commonly used near plazas, metro stations, and rural
community centres.

Importance of bollards
 Improve pedestrian safety
 Protects pathways
 Guides movement

Urban Application
Used near: footpaths, public plazas, metro stations, shopping
areas.
Rural Application
Used near: community centres, schools, village gathering
spaces.
C. LEVEL AND GRATINGS

LEVELS : Walking surfaces should be level, smooth, and free from

sudden height differences. Sudden changes in floor levels can create
barriers for wheelchair users and elderly people.

Importance of levels
 Prevents tripping accidents
 Ensures smooth wheelchair movement
 Improves user comfort

GRATINGS : Gratings are metal or concrete covers placed over

drains or openings. Poorly design gratings can trap: wheelchair
wheels, walking sticks, footwear.

Requirements

 Openings should be small (generally not more than 13 mm) to prevent

wheelchair wheels or walking sticks from getting trapped.
 Surface should be flush with the surrounding pavement.
 Slip-resistant material.

Importance of gratings
 Improves pedestrian safety
  Prevents accidents
 Ensure smooth movement

D. Ramps
Definition

A ramp is a gently sloping pathway that provides access between different levels without
using stairs.

Standard Features

 Recommended maximum slope: 1:12.

 Minimum clear width: 1200 mm.
 Handrails on both sides.
 Non-slip surface.
 Level landing after every 9 m (where applicable).

E. Tactile Paving
Purpose

Tactile paving helps visually impaired persons identify pathways, crossings, and hazards.
Types

 Warning (dot) tiles – indicate hazards or stopping points.

 Directional (bar) tiles – guide the direction of travel.

F. Handrails
Features

 Installed on both sides of ramps and stairs.

 Continuous and easy to grip.
 Height: 750–900 mm.

Benefits

 Support for elderly and disabled users.

 Improved safety.

G. Accessible Pathways
Requirements

 Minimum width: 1500 mm (preferred).

 Slip-resistant surface.
 Free from obstacles.
 Well-lit.
 Continuous route connecting all facilities.

H. Accessible washrooms
Accessible toiles are vital for promoting dignity and independent usage for
differently abled individuals.

 Fitted with sturdy grab bars for support and transfer.

 Requires a minimum wheelchair turning space ( 1500mm radius)
 Wash basin positioned at a lower, easily reachable height.
 Easy door access typically outward opening or slidinhg.

Urban and Rural Context

Urban Areas Rural Areas
Accessible footpaths Barrier-free village roads

Kerb ramps Ramps in Panchayat buildings

Elevators in public buildings Accessible health centres

Tactile paving Community halls with ramps

Accessible bus stops Schools with accessible entrances

Long Questions

1. Explain the accessibility elements of the built environment with neat sketches.
2. Discuss the role of kerb ramps, ramps, and handrails in universal accessibility.
3. Compare accessibility requirements in urban and rural areas.

MCQs
1. A kerb ramp is provided to:

 A) Store water
 B) Connect the footpath with the road for easy access ✅
 C) Support building walls
 D) Reduce traffic speed

2. The recommended maximum slope of an accessible ramp is:

 A) 1:6
 A) 1:8
 C) 1:12 ✅
 D) 1:20

3. Tactile paving is mainly used by:

 A) Children
 B) Visually impaired persons ✅
 C) Drivers
 D) Cyclists

4. Bollards are installed to:

 A) Increase parking space

 B) Restrict vehicle access while allowing pedestrian movement ✅
 C) Drain rainwater
 D) Support roofs

Principles of Site Planning

Site planning is the process of arranging buildings, roads, open
spaces, utilities, and landscape elements on a site to achieve
functionality, safety, accessibility, environmental sustainability, and
aesthetic value.
A. Site Analysis
Study:

 Topography
 Soil condition
 Climate
 Sun path
 Wind direction
 Vegetation
 Drainage
 Existing infrastructure

Importance

 Helps in selecting the best building location.

 Reduces environmental impact.

B. Building Orientation
Arrange the building to:

 Receive maximum daylight.

 Improve natural ventilation.
 Reduce heat gain.
 Save energy.

C. Circulation Planning
Provide:

 Separate pedestrian and vehicle movement.

 Safe crossings.
 Wide pathways.
 Emergency vehicle access.
 Accessible routes.

D. Open Spaces and Landscaping

 Preserve existing trees.
 Provide green areas.
 Reduce urban heat island effect.
 Improve air quality.
 Create recreational spaces.
E. Drainage and Stormwater Management
 Proper site grading.
 Rainwater harvesting.
 Permeable pavements.
 Recharge pits.
 Flood prevention.

F. Utility Planning
Plan for:

 Water supply.
 Sewerage.
 Electricity.
 Waste management.
 Fire safety systems.

G. Environmental Protection
 Reduce pollution.
 Protect biodiversity.
 Minimize soil erosion.
 Use sustainable materials.

Long Questions

1. Explain the principles of site planning with suitable examples.

2. Discuss various approaches for accessibility in the built environment.

MCQs
1. The first step in site planning is:

 A) Landscaping
 B) Site analysis ✅
 C) Painting
 D) Parking design

2. Universal Design aims to make buildings usable by:

 A) Only persons with disabilities

 B) All people regardless of age or ability ✅
  C) Only adults
 D) Only children

3. The recommended maximum slope for an accessible ramp is:

 A) 1:8
 B) 1:12 ✅
 C) 1:20
 D) 1:5

4. Which of the following is an accessibility feature?

 A) Tactile paving
 B) Accessible parking
 C) Handrails
 D) All of the above ✅

Approaches for Accessibility in site planning

1. Barrier-Free Design Approach
 Barrier-free design removes physical obstacles that restrict movement .

Features

 Ramps instead of steps

 Wide doors and corridors
 Accessible toilets
 Smooth pathways

Benefits

 Independent movement
 Improved safety

2. Universal Design Approach

 Universal design means designing spaces usable by all people without
special adaptation.
Principles

 Equal use
 Flexibility
 Simple operation
 Low physical effort

Examples

 Automatic doors ("Revolving door")

 Common entrances
 Easy-to-read signage

3. User-Centered Design Approach

 This approach focuses on the needs and experiences of users .

Process

 Study user requirements

 Involve users in planning
 Improve design based on feedback

Benefits

 Better usability
 Increased comfort and satisfaction

4. Inclusive Design Approach

 Inclusive design ensures that no group of people is excluded from using
the environment.

Focus Areas

 Social equality
 Accessibility
 Comfort
 Safety

Applications

 Public buildings
 Parks
  Educational institutions
 Transport systems

5. Sustainable Accessibility Approach

 Accessibility should be integrated with environmental sustainability.

Features

 Eco-friendly pathways
 Energy-efficient lighting
 Green transportation systems

Benefits

 Sustainable development
 Reduced environmental impact

Accessibility in Public Sanitation System

A public sanitation system includes toilets, washrooms, urinals, bathing
facilities, drainage systems, and related hygiene infrastructure used by the
public in places such as:

 Schools
 Hospitals
 Railway stations
 Shopping malls
 Offices
 Parks
 Bus terminals

Accessibility in public sanitation means designing these facilities so that they

can be used safely, comfortably, and independently by everyone, including:

 Differently abled persons

 Elderly people
 Children
 Pregnant women
 Injured persons

Accessible sanitation systems are an important part of inclusive and barrier-

free environments.
Importance of Accessible Sanitation
Accessible sanitation facilities:

 Improve quality of life

 Support public health
 Encourage social participation
 Increase user comfort and confidence
 Help people move independently in public spaces

Without accessible toilets, many people face difficulty in using public buildings
and transport systems.

Washroom Typologies
1. Standard Public Washrooms
These are common toilets provided in:

 Markets
 Offices
 Schools
 Public buildings

Features

 Separate sections for men and women

 Wash basins
 Ventilation and lighting
 Drainage system

2. Accessible Washrooms
These are specially designed for differently abled persons.

Features

 Wider doors
 Wheelchair turning space
 Grab bars
 Lower wash basins
 Emergency alarm system
 Slip-resistant flooring
3. Gender-Neutral Washrooms
These washrooms can be used by any gender.

Importance

 Promotes equality and inclusiveness

 Useful for caregivers assisting users

4. Family Washrooms
Designed for families, children, and caregivers.

Features

 Baby changing stations

 Extra space
 Easy accessibility

Accessibility Perspectives in Washroom Design

1. Entrance Accessibility
Washroom entrances should:

 Be easy to identify
 Have adequate width
 Be free from level differences
 If level differences exist, ramps should be provided.

2. Door Accessibility
Doors should be:

 Wide enough for wheelchairs (Minimum width: 1100 mm)

 Easy-to-operate handles
 Outward-opening doors preferred

3. Circulation Space
Enough internal space should be available for:

 Wheelchair movement
  Turning radius
 Assistance by caregivers

4. Grab Bars and Handrails

 Grab bars provide support and safety.

Locations

 Near WC seats
 Beside wash basins
 Along walls

5. Toilet Seat Design

Accessible toilet seats should:

 Be at a comfortable height
 Allow side transfer from wheelchairs

6. Wash Basin Accessibility

Wash basins should:

 Be placed at a lower height

 Allow wheelchair clearance below

7. Flooring
Flooring should be:

 Non-slip
 Smooth
 Easy to clean

8. Lighting and Ventilation

Proper lighting and ventilation improve:

 Safety
 Hygiene
 User comfort
9. Signage
Accessible washrooms should include:

 Clear signs
 Braille signage
 High-contrast symbols

10. Sensor-Based and Smart Systems

Modern accessible washrooms may include:

 Automatic taps
 Motion-sensor flushing
 Touch-free systems

Emergency Evacuation Systems in Accessible Buildings

Emergency evacuation systems help people leave buildings safely during:

 Fire
 Earthquake
 Flood
 Power failure
 Other emergencies

Accessible evacuation systems are important because differently abled persons

may face difficulty during emergencies.

Important Features of Accessible Evacuation Systems

1. Accessible Emergency Exits
Emergency exits should:

 Be wide and obstacle-free

 Have ramps where required
 Be clearly marked

2. Fire Safety Systems

Includes:
  Fire alarms
 Smoke detectors
 Sprinkler systems
 Fire extinguishers

3. Evacuation Routes
Routes should:

 Be clearly visible
 Have emergency lighting
 Remain free from obstacles

4. Refuge Areas
 Refuge areas are safe temporary spaces for differently abled persons
during evacuation.
 These are usually provided near staircases in multi-storey buildings.

5. Evacuation Chairs
 Special chairs help transport wheelchair users down staircases during
emergencies.

6. Emergency Signage
Signs should:

 Be illuminated
 Include symbols
 Be easy to understand

7. Communication Systems
Accessible emergency communication systems include:

 Voice announcements
 Visual displays
 Emergency call buttons

Long questions
 1. Explain the accessibility requirements of public sanitation systems.
2. Discuss different washroom typologies with neat sketches.
3. Explain the emergency evacuation system for persons with disabilities in public
buildings.

MCQs
1. An accessible washroom should have:

 A) Narrow door
 B) Wide door and wheelchair turning space ✅
 C) High wash basin
 D) Slippery floor

2. Grab bars are provided to:

 A) Decorate the washroom

 B) Support users during movement and transfer ✅
 C) Hold towels only
 D) Increase ventilation

3. A refuge area is:

 A) A parking space
 B) A protected area for occupants during emergency evacuation ✅
 C) A storage room
 D) A water tank

4. Which alarm system is suitable for hearing-impaired persons?

 A) Siren only
 B) Flashing visual alarm ✅
 C) Bell only
 D) Whistle