SERSHAH ENGINEERING COLLEGE SASARAM

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Certificate

This is to certify that this project report entitled “Stabilization of Soil

Using Tyre Crumbs” by NITISH KUMAR (22101124018), RAHUL KUMAR
(22101124023), DEEPU KUMAR (23101124905), AKHILESH KUMAR
(22101124040), ROHIT KUMAR (22101124052), ANISH KUMAR GUPTA
(21101124001), KUNAL SAURABH (21101124041) Submitted in partial
fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Technology
Civil Engineering from Sershah Engineering College, Sasaram, during the
academic year 2025-2026, is Bonafide record of work carried out under
my guidance and supervision.

…..………………………… …..…………………………
INTERNAL EXAMINER
………………………… PROJECT CO-ORDINATOR

…..………………………… …..…………………………
HOD EXTERNAL EXAMINER
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Date ….……………………
Place ………………………

i
 Declaration

We hereby declare that the work presented in this report

entitled “Stabilization of Soil Using Tyre Crumbs” is a bonafide
record of the project work done by us under the supervision
of Mrs. Akanksha kesarwani (Assistant Professor),
Department of Civil Engineering, Sershah Engineering College,
Sasaram 821113, Bihar and that no part thereof has been
presented elsewhere for degree of any other academic award
Date …………………..
Place ………………….

Nitish Kumar …………………………

Rahul Kumar …………………………

Deepu Kumar ……………………….

Akhilesh Kumar …………………….

Rohit Kumar …………………………

Anish Kumar Gupta ………………..

Kunal Saurabh ………………………

Department of Civil Engineering

Sershah Engineering College, Sasaram – 821113

ii
 Acknowledgement
First and foremost, we are truly indebted and wish to
express my gratitude, indebtedness and thankfulness
towards our supervisor, Prof. Akanksha Kesharwani for
her inspiration, excellent guidance, continuing
encouragement and confidence and support during every
stage of this endeavour without which, it would not have
been possible for us to complete this undertaking
successfully. We also thank her for her insightful
comments and suggestions which continually helped us
to improve our understanding.
I also acknowledge my batchmates and friends who
helped me in improving my presentation and the reports.
I am thankful to all staff members of Geotechnical
engineering laboratory for their co-operation.
I am very thankful to all the faculty of civil engineering
program who helped me to explore more about civil
engineering. I am indebted to everyone who helped me
directly or indirectly in completion of the work.

Nitish Kumar (22101124018) Rohit Kumar (22101124052)

Rahul Kumar (22101124023) Kunal Saurabh (21101124041)
Deepu Kumar (23101124905)
Akhilesh Kumar (22101124040)
Anish Kumar Gupta (21101124001)

iii
 Abstract

Soil stabilization is an important technique used to improve

the engineering properties of weak soil. In this project, waste
tyre crumbs are used as a stabilizing material to enhance soil
performance and reduce environmental pollution caused by
discarded tyres. Different percentages of tyre crumbs are
mixed with soil to study their effect on soil properties.
Laboratory tests such as Standard Proctor Test, California
Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test, Atterberg Limit Test, and Sieve
Analysis are conducted on both normal and stabilized soil
samples. The results obtained from the experiments are
compared to determine the optimum percentage of tyre
crumbs for better soil stabilization.
The study shows that the use of tyre crumbs can improve
certain engineering properties of soil and also provides an eco-
friendly method for the disposal of waste tyres. This method
can be effectively used in road construction and other
geotechnical applications.

iv
 Table of Contents
CONTENTS PAGE NO.
Certificate …………………………………………………………… i
Declaration …………………………………………………………. ii
Acknowledgement ……………………………………………… iii
Abstracts ……………………………………………………………. iv
List of Figures …………………………………………………….. v
List of Tables ………………………………………………………. vi
CHAPTER PAGE
NO. NO.
1 INTRODUCTION …………………………………………….. 1-5
1.1 General
1.2 Need for Soil Stabilization
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Scope of the Study
2 LITERATURE REVIEW ………………………………………. 6-12
2.1 General Review
2.2 Detailed Review
3 MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY ………………….. 13-34
3.1 Materials Used
3.2 Collection of Soil Sample
3.3 Preparation of Tyre Crumbs
3.4 Sieve Analysis Test
3.5 Atterberg Limit Test
3.6 Standard Proctor Test
3.7 CBR Test

v
4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION ……………………………… 35-37
4.1 Comparison between Normal soil
And Stabilized Soil
4.2 Analysis of Results
5 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE ……………….. 38-39
5.1 Summary
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Scope
REFERENCES ……………………………………………………. 40

vi
 LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. No. Title Page No.

Fig.1.1 Soil Stabilization ………………………………………………………………... 2

Fig.1.2 Tyre Crumbs ………………………………………………………………………. 5
Fig.3.1 Clay Soil ........................................................................ 12
Fig.3.2 Tyre Crumbs.................................................................. 13
Fig.3.3 Distilled Water .............................................................. 14
Fig.3.4 Soil Collection. .............................................................. 16
Fig.3.5 Preparation of Tyre Crumbs ............................................ 17
Fig.3.6 Sieve Analysis ................................................................ 19
Fig.3.7 Qualitative positions of Atterberg limits on a moisture
content scale ......................................................................... 21
Fig.3.8 Placing the soil paste on the Casagrande apparatus ........... 22
Fig.3.9 Determination of Liquid Limit .......................................... 22
Fig.3.10 Sample preparation for the plastic limit test .................... 23
Fig.3.11 A Sample thread of 3mm in diameter ............................. 24
Fig.3.12 Determination of shrinkage limit from liquid limit and
plasticity index......................................................................... 25
Fig.3.13 Standard Proctor Test Sample ........................................ 27
Fig.3.14 California Bearing Ratio Test .......................................... 32
Fig.3.15 Sample of CBR Test ...................................................... 33

vii
 LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Title Page No.

3.1 Types of Soil Particle 19
3.2 Sieve Analysis Observation Table 21
3.3 Calculation Table without Tyre Crumbs 27
3.4 Calculation Table Using Tyre Crumbs 30
3.5 Tyre Crumbs & Thin Corresponding CBR 33
Value

viii
ix
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
Soil is one of the most important natural materials used in civil
engineering construction. All structures such as buildings, roads,
bridges, dams, and pavements are supported by soil. The strength and
stability of any structure mainly depend upon the engineering
properties of the soil on which it is constructed. Therefore, proper
knowledge of soil behavior is essential for safe and economical
construction.
Different types of soils are available in nature, and each soil possesses
different physical and engineering properties. Some soils have good
bearing capacity and stability, while others are weak and unsuitable
for construction purposes. Weak soils generally cause problems such
as excessive settlement, low strength, cracks in structures, and
pavement failure.
To overcome these problems, soil stabilization techniques are used to
improve the engineering properties of soil. Soil stabilization is the
process of modifying soil properties to increase strength, durability,
and load-bearing capacity. Various methods such as lime stabilization,
cement stabilization, fly ash stabilization, and stabilization using waste
materials are commonly used in civil engineering projects.
In recent years, the use of waste materials in soil stabilization has
gained importance due to environmental and economic benefits.
Disposal of waste tyres has become a major environmental issue
because waste tyres occupy large land areas One effective method for
utilizing waste tyres is converting them into tyre crumbs and using
them in soil stabilization works.
[1]
Tyre crumbs are small particles obtained from waste tyres through
shredding processes. These tyre crumbs are lightweight, durable,
flexible, and economical. Mixing tyre crumbs with soil can improve
certain engineering properties of soil and also help in reducing
environmental pollution caused by discarded tyres.
The present study focuses on the stabilization of soil using tyre crumbs
and the evaluation of soil properties through various laboratory tests.
The study aims to determine the effect of tyre crumbs on soil behavior
and identify the optimum percentage suitable for soil stabilization
applications.

Fig 1.1 Soil Stabilization

[2]
1.2 NEED FOR SOIL STABILIZATION
Soil stabilization is essential in construction to transform weak,
unstable soil into a durable foundation by increasing its bearing
capacity, reducing permeability, and controlling volume changes. It is
primarily needed to prevent structural damage from settling, manage
expansive clays, and improve workability in road, building, and
embankment projects.
Key reasons for soil stabilization include:
Enhanced Strength and Stability: Increases the shear strength and
load-bearing capacity of subgrades, enabling them to support heavy
structures, roads, and airport pavements.
Reduced Shrink/Swell and Permeability: Controls expansive soils
(clay) that can change volume by up to 10% when moisture content
changes, preventing uneven structural settling and cracking.
Durability Against Environmental Factors: Improves resistance to
freeze-thaw cycles and water erosion, extending the lifespan of
infrastructure.
Cost-Effective Construction: Allows the use of in-situ soils, eliminating
the expensive, time-consuming need for excavation and replacement
of weak soil.
Improved Workability: Modifies the soil texture, making it easier to
handle, mix, and compact.
Type of Soil Stabilization
Soil stabilization is the process of improving the physical and
engineering properties of soil to make it suitable for construction
purposes. The basic theory behind soil stabilization is to increase the

[3]
strength and stability of weak soil by modifying its properties through
mechanical, chemical, or other methods.
Natural soil may not possess sufficient bearing capacity, durability, or
resistance to water and environmental conditions. Therefore,
stabilization techniques are used to improve characteristics such as
strength, density, permeability, and resistance to deformation.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
To investigate the engineering properties of natural soil through
laboratory testing.
To evaluate the suitability of tyre crumbs as an alternative stabilizing
material for soil improvement.
To study the effect of varying percentages of tyre crumbs on the
physical and mechanical properties of soil.
To analyze the compaction characteristics of stabilized soil using
Standard Proctor Test.
To determine the strength characteristics of tyre crumb stabilized soil
using California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test.
To identify the optimum tyre crumb content required for effective soil
stabilization.
To assess the environmental benefits of utilizing waste tyre materials
in geotechnical applications.
To promote sustainable and cost-effective soil stabilization techniques
for civil engineering construction works.
1.4 SCOPE OF STUDY
The present study focuses on the stabilization of soil using tyre crumbs
as an alternative and sustainable stabilizing material. The study aims

[4]
to evaluate the effect of tyre crumbs on the engineering properties of
soil through various laboratory investigations. Different percentages of
tyre crumbs are mixed with soil samples to analyze their influence on
strength, compaction, and bearing characteristics.
The scope of the study includes the determination of physical and
mechanical properties of natural soil and stabilized soil using standard
laboratory tests such as Sieve Analysis, Atterberg Limit Test, Standard
Proctor Test, and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test. The experimental
results are compared to identify the optimum percentage of tyre
crumbs suitable for effective soil stabilization.
The study is mainly intended for applications in road construction,
pavement subgrade improvement, embankment construction, and
other geotechnical engineering works where weak soil conditions are
encountered. In addition, the study promotes the utilization of waste
tyre materials for sustainable construction practices and
environmental protection by reducing waste tyre disposal problems.
The findings of the study may help in developing economical, eco-
friendly, and durable soil stabilization techniques for civil engineering
projects.

Fig.1.2 Tyre Crumbs

[5]
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 GENERAL REVIEW
Umar Jan, Vinod Kumar Sonthwal, and Vipul Kerni (2017) conducted
a review on soil stabilization using shredded tyre rubber. They
explained that weak soils such as clayey and expansive soils create
serious problems in construction due to low bearing capacity and
excessive settlement. Their study reported that tyre crumbs can
effectively improve soil strength and stability. The researchers also
highlighted that the use of waste tyre rubber in road subgrade
construction reduces environmental pollution caused by discarded
tyres and provides an economical stabilization technique.
Mohammed Ali Mohammed Al-Bared et al. (2018) presented a state-
of-the-art review on the utilization of recycled tyres in geotechnical
engineering. Their research showed that the addition of tyre crumbs
improves California Bearing Ratio (CBR), shear strength, and
compaction characteristics of weak soils. The authors concluded that
tyre crumbs increase flexibility and reduce brittleness of soil, making
stabilized soil more resistant to cracking and deformation. They also
emphasized the environmental benefits of recycling waste tyres
instead of disposing them in landfills or by open burning.
Shubha M. and Pavan Kumar (2016) studied the stabilization of black
cotton soil using tyre waste. Black cotton soil is highly expansive and
undergoes swelling and shrinkage due to moisture variation. Their
experimental investigation showed that the addition of tyre crumbs
improved the CBR value and reduced swelling behavior of soil. The
study concluded that tyre waste can be successfully used for pavement
subgrade improvement and road construction works.

[6]
Mistry Mohit K. et al. (2021) critically reviewed the reuse of waste tyre
products as reinforcing materials in soil stabilization. According to their
research, tyre crumbs act as reinforcing inclusions within the soil
matrix and improve ductility, flexibility, and resistance to deformation.
The study explained that tyre crumb stabilization improves the load-
bearing capacity of soil and reduces cracking under repeated loading
conditions. The researchers also noted that stabilization performance
depends on tyre particle size, rubber content, and soil type.
Rao and Dutta (2015) carried out research on clayey soil stabilized
with crumb rubber. Their study revealed that tyre crumbs increase
shear strength and improve the flexibility of soil. The researchers
found that the addition of tyre crumbs reduced settlement problems
and enhanced the durability of stabilized soil layers. They suggested
that crumb rubber stabilization can be effectively used in
embankments and road foundation applications.
Ahmed Khan et al. (2019) conducted laboratory studies on tyre crumb
stabilized soil and observed that optimum tyre crumb content
generally varies between 5% and 15% by dry weight of soil. Their
research reported significant improvement in compaction properties,
CBR value, and shear strength at optimum rubber content. However,
they also mentioned that excessive addition of tyre crumbs may
reduce dry density because rubber particles are lightweight and
compressible.
Rajesh Kumar et al. (2021) reviewed the applications of tyre crumb
stabilized soil in geotechnical engineering projects. Their study
highlighted that stabilized soil can be used effectively in road
subgrades, embankments, retaining structures, and foundation
improvement works. The researchers concluded that tyre crumb

[7]
stabilization provides both engineering and environmental
advantages.
Recent studies by MDPI researchers (2024) emphasized that crumb
rubber stabilization is a sustainable and eco-friendly method for
improving weak soils. The studies reported that the reuse of waste
tyres in construction reduces environmental hazards and supports
sustainable waste management practices. Researchers recommended
further long-term field studies to establish standard guidelines for
practical applications of tyre crumb stabilized soil in civil engineering
projects.
2.2 DETAILED REVIEW
Soil stabilization using tyre crumbs has become an important research
topic in geotechnical engineering because weak soils create serious
problems in construction works such as low bearing capacity, excessive
settlement, swelling, and shrinkage. Researchers have explored the
use of waste tyre rubber as a stabilizing material because it is
economical, easily available, and environmentally friendly. The reuse
of tyre waste also helps in reducing environmental pollution caused by
discarded tyres.
1 Lee et al., (1999)
determined the shear strength and stress strain relationship of tyre
chip and a mixture of sand and tyre chips. They found out the
stiffness and strength properties for tyre sheds and rubber sand
mixture.
2. Mohammed Ali Mohammed Al-Bared, Aminaton Marto, and Nima
Latifi (2018)
Mohammed Ali Mohammed Al-Bared and his co-authors presented a
state-of-the-art review on the utilization of recycled tyres in soil

[8]
stabilization and construction materials. Their research explained that
crumb rubber improves California Bearing Ratio (CBR), shear strength,
and compaction behavior of weak soils. According to the study, tyre
crumbs increase flexibility and reduce brittleness of stabilized soil. The
researchers also observed that rubber particles help absorb stress and
reduce cracking under repeated loading conditions. Their review
highlighted that the use of recycled tyre waste in geotechnical
engineering provides both environmental and engineering benefits.
3. Shubha M. and Pavan Kumar Balichakra (2018)
Shubha M. and Pavan Kumar studied the stabilization of black cotton
soil using tyre waste. Black cotton soil is highly expansive and
undergoes severe swelling and shrinkage due to changes in moisture
content. Their experimental investigation showed that the addition of
tyre crumbs improved the engineering properties of soil, especially the
CBR value and compaction characteristics. The study concluded that
tyre crumb stabilization can effectively improve pavement subgrade
performance and reduce problems associated with expansive soils.
The authors also stated that the technique is economical and eco-
friendly because it utilizes waste tyre material.
4. P. T. Ravichandran, A. Shiva Prasad, K. Divya Krishnan, and P. R.
Kannan Rajkumar (2016)
Ravichandran and co-authors investigated the effect of waste tyre
crumb rubber on weak soil stabilization. Their study revealed that the
addition of crumb rubber improved soil strength and reduced
deformation characteristics. The researchers found that tyre crumbs
increase the flexibility of soil and improve resistance against cracking.
They also observed that stabilized soil showed better load-bearing
capacity compared to untreated soil. According to the study, tyre

[9]
crumb stabilization is particularly useful in road construction projects
where weak subgrade soils are present.
5. Mohit K. Mistry, Shruti J. Shukla, and Chandresh H. Solanki (2021)
Mohit K. Mistry and his co-authors carried out a critical review on the
reuse of waste tyre products as soil reinforcing materials. Their
research explained that tyre crumbs act as reinforcing inclusions
within the soil matrix and improve ductility, flexibility, and resistance
to deformation. The study highlighted that crumb rubber stabilization
improves the shear strength and durability of soil under repeated
loading conditions. The researchers also discussed that the
effectiveness of stabilization depends on factors such as rubber
particle size, soil type, moisture content, and percentage of tyre
crumbs used. They concluded that tyre crumb stabilization is an
effective method for sustainable geotechnical construction.
6. R. Thirumalai, S. Suresh Babu, V. Naveennayak, R. Nirmal, and G.
Lokesh (2017)
Thirumalai and co-authors reviewed the stabilization of expansive soils
using industrial solid wastes. Their research explained that industrial
waste materials possess engineering properties suitable for improving
weak soils. The study discussed the importance of utilizing waste
products in geotechnical engineering to reduce environmental
pollution and construction costs. The authors concluded that
stabilization using waste materials improves soil strength, reduces
plasticity, and increases the durability of construction works.
8. Ms. Deepti V. Zutting PG student, Civil Engineering, School of
Engineering and Technology, Sandip University, Nashik
Being the most available material, soil has always been used in
construction of different structure like buildings, roads and dams. Due

[10]
to weak mechanical properties, the structures made of soil are much
bulkier, heavier and dimensionally larger. Because of these
weaknesses, there are many researches aimed at enhancing the
mechanical properties of soil and increasing its strength via adding
different materials. Reinforced earth is one type of enhanced soil that
its tensile strength is increased. Although the addition of tensile
resistant fibers to soil have been practiced by ancient civilizations but,
the new technologies and advances in this field made the use of soil
economically and technically much more justified and feasible. There
are many method and technologies in used to increase the tensile
strength of the soil through mixing various additive or fibers to soil.
Since the introduction of these methods, comprehensive theoretical
and practical researches have been under way and some codes and
standards developed for these methods. The reinforcement of the soil
is not new concept and its first applications goes back to 4 to 5
thousand years B.S when, hey or straw were used to reinforce the clay
or bricks. There are other evidences indicating use of reinforced soil in
china wall and also ancient African and South Asian people used
bamboo sheets, straw and date leaf in their buildings. One of the
materials used for enhancing the properties of soil is tire derived
products like tyre shreds

[11]
 CHAPTER 3
MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY
3.1 MATERIAL USED
Soil Sample
The soil used for the experiment was collected from a selected site at
a suitable depth below the ground surface. The collected soil was air-
dried, pulverized, and sieved before testing. The soil sample was used
to determine its physical and engineering properties.
Purpose of Soil
To study the natural properties of soil
To compare untreated and stabilized soil behavior

Fig.3.1 Clay Soil

2. Tyre Crumbs
Tyre crumbs were used as the stabilizing material in the experiment.
The tyre crumbs were obtained from waste automobile tyres through
shredding processes. Different percentages of tyre crumbs were mixed
with soil samples for stabilization.

[12]
Purpose of Tyre Crumbs
To improve soil properties
To increase flexibility and stability
To utilize waste tyre materials effectively
Properties of Tyre Crumbs
Lightweight
Durable
Flexible
Non-biodegradable
Economical material

Fig.3.2 Tyre Crumbs

[13]
3. Water
Clean potable water was used for mixing soil and tyre crumbs and for
conducting laboratory tests. Water helps in achieving proper
compaction and consistency during sample preparation.
Proportion of Tyre Crumbs Used
Tyre crumbs were added to the soil in different percentages such as:
5%
10%
15%
to determine the optimum percentage for effective stabilization.

Fig.3.3 Distilled Water

Laboratory Equipment Used

The following laboratory equipment and apparatus were used during
the experimental work:

[14]
Sl. No. Equipment Name
1. Sieve Set
2. Weighing Balance
3. Oven
4. Mixing Tray
5. Casagrande Apparatus
6. Proctor Mould
7. Compaction Rammer
8. CBR Testing Machine
9. Measuring Cylinder
10. Moisture Containers
3.2 COLLECTION OF SOIL SAMPLE
The soil sample used in the present study was collected from a
selected location at a 0.5 below the ground surface. The site was
selected based on the availability of natural soil suitable for
stabilization studies. The top layer containing organic matter and
unwanted materials was removed before collecting the soil sample.
The soil was excavated manually using suitable tools and stored in
clean bags to avoid contamination. The collected soil sample was
transported to the laboratory for further experimental work. In the
laboratory, the soil was air-dried under room temperature to remove
excess moisture content. The dried soil was then pulverized and
passed through the required sieve size to obtain a uniform soil sample
for testing.
The prepared soil sample was used for conducting various laboratory
tests such as Sieve Analysis, Atterberg Limit Test, Standard Proctor
Test, and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test to determine its
engineering properties before and after stabilization with tyre crumbs.

[15]
Precautions During Soil Collection
The top organic layer was removed before sampling.
Soil was collected from a uniform depth.
The sample was stored properly to prevent moisture loss and
contamination.
Large stones, roots, and unwanted materials were removed from the
soil sample.

Fig.3.4 Soil Collection.

3.3 PREPARATION OF TYRE CRUMBS

The tyre crumbs used in the present study were prepared from
discarded automobile tyres collected from local tyre repair shops and
waste disposal areas. The waste tyres were cleaned properly to
remove dust, mud, and other unwanted materials before processing.

[16]
The cleaned tyres were cut into small pieces using suitable cutting
tools and then mechanically shredded to obtain tyre crumbs of
required size. The steel wires and fiber materials present inside the
tyres were carefully removed during the shredding process to obtain
uniform rubber particles.
The prepared tyre crumbs were sieved to achieve uniform size suitable
for mixing with soil samples. The processed tyre crumbs were then
stored in clean and dry containers to prevent contamination and
moisture absorption before use in laboratory experiments.
Different percentages of tyre crumbs were mixed with soil samples to
study their effect on the engineering properties of soil.

Fig.3.5 Preparation of Tyre Crumbs

[17]
3.4 SIEVE ANALYSIS TEST
Sieve analysis is the process of determining the size of soil particles by
passing the soil sample through a number of different sieves having
different opening (hole sizes). Sieve analyses provide more accurate
result for coarse-grained soil. Sieve analysis can be conduct by using
dry or wet sieving. The aim of performing dry sieve analysis test is to
determine the particle size of a sample of soil.
Types of Soil
Soil type can be identified according to their characteristic such as
group, properties andsize of particles as shown in table below.
Group Soil Properties Soil Size Soil Type
Course-Grained Non-cohesive soil 0.06-2.0 Sand
2.0-60 Gravel
Fine- Grained Cohesive soil <2.0 Clay
0.002-0.06 Silt
Organic Organic soil <0.002 Peat soil
Table.3.1 Types of Soil Particle
Coarse-grained soil such as sand and gravels are rock sediments
transported by weathering agents Such as water, wind and others. The
action of these agents causes the soil to be rounded. The particle of
fine-grained soil such as clay and organic soil are flaky. Some shapes of
soil particle are angular, prism, flaky and round.
Apparatus
1. Sieve
2. Sieve Vibrator
3. Weight Balance
4. Tray

[18]
 Fig.3.6 Sieve Analysis

The grain size analysis is widely used in classification of soils. The data
obtained from grain size distribution curves is used in the design of
filters for earth dams and to determine suitability of soil for road
construction, air field etc. Information obtained from grain size
analysis can be used to predict soil water movement although
permeability tests are more generally used.
Procedures:
1) Crush the dry soil of approximately 200g in until all the particles
have been separated.
2) Sieve and pan weighing all accurate to 0.1g. Arrange a set of sieve
to the pan and cover.
3) Weighing 200g soil sample accurate to 0.1g and sieve the soil
through a sieve set using a machine vibrator for 10 minutes.
[19]
4) Weighing each sieve and the contents are accurate to 0.1g. Total the
weight of soil remaining on each sieve and pan. Compare with the
weight of 200g soil used. If the difference is greater than 0.1g, repeat
this experiment.

IS Sieve Weight % Weight Cumulative Cumulative

Size (mm) retained(kg) retained % weight % weight
retained passing
4.75 0.0265 2.65 2.65 97.035
2.36 0.0305 3.05 5.70 94.30
1.18 0.121 12.1 17.80 82.20
0.6 0.238 23.8 41.60 58.40
0.3 0.367 36.7 78.35 21.65
0.15 0.153 15.3 93.65 6.35
pan 0.0165 1.65 - -
Fiteness 2.39
modulus

Table. 3.2 Sieve Analysis Observation Table

Formula Used
Percentage retained:
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑
% Retained = × 100
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠

Fineness modulus:
∑𝐶𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 % 𝑅𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑
FM =
100

Calculation:
2.65+5.70+17.80+41.60+78.35+93.65
FM = = 2.39
100

[20]
3.5 ATTERBERG LIMIT TEST
The Atterberg limit test is one of the most important laboratory tests
in geotechnical engineering used to determine the consistency and
plasticity characteristics of fine-grained soils. The test was developed
by Swedish scientist Albert Atterberg and later modified by Arthur
Casagrande.
The behavior of clayey and silty soils changes significantly with
variation in water content. Depending on the moisture present in the
soil, it may exist in liquid, plastic, semi-solid, or solid state. The
Atterberg limits define the boundary water contents between these
states.
Volume, V

Solid Semisolid Plastic Liquid

Shrinkage Limit Plastic Limit Liquid Limit Moisture Content, W

Fig.3.7 Qualitative positions of Atterberg limits on a moisture

content scale
The test mainly consists of:
1. Liquid Limit Test (LL)
The liquid limit test is one of the important Atterberg limit tests
used in geotechnical engineering to determine the water content at
which soil changes from plastic state to liquid state. It is mainly
performed on fine-grained soils such as clay and silt.

[21]
The test helps in understanding the engineering behaviour of soil,
including compressibility, strength, settlement characteristics.
• Determine the mass of each of the three moisture cans (W1).
• Calibrate the drop of the cup, using the end of the grooving
tool not meant for cutting, so that there is consistency in the
height of the drop.
• Put about 250 g of air-dried soil through a 40 sieve into an
evaporating dish and with a plastic squeeze bottle, add
enough water to form a uniform paste.

Fig.3.8 Placing the soil paste on the Casagrande apparatus

Fig.3.9 Determination of Liquid Limit

[22]
• If N= 15 to 40, collect the sample from the closed part of the cup
using a spatula and determine the water content weighing the
can + moist soil (W2). If the soil is too dry, N will be higher and
will reduce as water is added.
• Do not add soil to the sample to make it dry. Instead, expose the
mix to a fan or dry it by continuously mixing it with the spatula.
• Perform a minimum of three trials with values of N-15 to 40,
cleaning the cap after each trial.
• Determine the corresponding w% after 24 hours (W3) and plot
the N vs w%, which is called the “flow curve”.
2. Plastic Limit Test
The plastic limit is the water content at which soil changes from a
plastic state to a semi-solid state. At this point, the soil just begins
to crumble when rolled into threads.
• Mix approximately 20 g of dry soil with water from the plastic
squeeze bottle.
• Determine the weight of the empty moisture can, (W1).
• Prepare several small, ellipsoidal-shaped masses of soil and
place them in the plastic limit device. Place two fresh sheets
of filter paper on either face of the plates.

Fig.3.10 Sample preparation for the plastic limit test

[23]
• Roll the upper half of the device which has a calibrated opening
of 3.18 mm with the lower half plate.

Fig.3.11 A Sample thread of 3mm in diameter

• If the soil crumbles forming a thread approximately the size of

the opening between the plates (around 3 mm diameter), collect
the crumbled sample, and weigh it in the moisture can (W2) to
determine the water content. Otherwise, repeat the test with
the same soil, but dry it by rolling it between your palms.
• Determine the weight of the dry soil + moisture can, (W3).
• The water content obtained is the plastic limit.

3. Shrinkage Limit Test

The shrinkage limit is the maximum water content at which a
reduction in water content does not cause any further decrease in
the volume of soil.
Below this limit, the soil stops shrinking even if more water is
removed.
• the A reduction in the amount of moisture past the plastic
limit does not decrease the volume of the soil.

[24]
 • The sample changes from semi-solid to solid state at the
shrinkage limit (boundary water content). Beyond this point
the sample begins to dry up.
• The figure below depicts the phenomena of volume change.
• Plot point A, using the values of LL and PI determined
experimentally, and extend it to meet O.
• The intercept of the line AO on the X- axis gives shrinkage
limit.

Fig.3.12 Determination of shrinkage limit from liquid limit and plasticity index

[25]
3.6 STANDARD PROCTOR TEST
In 1933, Ralph R. Proctor, a resident engineer for the Los Angeles
Department of Water and Power, established a laboratory
procedure to define the practical maximum density of a soil sample
along with the optimum moisture content needed to achieve that
density. That concept is known today as the moisture-density
relationship test, laboratory compaction characteristics of soils, or
simply the standard Proctor test, and is detailed in ASTM D698 and
AASHTO T 99 test methods.
Unit weights and moisture content field tests could now be
expressed as a percentage of the laboratory values for the same
soil, making it easier for the designer to specify what was required
and to document the suitability of the work performed in the field.
Knowing the optimum moisture content gives clear guidance for
whether the soils being compacted should be made drier or wetter
to make everyone’s job easier.
Table 3.3 Calculation Table without Tyre Crumbs
Trial Water Mixing % Wet. Density Water Dry
(g/cc) contents w % Density
yd (g/cc)
1 8% 1.842 4.55% 1.76
2 10% 1.938 4.00% 1.86
3 12% 2.082 11.11% 1.87
4 14% 2.034 13.79% 1.79
5 16% 1.982 11.07% 1.69

FINAL RESULT
OMC = 11%-12%
MDD = 1.87 g/cc

[26]
What is the Proctor test?
The standard and modified Proctor test procedures are straight
forward. Prepared soil specimens with progressively higher
moisture contents are compacted into molds with known volumes
and weighed, then their unit weights are calculated in cubic foot or
kilograms per cubic meter. Unit weights will increase with higher
moisture contents leading up to the optimum moisture, then
decrease past that point.
The dry unit weight for each compaction cycle or “point” is
calculated by correcting for the moisture content. The results are
plotted with moisture on the horizontal axis and dry unit weight on
the vertical to form a curve that defines maximum dry density and
optimum moisture content.
The variations affect the preparation of the samples, test practices,
and the type of equipment required. The reader is encouraged to
carefully read and understand the ASTM or AASHTO test methods.

Fig.3.13 Standard Proctor Test Sample

[27]
Standard Proctor tests on soil-tyre crumb mixtures generally show
that increasing the percentage of rubber decreases the Maximum Dry
Density (MDD) and alters the Optimum Moisture Content (OMC),
typically improving the soil's elasticity and reducing its unit weight.
The mixtures are generally created by replacing a percentage of the
soil's dry weight with tyre rubber.
Common Mix Ratios & Characteristics
Replacement Percentages: Studies typically use proportions of 5%,
10%, 15%, 20%, or up to 30% tyre crumbs by weight of the soil.
• Ideal Ranges: Several studies suggest that an optimal balance
between stabilization and density is achieved around 10% to 20%
crumb rubber content.
• Compaction Effect: As rubber content increases, the MDD
decreases significantly because rubber has a much lower specific
gravity than soil.
• Moisture Content: The OMC can either slightly increase or
decrease depending on the soil type, but often decreases as
crumb rubber is added.
Standard Proctor Test Procedure (IS 2720 / ASTM D698)
1. Preparation: Soil and rubber are mixed uniformly. Common
particle sizes for rubber crumbs range from 1 mm to 5 mm or
passing a 452um sieve.
2. Layers: The sample is placed in a 10 cm or 4-inch standard
Proctor mould in three equal layers.
3. Compaction: Each layer is given 25 blows using a 2.6 kg (5.5 lb)
hammer dropped from a height of 30 cm.
4. Density/OMC: After compaction, the mixture is weighed to
determine the dry density and moisture content, as explained in
this IS 2720 Part-VII guide.
[28]
Key Observations
1. Lightweight Fill: Adding tyre crumbs reduces the overall density
of the soil, making it ideal for embankment construction on soft
ground.
2. Shear Strength: While density drops, the angle of friction can
increase, aiding in strength, note studies.
3. Additives: Sometimes, additives such as lime (e.g., 10%) are
added to the tyre/soil mix to enhance stabilization, as
demonstrated in this IJEAT study.
4. CBR Values: California Bearing Ratio (CBR) values often show
improvement at lower percentages (e.g., up to 10%) but may
decrease with higher rubber content.

Table 3.4 Calculation Table Using Tyre Crumbs

Tyre Crumbs Wet. Soil Water Content Dry

% Weight (g) (%) Density/MDD
(g/cc)

1% 1682 16.67% 1.44

2% 1710 14.81% 1.49
3% 1678 12.00% 1.50
4% 1532 7.89% 1.42
5% 1492 7.89% 1.38

FINAL RESULT
MDD = 1.50 g/cc
Obtained at 3% Tyre Crumbs
Corresponding OMC = 12%

[29]
OBSERVATION
Dry Density Increased From 1% to 3% Tyre Crumbs
After 3% Density Started Decreasing
Therefore, 3% Tyre Crumbs is the Optimum Percentage for our Soil
Stabilization Test
3.7 CBR TEST
Soil stabilization is the process of improving the engineering
properties of the soil and thus making it more stable. Many
countries already banned the disposal of the waste tires insanitary
landfills. The use of waste tires as a fuel is now prohibited by Indian
government since 2006 due to its environmental impact. With
globalization of Indian economy and emphasis on development of
infrastructure, the no of vehicles on road is increasing day by day.
This increase ingrowth apart from causing noise and air pollution
has begun to cause pollution in terms of stock piles of discarded
tyres. Huge amount of soil is used in the construction of roads and
highways but sufficient amount of soil of required quality is not
available easily. Utilization of various industrial wastes such as
crumb rubber as a soil replacement not only solves environmental
problems but also provides a new resource for construction
industry. In the present economic and environmental ambiance,
high pressures are laid on engineers to identify suitable methods
wherever possible to re-use any locally available waste materials in
order to minimize the costs of a project and its impacts on the
environment.

[30]
3. California Bearing Ratio Test
The CBR test is penetration test meant for the evaluation of subgrade
strength of roads and pavements. The results obtained by these tests
are used with the empirical curves to determine the thickness of
pavement and its component layers. In this study we studied different
types of soil samples with rubber crumb with different percentage.
Generally, penetration is ranges from 0, 2.5, 5, 10 and so on values. On
particular penetration we can calculate load. CBR can be calculated
from standard load and formula is given as below. This paper
particularly takes the tests by putting CBR in a centre.
CBR= (Test Load/Standard Load) *100
Procedure of CBR Test
• Dry the soil sample and sieve it properly.
• Mix tyre crumbs with soil in required proportions.
• Add water equal to Optimum Moisture Content (OMC).
• Compact the mixture into the CBR mould in layers.
• Place surcharge weights over the specimen.
• Soak the specimen for 4 days if soaked CBR is required.
• Mount the mould on the loading machine.
• Apply load through penetration plunger at a rate of 1.25
mm/min.
• Record load values at different penetrations.
• Calculate the CBR value using standard formula.
Standard Loads:
At 2.5 mm penetration = 1370 kg
At 5.0 mm penetration = 2055 kg

[31]
The higher value between 2.5 mm and 5 mm penetration is
considered as the CBR value.
Table 3.5 Tyre Crumbs and Thin Corresponding CBR Values.
Tyre Crumbs (%) CBR Value (%)
0% 3.2
2% 4.5
4% 6.1
6% 5.8
8% 5.0

RESULT
The addition of tyre crumbs improved the CBR value up to an
optimum percentage.
Maximum strength was observed at around 4% tyre crumb content.
Beyond the optimum value, the CBR value decreased due to
excessive rubber content reducing soil bonding

Fig.3.14 California Bearing Ratio Test

[32]
 Fig.3.15 Sample of CBR Test

Conclusion
The CBR test shows that stabilization of soil using tyre crumbs can
improve the bearing capacity of weak soil. An optimum percentage of
tyre crumbs increases strength and durability, making the soil suitable
for road subgrade applications. This method is eco-friendly and helps
in sustainable waste management.

[33]
 CHAPTER 4
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1. Comparison between Normal soil And Stabilized Soil

In Geotechnical Engineering, soil stabilization improves the
engineering properties of weak soil by adding stabilizing materials
such as lime, cement, fly ash, or tyre crumbs.
Property Normal Soil Stabilized Soil
Strength Low Strength High Strength
Bearing Capacity Low Improved Bearing
Capacity
Stability Less Stable Under More Stable
Load
Plasticity High Plasticity Reduced Plasticity
Compressibility More Less Compressible
Compressible
Permeability High Water Reduced
Penetration Permeability
Durability Less Durable More Durable
Settlement Higher Settlement Reduced
Settlement
CBR Value Low CBR Higher CBR

Effect of Tyre Crumbs in Soil Stabilization

• When waste tyre crumbs are mixed with soil:
• Soil flexibility increases
• CBR value improves
• Pavement performance becomes better
• Waste tyre disposal problem is reduced
• Soil becomes more resistant to cracking
[34]
4.2 ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
SIEVE ANALYSIS RESULT
The sieve analysis of the soil sample shows that it is mainly composed
of sand-sized particles with some fine particles (silt and clay). The grain
size distribution curve was plotted from the test data. Based on the
results, the soil is classified as sandy / silty sand (as per your
observation). This indicates that the soil is suitable for stabilization
studies using tyre crumbs due to its good mixing and compaction
properties.
1. Effect on Dry Density (MDD)
• The Maximum Dry Density (MDD) of soil decreased with the
addition of tyre crumbs.
• This is because tyre crumbs are lightweight materials compared
to soil particles.
• As tyre crumb percentage increases, overall density of the mix
reduces.
Atterberg Limits Test Result
• The Atterberg Limits test was conducted to determine the
consistency limits of the soil sample. The results show the
Liquid Limit (LL), Plastic Limit (PL), and Plasticity Index (PI) of
the soil.
• Liquid Limit (LL): 25 %
• Plastic Limit (PL): 60 %
• Plasticity Index (PI): PL − LL = 35 %
• Based on the results, the soil is classified as. This indicates the
degree of plasticity and workability of the soil.

[35]
Standard Proctor Test Result
• The Standard Proctor Test was conducted on soil samples mixed
with different percentages of tyre crumbs to determine the
compaction characteristics.
• The results obtained are as follows:
• MDD at 3% tyre crumbs: 1.75g/cc .
• Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) of natural soil: 12 %
• OMC at 2% tyre crumbs: 10-12 %
• It was observed that the Maximum Dry Density decreases with
the increase in tyre crumb content due to its lightweight nature.
The Optimum Moisture Content shows slight variation
depending on the percentage of tyre crumbs added.
CBR Test Result
• The California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test was conducted on soil
samples mixed with different percentages of tyre crumbs.
• The results obtained are as follows:
• CBR value of natural soil (1% tyre crumbs): 5.98 %
• CBR value at 2% tyre crumbs: 6.57 % (maximum value)
• CBR value at higher tyre crumb content: decreases gradually
• It was observed that the CBR value increases up to an optimum
percentage of tyre crumbs and then decreases with further
addition. This indicates that a limited amount of tyre crumbs
improves the load-bearing capacity of soil, while excess content
reduces strength.

[36]
 CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

5.1 Summary
Soil stabilization using tyre crumbs is an eco-friendly technique in
which waste rubber obtained from used tyres is mixed with soil to
improve its engineering properties. This method helps in reducing
environmental pollution caused by discarded tyres and also enhances
soil performance for construction purposes.
In this study, soil is mixed with different percentages of tyre crumbs
and tested using Standard Proctor Test and California Bearing Ratio
(CBR) Test. The Standard Proctor Test is used to determine the
Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) and Maximum Dry Density (MDD),
while the CBR test evaluates the load-bearing capacity of the stabilized
soil.
The results generally show that the addition of tyre crumbs reduces
the dry density of soil due to the lightweight nature of rubber.
However, it can improve flexibility and resistance to cracking. The CBR
value may increase up to an optimum percentage of tyre crumbs, after
which excessive addition may reduce soil strength.
5.2 Conclusion
From the study of soil stabilization using tyre crumbs, it can be
concluded that waste tyre crumbs can be effectively used as a
stabilizing material in soil for geotechnical and pavement applications.
The results obtained from Standard Proctor Test show that the
Maximum Dry Density (MDD) generally decreases with the addition of
tyre crumbs due to their lightweight nature, while the Optimum

[37]
Moisture Content (OMC) may vary slightly depending on the
percentage of tyre crumbs added.
The results of the CBR test indicate that the bearing capacity of soil
changes with tyre crumb content. At an optimum percentage, tyre
crumbs may improve the flexibility and performance of soil, but
beyond the optimum limit, the strength of soil tends to decrease.
5.3. Scope
The study of soil stabilization using tyre crumbs has a wide scope in
geotechnical and highway engineering due to its environmental and
engineering benefits.
This method provides an effective way to utilize waste tyres, which are
otherwise a major source of environmental pollution. By mixing tyre
crumbs with soil, the engineering properties of weak soils can be
improved for construction purposes.
The scope of this study includes:
Improvement of subgrade soil for road and pavement construction.
Safe and economical disposal of waste tyre materials.
Use in low-cost rural road construction projects.
Reduction of soil brittleness and improvement in flexibility.
Possibility of using tyre crumbs in combination with other stabilizing
materials for better performance.
Application in embankments, landfills, and lightweight fill materials.
Further research can be done to determine the long-term
performance, durability, and optimum percentage of tyre crumbs for
different soil types and field conditions.

[38]
 REFERENCES

Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) – IS 2720 (Part 4): Methods of Test

for Soils – Grain Size Analysis.
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) – IS 2720 (Part 5): Determination of
Liquid and Plastic Limit.
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) – IS 2720 (Part 7 & 8):
Determination of Moisture Content and Compaction (Proctor Test).
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) – IS 2720 (Part 16): Laboratory
Determination of CBR Value.
Das, B. M. – Principles of Geotechnical Engineering.
Terzaghi, K., Peck, R. B., & Mesri, G. – Soil Mechanics in Engineering
Practice.
Punmia, B. C., Jain, A. K. – Soil Mechanics and Foundations.
Research papers on “Soil Stabilization using Waste Tyre Crumbs”
(recent journal articles).
GOOGLE
Mavs Open Press [Link]
IJRESM [Link]
Conference world [Link]
[Link]
[Link]
ResearchGate
[Link]
ation_Using_Waste_Crumb_Rubber_Tire

[39]