PROJECT BASED LAB REPORT-2

Design and analysis of Single- Phase Buck Boost DC to DC

converter and observe input and output waveforms.

Under the guidance of - Submitted by- Group-3 (Wednesday batch)

1. Dr. Sanjeev Singh Sir (HOD) 1. Adarsh Pandey -24113011131

2. Dr. Giribabu Dyanamina Sir 2. Nishtha Chittora -24113011132
3. Mr. Dheeraj Kumar Sir 3. Aayush Mishra -24113011133
4. Mrs. Annu Kumari Mam

Department of Electrical Engineering

Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology ,Bhopal
Aim of the Experiment:
Design and analysis of Single- Phase 24 V Buck Boost DC to DC converter and
observe input and output waveforms.

Components used:

Sl. No. Components Specifications Quantity

1. NPN Transistor (Q2) 2N2222 (General Purpose Switching) 1

2. PNP Transistor (Q3) 2N2907 (Switching Transistor) 1

3. Schottky Diode (D2) 1N5818 (Low Forward Voltage, 1A, 30V) 1

4. Zener Diode (D1) BZX84C6V2L (6.2V Voltage Regulator) 1

5. Inductor (L1) 330 µH 1

6. Polarized Capacitor 100 µF (Filter Capacitor) 1

(C3)

7. Ceramic Capacitor 0.1 µF 1

(C2)
8. Resistors (R1, R2, R4) 200 Ω 3

9. Resistor (R3) 2.2 kΩ 1

10. DC Power Source 24 V DC 1

(V1)

11. Connecting Wires Standard As Required

Circuit Description:

1. Switching Action
The circuit uses two transistors:

● Q2 (2N2222) acts as a driver.

 ● Q3 (2N2907) acts as the main switch.
The RC network (R2 and C2) controls the switching frequency and timing.

2. Energy Storage in Inductor

● When Q3 is ON, current flows through the inductor (L1 = 330 µH), and energy
is stored in its magnetic field.
● When Q3 is OFF, the inductor releases this stored energy.

3. Energy Transfer to Load

● The diode (D2 – Schottky) conducts when Q3 is OFF.

● It directs the inductor current to the load and prevents reverse current flow.

4. Voltage Regulation

● The Zener diode (D1) provides a reference voltage.

● It helps stabilize the output by controlling the switching behavior when
voltage changes.

5. Output Filtering

● The capacitor (C3) smooths the pulsating output.

● It charges when energy is supplied and discharges when needed, reducing
ripple.
● A steady DC output is obtained across the 100 Ω load (R4).

Theory-
A Buck-Boost converter operates by storing energy in an inductor during the "ON" state of
the switch and releasing it to the load during the "OFF" state.

● ON State: The switch is closed, and the inductor is connected to the input source, storing
energy in its magnetic field. The diode is reverse-biased.

● OFF State: The switch opens. The inductor’s stored energy causes the polarity across it
to reverse, forward-biasing the diode and delivering energy to the capacitor and load.

● Duty Cycle (D): The relationship between input ( ) and output ( 𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡 ) is governed by:
Vout = Vin * D / (1 − D).
1. Inductive Energy Storage
When the switch (Q3) is ON, the inductor (L) is connected to the input supply (Vin).
The inductor current increases gradually, storing energy in its magnetic field
(E=12Li2)(E = \tfrac{1}{2}Li^2)(E=21Li2). During this time, diode (D2) is reverse-
biased, so the load is supplied by the capacitor (C3).
2. Flyback Action and Voltage Conversion
When Q3 turns OFF, the inductor’s magnetic field collapses and its polarity reverses.
This forward-biases diode (D2), allowing energy to flow to the load and capacitor.
The output voltage depends on duty cycle DDD:
Vout=D1−D VinV_{out} = \frac{D}{1-D} \, V_{in}Vout=1−DDVin

3. High-Frequency Switching
The transistors switch rapidly between ON and OFF states, minimizing power loss
and improving efficiency. The 2N2222 drives the 2N2907, while the Schottky diode
(1N5818) provides fast switching and low forward voltage drop.
4. Output Filtering
The capacitor (C3) smooths the pulsating output by storing charge during the OFF
period and supplying it during the ON period. This reduces ripple and provides a
steady DC voltage across the load.

Transistors (2N2222 and 2N2907) :

The circuit uses a combination of NPN (2N2222) and PNP (2N2907) transistors to
generate switching pulses and control energy transfer.

● 2N2222 (NPN) : Used as a switching device to drive the circuit.

● 2N2907 (PNP) : Assists in switching and amplification.

Why selected: These transistors are widely available, operate efficiently at low
voltages, and have fast switching capability suitable for this converter.

Inductor (330 µH) :

Stores energy when the switch is ON and releases it when the switch is OFF.
 Why selected:

A moderate inductance value ensures sufficient energy storage while

maintaining manageable current ripple and stable operation.

Diode (FR107 – Fast Recovery Diode)

Allows current flow during the OFF state of the switch and blocks reverse current.

Why selected:
Fast recovery time reduces switching losses and improves efficiency compared to
standard rectifier diodes.

Zener Diode (BZX84C12L, 12 V)

Used for voltage regulation and protection by limiting the voltage across the circuit.

Why selected:
Ensures that voltage does not exceed a safe limit, protecting sensitive components.

Component Selection and Justification:

Given:

● Switching period = T
● Duty cycle = D → switch ON for DT, OFF for (1 − D)T
● Inductor voltage average over one cycle = 0 (volt–second balance)

1. When switch is ON (time = DT):

● Switch Q is closed, diode is OFF

● Inductor is connected to input source

So,
VL(ON) = Vin

2. When switch is OFF (time = (1 − D)T):

● Switch is open, diode conducts

● Inductor transfers energy to output

Polarity reverses, so:

VL(OFF) = −Vout
Circuit diagram:

Buck Action:
 Buck action graph

Boost Action:
Breadboard circuit-

Breadboard Assembly Process

1. Switching Stage
Place Q1 (NPN) and Q2 (PNP) on the breadboard. Connect the collector of Q1
to the base of Q2 using a 100 Ω resistor (R3).

2. Inductor Connection
Connect the 330 µH inductor (L1) between the collector of Q2 and ground for
energy storage.

3. Diode and Output

Connect diodes (D1, D2) properly to direct current to the output. Attach the
100 µF capacitor (C3) and 100 Ω load resistor (R4) for filtering and load.

4. Power Supply
Connect the 12 V supply to the emitter of Q2 and use the 2.2 kΩ resistor (R1)
for biasing.
5. Prototyping
Use the breadboard to test and verify circuit operation before final
implementation.

Component List -

Sl. Components Specifications Quantity

No.

1. NPN Transistor 2N2222 (General Purpose 1

(Q2) Switching)
 2. PNP Transistor 2N2907 (Switching Transistor) 1
(Q3)

3. Schottky Diode 1N5818 (Low Forward Voltage, 1

(D2) 1A, 30V)

4. Zener Diode (D1) BZX84C6V2L (6.2V Voltage 1

Regulator)

5. Inductor (L1) 330 µH 1

6. Polarized 100 µF (Filter Capacitor) 1

Capacitor (C3)

7. Ceramic 0.1 µF 1
Capacitor (C2)

8. Resistors (R1, R2, 200 Ω 3

R4)

9. Resistor (R3) 2.2 kΩ 1

10. DC Power Source 24 /5V DC 1

(V1)

11. Connecting Wires Standard As

Required

Datasheets -
NPN Switching 2N2222
PNP Switching Transistor-2N2907
1N5818 Scotty Diode
Resistors -

BZX84C6V2L Zener Diode (D1)

Capacitor 0.1 µF