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Three zone distance protection of transmission line
Technical Report · March 2019
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.15732.19846
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Three zone distance protection of transmission
line and problems associate with it
Joyeb kapadia M.E. sem 3 L.D. college of engineering Ahmedabad, Gujarat
and 3 respectively.
Abstract—To protect transmission line from faults 3 zone The diagram is as shown in figure:-
distance protection is widely used as it also provides backup
protection . This paper aims at simulating three step protection
using PSCAD software under different fault conditions in
different zones. Also how relay malfunctions under presence of
fault resistance , load encroachment.
Index Terms— Distance protection, Fault resistance, Load
encroachment , PSCAD.
I. INTRODUCTION
T ransmission lines are among the power system
components that have highest probability of fault rate. Most
severe faults are three phase faults but their probability of Fig1:- block diagram of 3 step protection of line
occurrence is [Link] phase to ground faults are quiet Relay will measure voltage and current, based on measured
Z relay will sends tripping signal . Instantaneous tripping for
common. To protect transmission from faults overcurrent fault in Z1 and delayed tripping for Z2 and Z3. No tripping in
case of outside its protected zone.
relays are used but it doesn’t provide selectivity and zone
III. IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENT
discrimination as provided by distance relay.
The inputs to relay are Voltage Va and current Ia. It is
converted into sequence components Va1,Va2,Va0 and
This paper presents introduction of 3 step protection scheme,
Ia1,Ia2,Ia0.
method to implement distance relay followed by simulation A. Equations
For SLG fault:-
and problems associated with it.
II. THREE STEP DISTANCE PROTECTION Va = Va1+Va2+Va0
= Ia1*Z1+Ia2*Z2+Ia0*Z0
The 3 step protection of transmission line is divided into 3
= Ia1*Z1+Ia2*Z1+Ia0*Z1-Ia0*Z1+Ia0*Z0
zone as follows:-
= Ia*Z1+Ia0*(Z0-Z1)
Table1: Zone selection
So impedance seen by relay will be equal to
Zseen= Va/Ia= Va / Ia+k*Ia0
Zone Distance covered
Where Z1,Z2,Z0 are sequence impedances Z1=Z2
Z1 80% of Zab for transmission lines and k=(Z0-Z1)/Z1.
Z2 Zab+ 20% of Zbc
Z3 Zab+Zbc +20% of Zcd For LL fault:-
Va1-Va2=(Ia1-Ia2)*Z1
Where Zab,Zbc,Zcd are impedances of transmission line 1,2
Zseen= (Va1-Va2)/ (Ia1-Ia2).
V. SIMULATION RESULTS
A. SLG fault a-g at different locations:-
IV. SIMULATION OF THREE ZONE DISTANCE PROTECTION OF The single line to ground fault is created at distance 30km,
TRANSMISSION LINE
110km and 210 km.
The single line diagram of protection scheme used in
simulation is as shown in figure:-
Fig.2:-single line diagram of transmission line
The parameters of transmission selected is as shown
table2:-
Table2:-Data of transmission line
Sr. no. Parameter Value
1 Line Length(T1=T2=T3) 100km
2 Voltage(L-L) 230kv
3 Nominal frequency 50hz
4 Line resistance(R1=R2) 0.03576ohm/km Fig.3:-Waveforms during a-g fault in zone-1
5 Line resistance(R0) 0.363ohm/km
6 Inductive reactance(Xl) 0.578ohm/km The impedance trajectory for faults in different zone is as
7 Capacitive reactance(Xc) 305.8M-ohm-m shown in figure.
8 Inductive reactance(Xlo) 1.323ohm/km X Coordinate
MhoR1
Y Coordinate
MhoX1
9 Capacitive reactance(Xc0) 430.6M-ohm-m MhoR2
MhoR3
MhoX2
MhoX3
10 Positive seq. impedance(Z1) 50.905ohm +y
200
11 Negative seq. impedance(Z0) 137.18ohm
12 Power angle 20degree 150
100
The flow chart for the method is as shown in figure:- 50
-x +x
0
-50
-100
-150
-200
-y
-100 -75 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100
Fig.4:-Impedance trajectory for fault a-g in zone-1
X Coordinate Y Coordinate X Coordinate Y Coordinate
MhoR1 MhoX1 MhoR1 MhoX1
MhoR2 MhoX2 MhoR2 MhoX2
MhoR3 MhoX3 MhoR3 MhoX3
+y +y
200 200
150 150
100 100
50 50
-x +x -x +x
0 0
-50 -50
-100 -100
-150 -150
-200 -200
-y -y
-100 -75 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 -100 -75 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100
Fig.5:-Impedance trajectory of fault a-g in zone-2 Fig7.:-Impedance trajectory of fault bcg in zone-1
X Coordinate Y Coordinate
MhoR1 MhoX1
X Coordinate Y Coordinate
MhoR2 MhoX2
MhoR1 MhoX1
MhoR3 MhoX3
MhoR2 MhoX2
+y
MhoR3 MhoX3 200
+y
200
150
150
100
100
50
50
-x +x
0
-x +x
0
-50
-50
-100
-100
-150
-150
-200
-y
-200 -100 -75 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100
-y
-100 -75 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100
Fig.6:- Impedance trajectory for fault a-g in zone-3 Fig.8:-Impedance trajectory for fault bcg in zone-2
B. LLG fault bcg at different locations:-
Similarly LLG fault at phase bc is simulated and result are as
shown in figure:-
X Coordinate Y Coordinate
MhoR1 MhoX1
MhoR2 MhoX2
MhoR3 MhoX3
+y
200
150
100
50
-x +x
0
-50
-100
-150
-200
-y
-100 -75 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100
Fig.11:-Impedance trajectory for fault abcg at zone-2
Fig.9:-Impedance trajectory for fault bcg in zone-3 X Coordinate Y Coordinate
MhoR1 MhoX1
MhoR2 MhoX2
MhoR3 MhoX3
+y
200
C. LLLG abcg fault at different locations:-
150
X Coordinate Y Coordinate
100
MhoR1 MhoX1
MhoR2 MhoX2
MhoR3 MhoX3
50
+y
200
-x +x
0
150
-50
100
-100
50
-150
-x +x
0
-200
-y
-50 -100 -75 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100
Fig.12:-Impedance trajectory for fault abcg at zone-3
-100
-150
VI. RESPONSE OF RELAY IN PRESENCE OF FAULT RESISTANCE
-200
-y In above simulation we assume that resistance offered by
-100 -75 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100
Fig.10:-Impedance trajectory for abcg fault at zone-1 fault is zero but in actual condition it may vary depending
upon fault conditions, arc resistance etc. The response of relay
for fault resistance R=15 ohm is given in below.
The a-g fault created in zone-1 by taking resistance
R=15ohm . The relay will sense fault is in zone-3
X Coordinate Y Coordinate X Coordinate Y Coordinate
MhoR1 MhoX1 MhoR1 MhoX1
MhoR2 MhoX2 MhoR2 MhoX2
MhoR3 MhoX3 MhoR3 MhoX3
+y +y
200 200
150 150
100 100
50 50
-x +x -x +x
0 0
-50 -50
-100 -100
-150 -150
-200 -200
-y -y
-100 -75 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 -100 -75 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100
Fig.13:- Impedance trajectory of fault ag at zone-1 Fig.15:-Impedance trajectory for fault abcg at zone-3
Similarly inaccurate operation of bcg and abcg is shown The response of relay during different fault locations is
below:- shown in table below:-
Table3:-Response of relay when fault resistance R=15ohm
Type of fault Fault applied at Relay operation
a-g Z-1 Z-3
Z-2 Z-3
Z-3 No tripping
bcg Z-1 Z-2
Z-2 Z-3
Z-3 No tripping
abcg Z-1 Z-1
Z-2 Z-3
Z-3 No tripping
Ⅶ. Response of relay during load encroachment
Under sudden loss of adjacent transmission lines there will
be overload in considered line and apparent impedance seen
Fig.14:-Impedance trajectory for fault bcg at zone-2 by relay will reduce and may enter protected zone and relay
As shown in fig.15 if fault is at zone-3 then relay will not sends the tripping signal a phenomenon known as overreach of
operate at all a phenomenon known as under-reach of [Link] relay.
relay is not sending tripping signal though fault is at its Maximum loadability of line: Figure 16 shows R-X diagram
protecting zone. of load impedance it is bounded by p.f angle in all 4 quadrant.
If load increases then impedance seen by relay Zseen will
decrease and it may enters trip zone of distance relay.
Fig.18:- single line diagram of model
Fig.16:-R-X diagram of Zload
To calculate maximum loadability of line we have to
consider impedance of zone3 which is equal to Z3=112 at
angle [Link] us assume p.f. angle θ=[Link]
calculate Zload the perpendicular line is drawn such that
triangle is formed as shown in figure17.
Fig.17:-Calculating Zload
Fig.19:-Impedance trajectory for the load of 6721.728MW
So from figure Cosβ=Zload/Z3
Where β= 85.97-45= 40.97
Zload= 112*Cos(40.97)
Zload=84.56ohm
Now the maximum limit to which line can be loaded is given
by
Srelay= (Vline-line)2/ Zload
Srelay= (230*230)/84.56
Srelay= 625.59MVA at angle 45 degree.
For different value of pf angle maximum loadability can be
calculated in a similar manner.
Table4:- Maximum loadability limit under different pf
PF(degree) S(MVA) P(MW) Q(MVAR)
0 6721.728 6721.728 0
30 844.104 730.9941 422.52
45 625.59 442.29 442.29
60 525.37 262.6875 454.97 Fig.20:-Waveforms
The waveform and impedance trajectory for unity pf is as
shown below. Here flt signal is issued for “no fault”.
REFERENCES
[1] M. Sreeram and P. Raja, "Implementation of DSP based numerical
three-step distance protection scheme for transmission lines," 2013
Annual IEEE India Conference (INDICON), Mumbai, 2013, pp. 1-6.
[2] Omar [Link],Hassan [Link] and AbdAllah
[Link],”Implementation and Evaluation a SIMULINK Model of a
Distance Relay in MATLAB/SIMULINK”.
[3] D. Pal, B. Mallikarjuna, R. J. Reddy, M. J. B. Reddy and D. K. Mohanta,
"Synchrophasor Assisted Adaptive Relaying Methodology to Prevent
Zone-3 Mal-Operation During Load Encroachment," in IEEE Sensors
Journal, vol. 17, no. 23, pp. 7713-7722, 1 Dec.1, [Link]:
10.1109/JSEN.2017.2728862.
[4] C. Rincon and J. Perez, "Calculating loadability limits of distance
relays," 2012 65th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers,
College Station, TX, 2012, pp. [Link]:
10.1109/CPRE.2012.6201255.
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